Mongolia
 

1 Dec 1911 - 13 Mar 1921    3 Feb - 6 Jul 1921 Baron Sternberg's Flag                     13 Mar 1921 - 26 Nov 1924                     26 Nov 1924 - 30 Jun 1940                         30 Jun 1940 - 12 Feb 1992                           Adopted 12 Feb 1992   Map of Mongolia Hear National Anthem  "Bügd Nairamdakh Mongol" Adopted 1950 Former National Anthem "Mongol Internationale" (1924-1950) Constitution   (12 Feb 1992) Capital: Ulaanbaatar (Niislel Khureheh 1911-26 Nov 1924; Khuree 1706-1911; Urga 1639-1706; Karakorum 1220-1267) Currency: Togrog/Tugrik (MNT)  National Holiday: 11 Jul (1921) Independence Day/ Revolution Day Population: 2,996,081 (2008) GDP: $9.55 billion (2008) Exports: $2.53 billion (2008) Imports: $3.61 billion (2008) Ethnic groups: Khalkha Mongol 81.5%, Kazakh 4.3%, Dorbed Mongol 2.8%, Bayad 2.1%, Buryat Mongol 1.7%, Dariganga Mongol 1.3%, Zakhchin 1.3%, Tuvan (Uriankhai) 1.1%, other 3.9% (2000) Total Active Armed Forces: 8,600 (2006) Merchant marine: 77 (2008) Religions: Traditional beliefs (Shamanist) 32%, Buddhist (Lamaism) 23%, Muslim 5%, Christian 1%, nonreligious 30%, atheist/other 9% (2005) International Organizations/Treaties: ADB, ARF, BTWC, CP, CTBT, EBRD, ENMOD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OPCW, OSCE (partner), SCO (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNCLOS, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Mongolia Index Chronology 1203                       Genhis Khan (b. 1162 - d. 1227) unites the                               Mongolian tribes into the Mongolian Khanate. 1368                       Mongols are expelled from China and Mongolia is                               limited to present day Mongolia. 1411                       Mongolia disintegrates into feudal entities.  1577                       Mongolia adopts Tibetan Buddhism. 1640                       Ikh Tsaaz (Grand Code) the ancient Mongolian                              constitution is written. 1639                       The son of the Mongol Khan of Urga named a Living                              Buddha (Bogdo gegeen); an alliance of Buddhist                              theocracy and secular aristocracy rule begins. May 1691                   Khalkha (Mongolia) subjected¹ to Chinese Empire.                              from this point also called 'Outer Mongolia.' 1900                       Area of present-day Mongolia was divided into                               khanates. From west to east, they were Kobdo,                              Jassaktu, Sain-Noin, Tushetu, and Tsetsen.  1 Dec 1911                Mongolia (Bogd Khaan State) declares independence                              from China.  3 Nov 1912 -  8 Nov 1917  Russian protectorate.   5 Nov 1913                China recognizes autonomy. 1918 - 1922                De faco secession of Kobdo (western Mongolia)                              headed by Ja Lama (d. 1923) Oct 1919 - Feb 1921        Chinese occupation of Mongolia. 16 Nov 1919                Resumption of Chinese sovereignty recognized                               by the Bogdo gegeen. 19 Feb 1920                Re-annexation by China.  3 Feb 1921 -  6 Jul 1921  Partly occupied by "White" Russian forces as                              the Independent Government of Outer Mongolia.  3 Feb 1921                Mongolia (Bogd Khaan State) restored. 13 Mar 1921 - 11 Jul 1921  Mongolian People's Provisional Government formed                              in opposition at Kyakhta in Siberia, from                              13 Mar 1913 at Khagit. 14 Aug 1921                Independence declared by Tannu Tuva. 26 Nov 1924                Mongolian People's Republic  5 Jan 1946                Independence formally recognized by China. 12 Feb 1992                Mongolia Exile Government (1921) Tibetan Buddhist Mongolia (Bogdo gegeen)

