Iraq
Map
of Iraq
------------------
Administrative
Divisions |
Hear National Anthem
"Mawtini"
(My Homeland)
Adopted 2004 |
Hear Former Anthem
"Ard ul-Furatayn"
(Land of Two
Rivers)
(17 Jul 1981-2003)
|
Constitution
Adopted 25 Oct 2005
-----------------------------
Interim
Constitution
8 Mar 2004 - 25 Oct 2005
|
Hear Former Anthem
"Mwaniti"
(My Country)
(1958-1965,
2003-2004) |
Hear
Former Anthem
"Walla Zaman Ya Selahy"
(Oh For Ages! My Weapon!)
(1965-17 Jul 1981)
|
Hear
Royal Anthem
"As-Salam al-Malaki"
(The Royal Salute)
(1924-14 Mar 1958) |
Constitution
(16 Jul 1970 - 9 Apr 2003)
-------------------------------
Royal
Constitution
(21 Mar 1925-1958)
|
Capital:
Baghdad |
Currency:
Iraqi Dinar
(IQD); 1920-1931 Indian
Rupee (INR) and Egyptian
Pound (EGP) |
National
Holidays: 14 Jul (1958)
Republic Day
---------------------------------
and 3 Oct (1932)
National Iraqi Day
----------------------------------
1962 - 2003: 17 Jul
(1968)
Revolution Day
|
Population:
40,194,216 (2018) |
GDP: $649.3 billion
(2017) |
Exports: $61.4 billion
(2017)
Imports: $39.5
billion (2017) |
Ethnic
groups: Arab 64.4%, Kurdish 23%,
Azrei 5.6%,
Turkoman 1.2%, Persian
1.1%, Assyrian and other 4% (2000)
|
Total
Active Armed Forces: 165,000
(2020)
U.S. Military Force: 2,500
(Jan 2021)
Coalition Forces: 2,500 (Feb 2020)
Merchant marine: 73 ships (2019)
|
Religions:
Muslim (official) 95-98% (Shia 64-69%,
Sunni
29-34%), Christian 1% (includes
Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Assyrian
Church of the East), other (includes
Yazidi
syncretist) 1-4% (2015)
note: while there has been
voluntary relocation of many Christian
families to northern Iraq, the overall
Christian population has decreased at
least 50% and perhaps as high as 90%
since 2003, with many fleeing to Syria,
Jordan, and Lebanon. |
International
Organizations/Treaties:
ABEDA, AFESD, AIIB, AL, AMF, AOAD, APA,
APM, Arabsat, BTWC, CCM,
CAEU, CICA, CTBT, CWC, ECO (applicant),
EITI, ENMOD (signatory), ESCR, FAO,
G-77, GAFTA, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS,
IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC,
IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISESCO, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA,
NAM, NATO (global partner), NPT,
NTBT, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, OST, PCA,
UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA,
UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO (observer)
|
Iraq
Index
|
Chronology
- c.2600 -
c.2004 BC
Sumerian civilization.
- c.2650 BC
Era of the legendary
Gilgamesh of Uruk.
- c.2525
BC
Battle of Umma, King Eannatum of
Lagash defeated
-
Umma.
- c.2334 BC - c.2154 BC
Part of the Akkadian
Empire (under Sargon c.2334 BC
-
-
c.2279 BC).
- c.2025 BC
- c.1378
BC
Northern Mesopotamia part of (Old)
Assyrian Empire.
- c.1792 BC
- c.911
BC
Babylonian Empire (under
Hammurabi c.1792
BC -
-
c.1752 BC).
- c.1595
BC
Hittites sack
Babylon.
- 911 BC
- 612 BC
Part of the Assyrian Empire
(under Sennacherib
-
705 BC-681 BC and Ashurbanipal
669 BC-631
BC).
- c.612 BC
Battle
of Nineveh, Medes and Babylonians
destroy
-
the Assyrian
capital of
Nineveh.
- Nov 626 BC - 539
BC
Neo-Babylonian Empire
(Chaldaean dynasty)(under
-
Nebuchadnezzar II c.605
BC - c.562 BC).
- Sep 539 BC
Battle of Opis,
Cyrus the Great of Persia
defeats
-
the Babylonians.
- 539 BC - 330 BC
Part of the Persian Empire.
- 1
Oct 331
BC
Battle of Gaugamela (Arbela),
Alexander "the
Great"
-
defeats Darius
III of Persia.
- 330 BC - 315
BC
Part of the Macedonian (Greek)
Empire.
315 BC - 312
BC
Part of (Antigonid) Kingdom of
Macedonia.
- 305 BC -
126
BC
Part of Seleucid Empire.
- c.141 BC -
222 AD
Characene, also known as Mesene or
Meshan, kingdom
-
at the head of Persian Gulf (from
124 BC under
-
Parthian suzerainty,
except 115-117 AD under the
-
Romans).
- 126 BC - 224 AD
Part of the Parthian
(Arsacid) Empire.
- May/Jun 53
BC
Battle of Carrhae, the Parthians
defeat the Romans
-
under Marcus Licinius
Crassus.
- 115 AD - 117
AD
Part of the Roman Empire
as Provincia
Mesopotamia,
-
along with Provincia
Assyria 116-117.
- 198 - 226
Part of the Roman
Empire as
Provincia
Mesopotamia.
- Jan/Mar
224
Battle of Misiche (Massice),
Sassanians defeat Roman
-
Emperor
Gordian III near modern
Anbar.
- 226 - Mar
637
Part of the Sassanian (Sasanid)
Empire (as Asorestan
-
province).
12 Dec 627
Battle of
Nineveh, Byzantine Emperor Heraclius
defeats
the Sassanians.
Mar 637
Mesopotamia conquest by
the Arabs (Muzayyah
Nov 633, Buwaib Nov 634, Babyon
636, Ctesiphon
falls Mar 637), part
the Muslim Arab (Rashidun
634-661, Umayyad 661-750,
Abbasid 750-20 Feb 1258)
Caliphate, as province of
al-'Irak.
- 16-19
Nov
637
Battle of al-Qadisiyyah, Arabs under
Khalid bin al
Walid defeats Sassanians under
Rostam Farrokhzad.
- 30 Jul 762
Baghdad (then named Madinat
al-Salam) founded by
-
Abbasid Caliph
Al-Mansur.
- 895 - 1004
Hamdanid (Hamdanyun)
emirate at Mosul
(nominally
-
under suzerainty of the
Abbasid Caliph, direct
-
Abbasid control 979-981).
- 19 Jan 945
- Dec
1055
Buyid (Buwayid) emirate
at Baghdad
(nominally under
-
suzerainty of
the Abbasid Caliph).
- Dec 1055 -
19 Mar 1194 Part
of the Seljuk (Saljuq) Sultanate.
- 1194 - 10 Feb 1258
Abbasid Caliphate direct rule
(restored).
- 10 Feb 1258
Baghdad is
destroyed by Mongol Hülegü Khan.
1258 -
1264
Part of Mongol Empire.
1264 - 1 Dec 1335
Part of
(Mongol) Il-Khan Empire.
- 1336 - 20 Jun 1401
Jalayerid (Jalayirid)
sultanate at Baghdad.
- 28 Aug 1393 - 20 Dec
1393 Baghdad sacked
by Tamerlane (Temur-i Lang).
- 20 Jun 1401 - Feb
1405 Part of Timurid
Empire (under Tamerlane).
- 1405 - 30 Aug 1410
Jalayerid (Jalayirid) sultanate
(restored);
-
continues at Basra to 9
Nov 1431.
- 30 Aug 1410 - Jan
1469 Turkic
Kara Koyunlu (Qara
Qoyunlu)("Black Sheep")
-
rule.
- Jan 1469 - Oct 1508
Turkic Ak Koyunlu (Aq-Qoyunlu)("White
Sheep)" rule.
- Oct 1508 - 18 Nov
1534 Mesopotamia part
of Persia.
- 18 Nov
1534
Mesopotamia part of the Ottoman Empire.
-
1535 - 1864
Baghdad Eyalet
established.
- 1538
- 1862
Basra Eyalet
established.
- 14 Jan 1624
- 25 Dec 1638 Persian
occupation of Baghdad.
- 26
Mar 1697 - 9 Mar 1701
Persian occupation of Basra.
- 1750
- Jun
1831
Semi-independent Mameluke dynasty
govern pashaliks
-
Baghdad and Basra under nominal
Ottoman
-
suzerainty.
- 16
Apr 1776 - Mar
1779 Persian
occupation of Basra.
- Jun
1831
Direct Ottoman rule restored.
- 31
May 1847
Border
with Persia defined by (Second)
Treaty of
-
Erzurum.
- 1869
Ottoman Vilayet
of Baghdad established.
- 1884
Ottoman Vilayet
of Basra (previously 1875-80)
-
re-established.
- 6
Nov
1914
British occupation of Mesopotamia
begins at Fao
-
(beginning in Basra from 22 Nov 1914
and from
-
11
Mar 1917 Baghdad, and
Mosul on 10 Nov 1918).
- 10
Jan
1919
British civil administration
(Mesopotamia).
- 11 Nov
1920
Irak (former Ottoman provinces of
Baghdad, Mosul,
-
and
Basra a League of Nations Mandate
under U.K.).
- 23 Aug
1921
Kingdom of Iraq (self-rule under a
British
-
protectorate).
- 2
Dec 1922 - 26 Dec 1981
Iraqi-Saudi Arabian neutral zone in
southern area.
- 3
Oct 1932
Full independence.
- 2
May 1941 - 26 Oct 1947 British
occupation.
- 14 Feb 1958 -
2 Aug 1958 Federation with Jordan
(Arab Union).
- 14 Jul
1958
Iraqi Republic
- 8
Aug 1990 - 27 Feb 1991
Annexation of Kuwait
(as 19th province of Iraq).
- 6 Jan
1992
Republic
of Iraq
- 21 Mar 2003 - 28 Jun
2004 U.S.-British invasion
(from 21 Mar in Safwan,
-
Al Faw, and Umm Qasr; 22 Mar in
an-Nasiriya;
-
from 25 Mar in Najaf; from 1 Apr in
Karbala;
-
7 Apr in Basra; 9 Apr in Baghdad; 10
Apr Kirkuk
-
11 Apr in Mosul; 13 Apr in Kut; 14
Apr Tikrit).
- 9
Apr 2003
Iraq
(also in official use Republic of
Iraq).
- 28 Jun
2004
Sovereignty restored (State of
Iraq).
- 22 May 2006
Republic of Iraq
- Jun 2014 - Nov 2017
Islamic State seizes control of
Mosul (to 20 Jul
-
2017), Fallujah (to 26
Jun 2016), Tikrit (to 17
-
Apr 2016) most of western Iraq (see
under Syria).
|
Kurdistan Region
|
Assyrian
Church
of
the East
|
Chaldean
Catholic
Church
|
Ethno-religious
Groups
Map
|
|
|
|
|
|
Persian governors
1508/09 -
1515
Lala Husayn
1515 -
15..