Chairmen of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Party (from Aug 1924,
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party)(MAKN)
 3 Mar 1921 - Sep 1921     Soliyn Danzan                      (b. 1884 - d. 1924)
Sep 1921 -  7 Jan 1922     Dogsomyn Bodoo                     (b. 1895 - d. 1922)
15 Mar 1922 -  2 Jan 1923  Tseren-Ochiryn Dambadorj (1st time)(b. 1899 - d. 1934)
 2 Jan 1923 - 31 Aug 1924  Ajvaagiyn Danzan                   (b. 1895 - d. 1932)
31 Aug 1924 - Oct 1928     Tseren-Ochiryn Dambadorj (2nd time)(s.a.)
Secretaries of the Central Committee of the MAKN (jointly)
11 Dec 1928 - 30 Jun 1932  Ölziytiyn Badrah                   (b. 1895 - d. 1941)
11 Dec 1928 - 13 Mar 1930  Bat-Ochiryn Eldev-Ochir (1st time) (b. 1905 - d. 1937)
11 Dec 1928 - 30 Jun 1932  Peljidiyn Genden                   (b. 1892 - d. 1937)
13 Mar 1930 - 30 Jun 1932  Zolbingiyn Shijee                  (b. 1901 - d. 1941)
30 Jun 1932 - 1937         Bat-Ochiryn Eldev-Ochir (2nd time) (s.a.)
30 Jun 1932 - 1933         Jambyn Lhümbe                      (b. 1902 - d. 1934)
30 Jun 1932 - 1937         Dorgijavyn Luvsansharav            (b. 1900 - d. 1941)
 5 Oct 1934 - 15 Aug 1936  Has-Ochiryn Luvsandorj             (b. 1910 - d. 1937)
 7 Oct 1936 - 22 Feb 1940  Banzarjavyn Baasanjav              (b. 1906 - d. 1940)
 4 Jul 1939 -  8 Apr 1940  Dashiyn Damba                      (b. 1908 - d. 1993?)
General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the MAKN
 8 Apr 1940 -  4 Apr 1954  Yumjaagiyn Tsedenbal (1st time)    (b. 1916 - d. 1991)
 4 Apr 1954 - 22 Nov 1958  Dashiyn Damba (first secretary)    (s.a.)
22 Nov 1958 - 24 Aug 1984  Yumjaagiyn Tsedenbal (2nd time)    (s.a.)
                             (first secretary to 30 May 1981)
24 Aug 1984 - 14 Mar 1990  Jambyn Batmönh                     (b. 1926 - d. 1997)
14 Mar 1990 - 15 Mar 1991  Gombojavyn Ochirbat                (b. 1929)
                             ("leading role" of the party abolished 13 Apr 1990)