Qunghuruz Sultan
1524 -
1530
Zulfiqar ibn
Nukhud
(d. 1530)
(in rebellion for Ottomans)
1530 -
1533
Muhammad Khan ibn Sharaf ad-Din
1533 -
1534
Takkalu Muhammad ibn Khan
Walis (Ottoman governors) of Baghdad
(the walis of Baghdad were senior governors)
1534 - 1544
Suleyman Pasha ibn Qubad
1544 - 1545
Solak Ferhad Pasha
1545 -
1549
Ayas Pasha
1549 -
1550 Mohammed
Pasha (1st time)
1550
Behram Pasha
1550 -
1551
Ali Tamarrud Pasha
1551 - 1561
Mohammed Pasha (2nd time)
1561 - 156.
Hizir Pasha
(d. 1567/68)
1566
Iskender Pasha
1566 -
1575
Murad Pasha
1575 -
1590
Elvandzade Ali Pasha
1590 -
1594
Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha
1594 -
1603
Hasan ibn Mohammed
1603
Qasim Pasha
(did not take up post)
1603
Hizir Pasha
(d.
1603)
1603 -
1604
Mustafa Pasha Saryqdi
1604 -
1607
Yusuf Pasha
1607 -
1608
Ahmad Tevil (in rebellion)
1607 -
1608
Mohammed Pasha
1608 -
1610
Mehmut Pasha
1610
Kalizade Ali Pasha
1610
Dilaver Pasha
1610
Mustafa Pasha
1610 -
1618
Hafiz Ahmed Pasha (1st time)
1619 -
1623
Bekir Subashy
1623 -
1625
Safi Quli Khan
(Persian governor)
1625 -
1631
Hafiz Ahmed Pasha (2nd time)
1631 -
1639
Bektash Khan Gürçü
(Persian governor)
Jan/Feb 1639 - 7 May 1639 Küçük Hasan (1st time)
8 May 1639 - 18 Apr 1642 Dervish Mehmed
Pasha
19 Apr 1642 - 2 Apr 1644 Küçük Hasan (2nd
time)
3 Apr 1644 - 11 Sep 1644 Deli Hüseyin
Pasha
(d. 1659)
12 Sep 1644 - 14 Sep 1645 Mohammed Pasha
15 Sep 1645 - 26 Sep 1646 Musa Pasha
27 Sep 1646 - 28 Nov 1647 Ibrahim Pasha
29 Nov 1647 - 2 Jan 1649 Musa Semiz Pasha
3 Jan 1649 - 25 Nov 1649 Melek Ahmad Pasha
26 Nov 1649 - May/Jun 1650 Nogaizade Arslan Pasha
1650
Kaplan Mustafa Pasha Merzioçonlu
(1st time)
1 Sep 1650 - May 1651
Shatir Hüseyin Pasha
8 Sep 1651 - 6 Sep 1653 Kara Mustafa
Pasha (1st time)
7 Sep 1653 - 8 Jul 1655 Murteza Pasha
19 Jul 1655 - 18 Nov 1656 Aq Mohammad Pasha
19 Nov 1656 - 26 Aug 1659 Kasseki Mehmed Pasha
16 Sep 1659 - 28 Feb 1662 Murteza Pasha 2nd time
1 Mar 1662 - 27 Dec 1663 Kanbur Mustafa
Pasha
28 Dec 1663 - Jul 1664 Pamuk
Mustafa Pasha
1664
Ibrahim Pasha
21 Sep 1664 - 10 Jun 1665 Kara Mustafa Pasha (2nd
time)
11 Jun 1665 - 8 Apr 1667 Uzun Ibrahim Pasha
30 Mar 1667 - 9 May 1671 Kara Mustafa Pasha
(3rd time)
10 May 1671 - 22 Aug 1674 Silahadar Hüseyin
23 Aug 1674 - 10 May 1676 Abd ar-Rahman
11 May 1676 - 30 Oct 1677 Kaplan Mustafa Pasha
Merzioçonlu
(2nd time)
Oct 1677 -
1681
Ömer Pasha (1st time)
1681 - 11 Sep
1684
Ibrahim Pasha
1684 -
1687
Ömer Pasha (2nd time)
1687 -
1688
Serkos Ahmad Kethoda (1st time) (d.
1694)
1688 -
1689
Ömer Pasha (3rd time)
1689 - 11 Sep
1691
Hasan Pasha
Sep 1691 - 17 Jun 1692 Ahmad
Pasha Bazirgan
Pasha
(d. 1692)
1692 - 2 Jan
1694
Serkos Ahmad Kethoda (2nd time) (s.a.)
1694 -
1695
Haji Ahmed Kelayli Pasha
1695 -
1696
Ali Pasha (1st time)
1696 -
1698
Hasan Pasha (1st time)
1698 -
1700
Ismail Pasha
1700 -
1702
Ali Pasha (2nd time)
1703 -
1704
Yusuf Pasha
1704 -
1723
Hassan Pasha (2nd time)
1723 -
1734
Ahmad bin Hasan
1734
Ismail Pasha
1735 -
1742
Topal Muhammad
1742 -
1747
Haci Ahmad
Pasha
(d. 1747)
Mar 1748 - Nov/Dec 1748 Kesriyeli
Ahmad Pasha
1748 -
1751
Muhammad Teriaqi
Pasha
(b. 1680 - d. 1751)
Beys and Walis of Baghdad
1750 -
1762
Süleyman (I) Abu
Layla
(d. 1762)
1762
Sa'deddin Pasha
1762 -
1764
Ali (I) Agha
1764 -
1775
Omar
Pasha
(d. 1775)
1775
Abdi Pasha
1775 -
1777
Abdullah Pasha
1777 -
1778
Mustafa Pasha
1778 -
1780
Hasan Pasha
1780 -
1802
Süleyman (II) Agha "the Great"
(b. 1720 - d. 1802)
1802 - end Aug
1807 Ali (II)
Pasha
(d. 1807)
21 Sep 1807 -
1808
Yusuf Ziyaeddin Pasha
(in
opposition to Ghalib Pasha officially appointed)
1808 - Oct
1810
Süleyman (III) Pasha "the Little" (d. 1810)
1810 - Feb
1813
Abdullah
Pasha
(d. 1813)
1813 - Feb
1817
Saïd Mehmed
Pasha
(b. 1792 - d. 1817)
Feb 1817 - Jun
1831 Da'ud
Pasha
(b. 1767 - d. 1851)
Walis of Baghdad
1831 - Mar 1842
Ali Riza Pasha
(b. c.1784 - d. 18..)
Mar 1842 - Jun
1849 Gürcü
Mehmed Nagib (or Necib) Pasha
Jun 1849 - Dec 1850
Muchir Abdul Karim
"Abdi" Pasha
(or Çirpanli Abdulkerim Nadir Pasha)
Dec 1850 - Nov 1851
Yozgatli Mehmed
Vecihi Pasha
1851 - 1852
Konyali Mehmed Namiq Pasha
(b. 1804 - d. 1892)
(1st time)
Sep 1852 - Jul 1857
Mehmed Reshid Pasha
Gözlüklü (d.
1857)
Aug 1857 - Oct
1859 Sirdar
Ömer Lufti Pasha
(b. 1806 - d. 1871)
Oct 1859 - Jan
1861 Sirkatibi
Mustafa Nuri Pasha
1861 (6 months)
Ahmed Tevfik Pasha
Sep 1861 - Mar
1868 Konyali
Mehmed Namiq Pasha
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
May 1868 - Mar 1869
Muderriszade
Mehmed Taqieddin (d. 1893)
Pasha
(1st time)
Mar 1869 - Nov 1871
Hafiz Ahmed Midhat
Shefik Pasha (b. 1822 - d.
1884)
Nov 1871 - May 1873
Mehmed Rauf
Pasha
(b. 1833 - d. 1909)
May 1873 - Jun 1875
Bursali Mehmed
Radif Pasha Topal
Aug 1875 - Apr 1877
Haci Abdürrahman
Nureddin
(b. 1836 - d. 1912)
Pasha (1st time)
Apr 1877 - Feb
1878 Arnavud
Mehmed Akif Pasha (b.
1822 - d. 1893)
Feb 1878 - Nov 1878
Cenani Mehmed Qadri
Pasha
Nov 1878 - 1879
Mehmed Qadri Pasha
Feb 1879 - Jan 1880
Haci Abdürrahman
Nureddin
Pasha (2nd time)
Jan 1880 - Dec 1882
Muderriszade Mehmed Taqieddin
(s.a.)
Pasha
(2nd time)
Dec 1882 - Dec
1886 Huseyin
Fevzi Pasha
Jan 1887 - Nov 1889
Mustafa Asim Pasha
(d. 1891)
Nov 1889 - Jul
1891 Selim
Sirri Pasha
(d. 1895)
Jul 1891 - Jul
1896 Haci
Hassan Refik Pasha
Aug 1896 - Feb
1899
Kevakibizade Mehmed Ataülah (b.
1835 - d. 1900)
Ibrahim Pasha
Feb 1899 - Oct
1902 Küçük
Süleyman Namiq Pasha
Oct 1902 - Oct
1904 Tatar
Ahmad Feyzi
Pasha
(b. 1839 - d. 1915)
Oct 1904 - Oct
1905
Abdülwahhab Pasha
Oct 1905 - Dec
1906
Abdülmecid Effendi
Dec 1906 - May
1908 Tepeyran
Ebubekir Hazim Bey
(b. 1863 - d. 1947)
May 1908 - Jul
1908 Mustafa
Nazim Pasha
(b. 1862 - d. 1909)
1908
Mehmed Fadil Pasha Dagestani
(1st time) (acting)
1908 - Oct 1908
Mullah Necmeddin Bey
(b. 1875 - d. 1949)
Oct 1908 - Mar 1909
Mehmed Fadil Pasha Dagestani
(2nd time) (acting)
May 1909 -
1910
Mehmed Shevket Pasha
1910 -
1911
Hüseyin Nazim Pasha
(b. 1848 - d. 1912)
1911
Yusuf Pasha (acting)
Jun 1911 - Jul
1912 Sakalli
Ahmad Cemal Pasha
(b. 1872 - d. 1922)
1912
Ali Riza Pasha (acting)
Aug 1912 - May 1913
Muhammad Zaki Pasha
(b. 1865 - d. 1929)
May 1913 - Feb 1914
Kavurzade Huseyin
Celal Bey (b. 1868 - d. 1924)
Feb 1914 - Dec
1914 Cavid
Pasha
(b. 1883 - d. 1932)
Dec 1914 - Apr
1915 Süleyman
Nazif Bey
(b. 1870 - d. 1927)
Apr 1915 - Jan
1916 Sakalli
Nureddin
Bey
(b. 1873 - d. 1932)
Jan 1916 - Mar
1917 Kut
Khalil
Pasha
(b. 1864 - d. 1923)
Mar 1917 - 11 Mar 1917 Memduh
Sermed Bey
(b. 1873 - d. 1924)
Walis of Basra
1529 - 1539
Rashit Magamis
1539 -
1546
Mani Magamis
1546 -
1549
Vezir Ilyas Pasha
1549? -
1562?