Spiritual Leaders (title Bogdo gegeen)¹
(Mongolian and ceremonial Tibetan-language names)
1635 - 1723                Zanabazar Öndur gegeen Luvsadambiyjaltsan
                            (Blo-bzang-bstan-pa'i-rgyal-mtshan)
1724 - 1757                Luvsandambiydonmi
                            (Blo-bzang-bstan-pa'i-srgon-me)
1758 - 1773                Ishdambiynyam
                            (Ye-shes-bstan-pa'i-nyi-ma)
1775 - 1813                Luvsantüvdenvanchug
                            (Blo-bzang-thub-bstan-dbang-phyug)
1815 - 1841                Luvsanchültimjigmed
                            (Blo-bzang-tshul-khrim-'jigs-med)
1843 - 1848                Luvsantüvdenchoyjijaltsan
                            (Blo-bzang-dpal-ldan-bstan-pa)
1850 - 1868                Agvaanchoyjivanchugperenlaijamts
                            (Ngag-dbang-chos-kyi-dbang-phyug-
                            'phrin-las-rgya-mtsho)
1870 -  1 Dec 1911         Agvaanluvsanchoyjindanzanvaanchigbalsambuu
                            (Ngag-dbang-blo-bzang-chos-rje-
                             nyi-ma-bstan-'dzin-dbang-phyug
                             rJe-btsun-dam-pa Bla-ma)         (b. 1869 - d. 1924)
                            (later, Bogd Gegeen)
Bogd Haan (reincarnated lama ruler)²
 1 Dec 1911 - 19 Feb 1920  Jabzandamba Hutagt Bogd Gegeen     (s.a.)               Non-party
                             Ezen Haan (1st time) 
Chinese High Commissioners
1917 - 1919                Chen Yi                           (d. 1925)
22 Nov 1919 -  1 Dec 1919  Xu Shuzheng (Hsu Shu-cheng)
Governors-general
 1 Dec 1919 - 1920         Xu Shuzheng
14 Aug 1920 - Feb 1921     Chen Yi                           (s.a.)
Commander of the Asiatic Cavalry 
 3 Feb 1921 -  6 Jul 1921  Baron Roman Fyodorovich von Ungern (b. 1886 - d. 1921)  Mil
                             -Sternberg 
                           (commander of "White" Russian troops)
Bogd Haan (reincarnated lama ruler)²
 3 Feb 1921 - 20 May 1924  Jabzandamba Hutagt Bogd Gegeen     (s.a.)               Non-party
                             Ezen Haan (2nd time)
Acting head of state
20 May 1924 - 28 Nov 1924  Balingiyn Tserendorj Beyse         (b. 1868 - d. 1928)  MAKN
Chairman of the State Great Hural
28 Nov 1924 - 29 Nov 1924  Navaandorjiyn Jadambaa                                  MAKN
Chairmen of the Presidium of the State Little Hural
29 Nov 1924 - 15 Nov 1927  Peljidiyn Genden                   (s.a.)               MAKN
16 Nov 1927 - 23 Jan 1929  Jamtsangiyn Damdinsüren            (b. 1898 - d. 1938)  MAKN
24 Jan 1929 - 27 Apr 1930  Horloogiyn Choybalsan              (b. 1895 - d. 1952)  MAKN
27 Apr 1930 -  2 Jul 1932  Losolyn Laagan                     (b. 1887 - d. 1940)  MAKN
 2 Jul 1932 - 22 Mar 1936  Agdanbuugiyn Amar                  (b. 1886 - d. 1941)  MAKN
22 Mar 1936 -  9 Jul 1939  Dansrabilegiyn Dogsom              (b. 1884 - d. 1941)  MAKN
 9 Jul 1939 -  6 Jul 1940  Vacant
 6 Jul 1940 -  6 Jul 1951  Gonchigiyn Bumtsend                (b. 1881 - d. 1953)  MAKN
Chairmen of the Presidium of the State Great Hural 
(from 7 Jul 1960, People's Great Hural)
 6 Jul 1951 - 23 Sep 1953  Gonchigiyn Bumtsend                (s.a.)               MAKN
23 Sep 1953 -  7 Jul 1954  Sühbaataryn Yanjmaa (f)(acting)    (b. 1893 - d. 1962)  MAKN
 7 Jul 1954 - 20 May 1972  Jamtsarangiyn Sambuu               (b. 1895 - d. 1972)  MAKN
20 May 1972 - 29 Jun 1972  Tsagaanlamyn Dügersüren (acting)                        MAKN
29 Jun 1972 - 11 Jun 1974  Sonomyn Luvsan (acting)            (b. 1924)            MAKN
11 Jun 1974 - 23 Aug 1984  Yumjaagiyn Tsedenbal               (s.a.)               MAKN
23 Aug 1984 - 12 Dec 1984  Nyamyn Jagvaral (acting)           (b. 1919 - d. 1987)  MAKN
12 Dec 1984 - 21 Mar 1990  Jambyn Batmönh                     (s.a.)               MAKN
21 Mar 1990 -  3 Sep 1990  Punsalmaagiyn Ochirbat             (b. 1942)            MAKN
Presidents
 3 Sep 1990 - 20 Jun 1997  Punsalmaagiyn Ochirbat             (s.a.)               MUAN
20 Jun 1997 - 24 Jun 2005  Natsagiyn Bagabandi                (b. 1950)            MAKN
24 Jun 2005 - 18 Jun 2009  Nambaryn Enkhbayar                 (b. 1958)            MAKN
18 Jun 2009 -              Tsakhiagiyn Elbegdorj              (b. 1963)            AN
 