Kubad Pasha
1562 -
1596
Dervish Ali Pasha
1596 -
1604
Efrasyab Pasha
1604 -
1647
Ali Pasha
1647 -
1656
Ali Pasha oglu Hüseyin Pasha
1656 -
1657
Ahmet Pasha
1657 -
1658
Murtaza Pasha
1658 -
1665
Hüseyin Pasha
1665 -
1666
Hüseyin Pasha oglu Efrasyab Pasha
1666 -
1667
Damad Hüseyin Pasha
1667 -
1669
Yahya Pasha
1669 -
1672
Kara Mustafa Pasha
1672 - Sep
1674
Hasan Pasha (1st time)
1674 - Aug
1677
Silahtar Hüseyin Pasha (1st time)
1677 - 1680
Hasan Pasha (2nd time)
1680 - 1 Jan 1683
Silahtar Hüseyin Pasha (2nd time)
1683 - 1686
Abdul-Rahman Pasha (1st time)
1686 - 16 Dec 1686
Gümrükçü
Huseyin
1687 - 1688?
Abdul-Rahman Pasha (2nd time)
1688 -
1690?
Hoseinin Pasha
1690 -
1692
Bezirgan Khalil Pasha
1692 - 1693
Ahmad Pasha
1693
Hasan Agha Jamal
1693
Hasan
Pasha
1693 -
1694
Qapichi Khalil Pahah
1694 -
1697
Sheikh Mani Magamis
Persian governors of Basra
1697
Sayyed
Farajallah
1697 - 1699
Ali Mardan Khan
1699 - 1700
Ebrahim Khan
1700 - Mar 1701
Daud Khan
Ottoman Walis of
Basra
10 Mar 1701 - 27 Sep 1703 Ali Pasha
27 Sep 1703 - 14 Mar 1704 Mohammed
Pasha
1702?
Kahya Hasan Pasha
1703
Salt Ahmed Pasha
1703 - 1705
Bezirgan Khalil Pasha (1st time)
11 Sep 1705 - 25 Oct 1705 Beyzade Ali Pasha
25 Sep 1705 - 1 Mar 1707 Bezirgan Khalil
Pasha (2nd time)
1708 - 1709
Kahya Hasan Pasha
1709
Hacikiran Hasan Pasha? (Kahya?)
1709 - 1711
Kara Mustafa Pasha
1711
Küçük Osman Pasha
1712
Beyzade Ali Pasha
171. -
171.
Yegen Ali Pasha
1714 - Mar 1715
Uthman Pasha (1st time)
1715
Hasan Pasha
1715 - 1716
Rajab Pasha
1716 - Jun 1720
Ahmad Pasha (1st time)
1720 - Feb
1721
Mustafa Pasha
1721
Uthman Pasha (2nd time)
1721 - 1723?
Ahmed Pasha
1723 -
1725
Khalil Pasha
1725 - 1741
Ahmad Pasha (2nd time)
1741 - 1747
Haci Halil Pasha
1747 - 1750
Vezir Kesriyeli Ahmet Pasha
Mütessarifs (Lieutenant-governors) of Basra
1750 -
1768
Vezir Kesriyeli Ahmet Pasha
1768 - 1778
Büyük Süleyman Pasha (1st time)
16 Apr 1776 - Mar 1779 Sadiq
Khan Zand -Persian governor (d. 1782)
1778 -
1779
Numan Bey
1779 -
1780
Büyük Süleyman Pasha (2nd time)
1780 -
1786
Süleman Efendi
1786 -
1788
Ibrahim Bey
1788 -
1789/90
Mustafa Aga
1789/90 -
1793
Mardinli Isa Bey
1793 -
1803
Abdullah Aga
1803 -
1808
Ibrahim Aga
1808 -
1810
Selim Agha
1810 -
1811
Ahmed Bey
1811 -
1812
Ridvan Aga
1812 -
1813
Yakup Aga
1813 -
1814
Said Pasha
1814 -
1821
Bekir Aga
1821 -
1823/24
Kazim Aga
1823/24 -
1824/25
Abdulgani Aga
1824/25 -
1831
Aziz Aga
1831 -
1832
Mehmed Efendi
1832 -
1833
Dervish Aga
1833 -
1834
Mustafa Aga
1834 -
1835
Ali Usta
1835 -
1836
Mehmed Aga
1836 -
1838
Ahmed Celebi
1838 -
1842
Mehmed Salih
1842 -
1843
Mustafa Aga
1843 -
1845
Behram Aga
1845 -
1846
Ibrahim Efendi
1846 -
1847/48
Hurshid Aga
1847/48 -
1849
Sadik Bey
1849
Ragib Mehmed Aga
1849 -
1850
Aziz Aga
Walis of Basra
1850 -
1852
Mirmiran Masuq Pasha
1852 -
1854
Ismail Pasha
(b. c.1809 - d.
1867)
1854 -
1855
Haci Darbaz Agazâde Veysî Pasha
(1st
time)
1855 -
1856
Mehmed Bey
1856
Vekili Kurbi Bey
1856 -
1857
Rashid Pasha
1857 -
1858
Haci Darbaz Agazâde Veysî Pasha
(2nd
time)
1858 -
1859
Mehmed Ali
Pasha
(b. 1827 - d. 1878)
1859 -
1862
Hüsamettin Efendi
1862 - 1863
Mehmed Sefik Bey
1863 - 1864
Ismail Bey
1864 - 1869
Kethuda zâde Süleyman Bey
1869 - 1870
Vekil Galip Bey
1870
Hafiz Pasha
1870 - 1871
Halil Bey
1871 - 1873
Sait Efendi
1873
Vekil Bahriye Komutani Ahmed
Pasha
1873 - 1873
Halit Bey
1874 - 1875
Eshref Efendi
1875 - 1877
Sandun Nasir Pasha
1877 - Sep 1879
Vekili Ferik Mehmed Münir Pasha
1879 - 1880
Ferik Sabit Pasha
May? 1880 - 1882
Mazhar Pasha -Mutassarif
1882 - 1884
Yahya Pasha
1884 - 1886
Ali Riza Pasha
(acting to May 1885)
1886 - 1887?
Izzet
Pasha
(b. 1819 - d. 1909)
1887 - 1888?
Müsir Nafiz Pasha
1888
Ferik Shaban Pasha
1888 - 1891
Hidayat Pasha
1891 - 1892
Mehmed Hafiz Pasha
1892
Bahriye Komutani Emin Pasha
1892 - 1893
Hamdi Pasha (1st time)
1893
Mehmed Hafiz Pash
1893 - end 1896
Hamdi Pasha (2nd time)
Dec 1896 - Feb 1898 Arif
Pasha
(b. 1852 - d. 1922)
Mar 1898 - Apr 1899 Mehmed
Enis Pasha
Apr 1899 - Jan 1900 Hamdi
Pasha (3rd time)
Jan 1900 - Sep 1902
Mehmed Muhsin Pasha
Sep 1902 - Sep 1904?
Mustafa Nuri Pasha
Sep 1904 - May
1906 Mehmed
Muhlis Pasha
May 1906 - Sep
1906 Mecid Bey
(acting)
Sep 1906 - Aug
1908
Abdurrahman Hasan Bey
(b. 1849 - d. 1927)
Aug 1908 - Feb 1909
Muharram
Efendi
Feb 1909 - Sep
1909 Mardine
Mehmed Arif Bey
Sep 1909 - Nov 1910
Süleyman Nazif Bey
(b. 1870 - d. 1927)
Dec 1910 - Jul
1911 Kavurzade
Huseyin Celal Bey
Jul 1911 - Dec
1912 Bagdali
Hasan Riza
Pasha
(b. 1871 - d. 1913)
Dec 1912 - Feb
1913 Malik
Efendi
Feb 1913 - Mar 1913
Ali Riza
Pasha
(b. 1860 - d. 1932)
Mar 1913 - Jul
1913 Alaeddin
Bey Altaz
Jul 1913 - Dec 1913
Izzet Pasha
(b. 1864 - d.
1937)
Dec 1913 - Jul
1914
Söylemezoglu Süleyman Sefik Pasha (b. 1860 - d.
1946)
Jul 1914 - 9 Dec 1914
Subhi Bey
Dec 1914 - 14 Apr 1915 Süleyman
`Askari
Pasha
(b. 1884 - d. 1915)
1916 - 11 Mar
1917
Khalil
Pasha
(s.a.)
British General Officers Commanding-in-Chief,
Indian Expeditionary Force "D"
13 Nov 1914 - 9 Apr 1915
Sir Arthur Arnold Barrett
(b.
1857 - d. 1926)
9 Apr 1915 - 19 Jan 1916 Sir John
Eccles
Nixon
(b. 1857 - d. 1921)
19 Jan 1916 - 16 Feb 1916
Sir Percy Henry Noel
Lake
(b. 1855 - d. 1940)
British General Officers Commanding-in-Chief,
Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force
16 Feb 1916 - 28 Aug 1916 Sir Percy
Henry Noel
Lake
(s.a.)
28 Aug 1916 - 18 Nov 1917 Sir
Frederick Stanley
Maude (b. 1864
- d. 1917)
19 Nov 1917 - 10 Jan 1919
Sir William Raine
Marshall
(b. 1865 - d. 1939)
Civil Commissioner
10 Jan 1919 - 4 Oct
1920 Sir Arnold Talbot Wilson
(b. 1884 - d. 1940)
High Commissioners
4 Oct 1920 - 3 May
1923 Sir Percy Zachariah
Cox
(b. 1864 - d. 1937)
19 Jan 1923 - 25 Feb 1929 Sir
Henry Robert Conway Dobbs
(b. 1871 - d. 1934)
(acting [for Cox to 3 May 1923] to 15 Sep 1923)
1925 -
1926
Bernard Henry Bourdillon
(b. 1883 - d. 1948)
(acting for Dobbs)
2 Mar 1929 - 11 Sep 1929 Sir
Gilbert Falkingham Clayton (b.
1875 - d. 1929)
11 Sep 1929 - 30 Sep 1929 Sir
Robert Brooke-Popham (acting) (b. 1878 - d. 1953)
30 Sep 1929 - 10 Dec 1929 Sir Hubert Winthrop
Young (acting) (b. 1885 - d. 1950)
10 Dec 1929 - 3 Oct 1932 Sir Francis Henry
Humphrys
(b. 1879 - d. 1971)
Chairman of the Council of State
11 Nov 1920 - 23 Aug 1921 Sayyid
Abdul Rahman al-Haydari (b. 1841
- d. 1927) Non-party
al-Gaylani
Kings¹
23 Aug 1921 - 8 Sep 1933
Faysal
I
(b. 1885 - d. 1933)
8 Sep 1933 - 4 Apr
1939 Ghazi
I
(b. 1912 - d. 1939)
4 Apr 1939 - 14 Jul 1958
Faysal
II
(b. 1935 - d. 1958)
(also Head of Arab Union from 14 Feb 1958)
4 Apr 1939 - 1 Apr 1941 Abdul Ilah -Regent
(1st time) (b. 1913 - d.