Prime ministers
1911 - Nov 1912            Tserenchimit                       (b. 18.. - d. 1922)
Nov 1912 - Oct 1915        Sain Noyon Khan Namnansuren        (b. 1878 - d. 1919)
                             (Shirindambyn Namnansuren)
Oct 1915 - Nov 1919        Da Lama Shanzav Badamdorji
1919 - 1920                Khatan Baatar Maksarjav            (b. 18.. - d. 1920)
15 Feb 1921 - 11 Jul 1921  Sodnomyn Damdinbazar (1st time)    (b. 1874 - d. 1923)  MAKN
11 Jul 1921 -  7 Jan 1922  Dogsomyn Bodoo                     (s.a.)               MAKN
 3 Mar 1922 - 23 Jun 1923  Sodnomyn Damdinbazar (2nd time)    (s.a.)               MAKN
28 Sep 1923 - 28 Nov 1924  Balingiyn Tserendorj Beyse         (s.a.)               MAKN
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
28 Nov 1924 - 13 Feb 1928  Balingiyn Tserendorj Beyse         (s.a.)               MAKN
21 Feb 1928 - 27 Apr 1930  Agdanbuugiyn Amar (1st time)       (s.a.)               MAKN
27 Apr 1930 -  2 Jul 1932  Tsengeltiyn Jigjidav (acting)      (b. 1894 - d. 1933)  MAKN
 2 Jul 1932 - 22 Mar 1936  Peljidiyn Genden                   (s.a.)               MAKN
22 Mar 1936 -  7 Mar 1939  Agdanbuugiyn Amar (2nd time)       (s.a.)               MAKN
24 Mar 1939 - 1946         Horloogiyn Choybalsan              (s.a.)               MAKN
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers 
1946 - 28 May 1952         Horloogiyn Choybalsan              (s.a.)               MAKN
28 May 1952 - 11 Jun 1974  Yumjaagiyn Tsedenbal               (s.a.)               MAKN
11 Jun 1974 - 12 Dec 1984  Jambyn Batmönh                     (s.a.)               MAKN
12 Dec 1984 - 21 Mar 1990  Dumaagiyn Sodnom                   (b. 1933)            MAKN
21 Mar 1990 - 11 Sep 1990  Sharavyn Gungaadorj                (b. 1935)            MAKN
Prime ministers
11 Sep 1990 - 21 Jul 1992  Dashiyn Byambasüren                (b. 1942)            MAKN
21 Jul 1992 - 19 Jul 1996  Puntsagiyn Jasray                  (b. 1933 - d. 2007)  MAKN
19 Jul 1996 - 23 Apr 1998  Mendsaikhany Enkhsaikhan           (b. 1955)            MUAN/DU
23 Apr 1998 -  9 Dec 1998  Tsakhiagiyn Elbegdorj (1st time)   (s.a.)               MUAN
 9 Dec 1998 - 22 Jul 1999  Janlavyn Narantsatsralt            (b. 1957 - d. 2007)  MUAN
22 Jul 1999 - 30 Jul 1999  Nyam-Osoryn Tuyaa (f) (acting)     (b. 1958)            MUAN
30 Jul 1999 - 26 Jul 2000  Rinchinnyamyn Amarjargal           (b. 1961)            MUAN
26 Jul 2000 - 13 Aug 2004  Nambaryn Enkhbayar                 (s.a.)               MAKN
13 Aug 2004 - 20 Aug 2004  Chultem Ulaan (acting)             (b. 1954)            MAKN
20 Aug 2004 - 25 Jan 2006  Tsakhiagiyn Elbegdorj (2nd time)   (s.a.)               AN/EOA
25 Jan 2006 - 22 Nov 2007  Miyeegombo Enkhbold                (b. 1964)            MAKN
22 Nov 2007 - 28 Oct 2009  Sanj Bayar                         (b. 1956)            MAKN
28 Oct 2009 - 29 Oct 2009  Norov Altankhuyag (acting)                              AN
29 Oct 2009 -              Sükhbaataryn Batbold               (b. 1963)            MAKN