1958)
1 Apr 1941 - 1 Jun 1941 Sharaf bin
Rajih al-Fawwaz -Regent (b. 1880 - d. 1955)
1 Jun 1941 - 2 May 1953 Abdul Ilah -Regent
(2nd time) (s.a.)
Chairman of Sovereignty Council
14 Jul 1958 - 8 Feb 1963 Muhammad Najib
al-Rubai
(b. 1904 - d. 1965) Non-party
Presidents
8 Feb 1963 - 13 Apr 1966 Abdul Salam
Arif
(b. 1921 - d. 1966) IIA
(provisional to 20 Nov 1963)
13 Apr 1966 - 16 Apr 1966 Abdul Rahman al-Bazzaz
(acting) (b. 1913 - d. 1973)
Non-party
16 Apr 1966 - 17 Jul 1968 Abdul Rahman
Arif
(b. 1916 - d. 2007) Mil/IIA
17 Jul 1968 - 16 Jul 1979 Ahmad Hassan
al-Bakr
(b. 1914 - d. 1982) Mil/Ba'ath
16 Jul 1979 - 9 Apr 2003 Saddam Hussein
al-Majid al-Tikriti (b. 1937 - d. 2006) Ba'ath
Supreme Commanders of Occupation Forces
(Commanders-in-chief, U.S. Central Command)
9 Apr 2003 - 7 Jul 2003 Tommy Ray
Franks
(b.
1945)
Mil
(in Doha, Qatar to 16 Apr 2003)
7 Jul 2003 - 28 Jun 2004 John Philip
Abizaid
(b.
1951)
Mil
Presidents
28 Jun 2004 - 7 Apr 2005 Ghazi Ajil
al-Yawar
(b.
1958)
Non-party
7 Apr 2005 - 24 Jul 2014 Jalal
Talabani
(b. 1933 - d. 2017) PUK
(absent 18 Dec 2012 - 19 Jul 2014)
18 Dec 2012 - 19 Jul 2014 Khudair Moussa
Jafar Abbas (b.
1948) IDM
al-Khuzai (acting for Talabani)
24 Jul 2014 - 2 Oct 2018
Fuad
Masum
(b. 1938) PUK
2 Oct 2018 - 13 Oct 2022 Barham Ahmed
Salih
(b.
1960)
PUK
13 Oct 2022
-
Abdul Latif Rashid
(b. 1944)
Non-party
Civil Commissioners for Mesopotamia
27 Nov 1914 - Apr
1918 Sir Percy Zachariah Cox
(s.a.)
Mil
(chief political officer to the Expeditionary Force to
Jul 1917)
Apr 1918 - 4 Oct 1920 Arnold
Talbot Wilson (acting) (s.a.)
Mil
Prime ministers
11 Nov 1920 - 20 Nov 1922 Sayyid Abdul Rahman
al-Haydari (s.a.)
Non-party
al-Gaylani
20 Nov 1922 - 22 Nov 1923 Abdul Muhsin Bey
al-Saadun
(b. 1879 - d. 1929) Mil
(1st time)
22 Nov 1923 - 2 Aug 1924 Jaafar Pasha
al-Askari (1st time) (b. 1887 - d. 1936) Mil
2 Aug 1924 - 26 Jun 1925 Yasin Pasha
al-Hashimi (1st time) (b. 1894 - d. 1937)
Mil/Shab
26 Jun 1925 - 21 Nov 1926 Abdul Muhsin Bey
al-Saadun
(s.a.)
Mil/Taq
(2nd time)
21 Nov 1926 - 11 Jan 1928 Jaafar Pasha al-Askari
(2nd time)
(s.a.)
Mil/Ahd
11 Jan 1928 - 28 Apr 1929 Abdul Muhsin Bey
al-Saadun
(s.a.)
Mil/Taq
(3rd time)
28 Apr 1929 - 19 Sep 1929 Sulayman Tawfiq Bey
al-Suwaidi (b. 1891 - d. 1968)
Non-party
(1st time)
19 Sep 1929 - 13 Nov 1929 Abdul Muhsin Bey
al-Saadun
(s.a.)
Mil/Taq
(4th time)
18 Nov 1929 - 23 Mar 1930 Ibrahim Naji Bey
al-Suwaidi (b.
1882 - d. 1942) Non-party
23 Mar 1930 - 3 Nov 1932 Nuri Pasha
as-Said (1st time) (b.
1888 - d. 1958) Mil/Ahd
3 Nov 1932 - 20 Mar 1933 Muhammad Naji
Shaukat
Bey
(b. 1893 - d. 1980) Non-party
20 Mar 1933 - 9 Nov 1933 Rashid Ali
al-Gaylani (1st time) (b. 1892 - d.
1965) HIW
9 Nov 1933 - 27 Aug 1934 Jamil Bey
al-Midfai (1st time) (b. 1890 -
d. 1958) Mil
27 Aug 1934 - 4 Mar 1935 Ali Jaudat
al-Aiyubi (1st time) (b. 1886 - d.