Chinese ambans (representatives of the Chinese emperors at court of Bogdo gegeen)
1758? - 1770?              Sanjai Dorji
1780 - 1785                Feimo Lebao                       (b. c.1740 - d. 1819)
1785 - 1790/91             Yunden Dorji (1st time)
1791                       Pufu (1st time)
1795 - 1798                Tekechen (1st time)               (d. 1810)
1796 - 1799                Pufu (2nd time)
1799 - 1803                Fo'erging'e
1803 - 1806                Delekezhabu                       (d. 1809)
1804 - 1810                Yunen
1805                       Fuhai
1808                       Benwubu
1808 - 1821                Bayantu
1810                       Tekechen (2nd time)
1810 - 1813                Teifeiying                        (d. 1817)
1812 - 1817                Suchong'a                         (d. 1829)
1815 - 1822                Changqing
18.. - 1827                Yunden Dorji (2nd time)
1827 - 1845                ....
1845 - 15 Sep 1846         Linqing                           (b. 1791 - d. 1846)
1846 - 1866                ....
c.1868                     Setsen Han Artaged
1875 - 1881                ....
1881 - 1883                Xichang
1883 - 1886                Guixiang                          (d. 1894)
1886 - 1887                Seleng'e
1887 - 1895                Ande
1897 - 1910                Darhan Jin Wan Puntsagtseren
Mar 1910 -  5 Dec 1911     Santo
Governors in Kobdo
1881 - 1886                Qing'an
1886 - 1892                Shakodulinzhabu
1893 - 1895                Guifu                             (b. 1859 - d. ....)
1895                       Deming (in Kalgan)
High Commissioners
1917 - 1919                Chen Yi                           (d. 1925)
22 Nov 1919 -  1 Dec 1919  Xu Shuzheng (Hsu Shu-cheng)
Governors-general
 1 Dec 1919 - 1920         Xu Shuzheng
14 Aug 1920 - Feb 1921     Chen Yi                           (s.a.)

Rival Government: Mongolian People's Provisional Government  

Prime ministers
 1 Mar 1921 - 16 Apr 1921  Dambyn Chadarjav                   (b. 1880 - d. 1922)  MAKN
                             (in Kyakhta, Sibera from 13 Mar 1913 Khiagt)
16 Apr 1921 - 11 Jul 1921  Dogsomyn Bodoo                     (s.a.)               MAKN 

 ¹Under Chinese imperial administration Mongolia was not a unified province. The Mongols were organized into "banners", a very complicated system.  There were no imperial governors however, the reincarnated head of the Tibetan Buddhist establishment in Mongolia, played a significant role. 

 ²Full title: Khalkha Jebtsundamba Khutughtu (also known as Javzandamba Hutagt in Khalkha Mongolian; also as Rje Btsun Dam Pa or Jetsun Dampa in Tibetan — all meaning literaly "Holy Venerable Lord") is the spiritual head of the Gelug lineage of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia. Since 1635, also holding the title of Bogd Gegeen, the top-ranked lama in Mongolia and the third highest reincarnation in Lamaist Buddhism after the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama. In 1911 the eighth Jebtsundamba (s.a.) assumed the title of Boghda Khan (Bogd Khan), often translated as 'emperor' of Mongolia.

Party abbreviations: AN = Ardcilsan Nam (Democratic Party, conservative reformist party); 
EOA = Ech Oron-Ardcilan (Motherland-Democracy, electoral alliance incl. Republican Party, AN, MAKN, etc.); MAKN = Mongol Ardyn Khuvisgalt Nam (Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party, socialist, communist 1921-1990, only legal party 1921-1990); MSDN = Mongol Sotsial-Demokrat Nam (Mongolian Social Democratic Party, social-democratic); MUAN = Mongoliin Undesii Ardcilsan Nam (Mongolian National Democratic Party, conservative reformist); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: DU = Democratic Union (democratic coalition, including the MNDP and MSDN)