1969) HWW
4 Mar 1935 - 17 Mar 1935 Jamil Bey
al-Midfai (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Mil
17 Mar 1935 - 30 Oct 1936 Yasin Pasha al-Hashimi
(2nd time)
(s.a.)
Mil/HIW
30 Oct 1936 - 17 Aug 1937 Hikmat
Sulayman
(b. 1889 - d. 1964) HIW
17 Aug 1937 - 25 Dec 1938 Jamil Bey al-Midfai
(3rd time)
(s.a.)
Mil
25 Dec 1938 - 31 Mar 1940 Nuri Pasha as-Said
(2nd time)
(s.a.)
Mil/Ahd
31 Mar 1940 - 3 Feb 1941 Rashid Ali
al-Gaylani (2nd time)
(s.a.)
HIW
3 Feb 1941 - 13 Apr 1941 Taha Pasha
al-Hashimi
(b. 1888 - d. 1961) Mil
13 Apr 1941 - 4 Jun 1941 Rashid Ali
al-Kaylani (3rd time)
(s.a.)
HIW
4 Jun 1941 - 10 Oct 1941 Jamil Bey
al-Midfai (4th time)
(s.a.)
Mil
10 Oct 1941 - 4 Jun 1944 Nuri Pasha
as-Said (3rd time)
(s.a.)
Mil/Ahd
4 Jun 1944 - 23 Feb 1946 Hamdi
al-Bajaji
(b. 1891 - d. 1948) Non-party
23 Feb 1946 - 1 Jun 1946 Sulayman Tawfiq
Bey al-Suwaidi
(s.a.)
Ahs
(2nd time)
1 Jun 1946 - 21 Nov 1946 Arshad al-Umari
(1st
time)
(b. 1888 - d. 1978) Non-party
21 Nov 1946 - 29 Mar 1947 Nuri Pasha as-Said
(4th time)
(s.a.)
Mil/Ahd/ID
29 Mar 1947 - 29 Jan 1948 Sayyid Salih
Jabr
(b. 1896 - d. 1957) UI
29 Jan 1948 - 26 Jun 1948 Sayyid Muhammad
as-Sadr
(b. 1882 - d. 1956) Non-party
26 Jun 1948 - 6 Jan 1949 Muzahim al-Bajaji
(b. 1891 - d. 1982)
Non-party
6 Jan 1949 - 10 Dec 1949 Nuri Pasha
as-Said (5th time)
(s.a.)
Mil/ID
10 Dec 1949 - 5 Feb 1950 Ali Jaudat
al-Aiyubi (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Mil
5 Feb 1950 - 15 Sep 1950 Sulayman Tawfiq
Bey al-Suwaidi (s.a.)
Non-party
(3rd time)
15 Sep 1950 - 12 Jul 1952 Nuri Pasha as-Said
(6th time)
(s.a.)
Mil/ID
12 Jul 1952 - 23 Nov 1952 Mustafa Mahmud
al-Umari
(b. 1894 - d. 1960) Non-party
23 Nov 1952 - 29 Jan 1953 Nureddin
Mahmud
(b. 1899 - d. 1981) Mil
29 Jan 1953 - 17 Sep 1953 Jamil Bey al-Midfai
(5th time)
(s.a.)
Mil
17 Sep 1953 - 29 Apr 1954 Muhammad Fadhel
al-Jamali
(b. 1903 - d. 1997) Non-party
29 Apr 1954 - 4 Aug 1954 Arshad al-Umari
(2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Non-party
4 Aug 1954 - 20 Jun 1957 Nuri Pasha
as-Said (7th time)
(s.a.)
Mil
20 Jun 1957 - 15 Dec 1957 Ali Jaudat al-Aiyubi
(3rd time)
(s.a.)
Mil
15 Dec 1957 - 3 Mar 1958 Abdul Wahhab
Marjan
(b. 1910 - d. 1964) Non-party
3 Mar 1958 - 18 May 1958 Nuri Pasha
as-Said (8th time)
(s.a.)
Mil
(premier of the Arab Union 18 May -
14 Jul 1958)
18 May 1958 - 14 Jul 1958 Ahmad Mukhtar
Baban
(b. 1900 - d. 1976) Non-party
14 Jul 1958 - 8 Feb 1963 Abdul Karim
Kassem
(b. 1914 - d. 1963) Mil
8 Feb 1963 - 18 Nov 1963 Ahmad Hassan
al-Bakr (1st time)
(s.a.)
Mil/Ba'ath
20 Nov 1963 - 6 Sep 1965 Tahir Yahya (1st
time)
(b. 1913 - d. 1986) Mil
6 Sep 1965 - 16 Sep 1965 Arif Abdul
Razzak
(b. 1921 - d. 2007) Mil
21 Sep 1965 - 9 Aug 1966 Abdul Rahman
al-Bazzaz
(s.a.)
Non-party
9 Aug 1966 - 10 May 1967 Naji
Talib
(b. 1917 - d. 2012) Non-party
10 May 1967 - 10 Jul 1967 Abdul Rahman
Arif
(s.a.)
Mil/IIA
10 Jul 1967 - 14 Jul 1968 Tahir Yahya (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Mil/IIA
14 Jul 1968 - 30 Jul 1968 Abdul Razzak
an-Naif
(b. 1933 - d. 1978) Mil/IIA
31 Jul 1968 - 16 Jul 1979 Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr
(2nd time)
(s.a.)
Mil/Ba'ath
16 Jul 1979 - 23 Mar 1991 Saddam Hussein
al-Majid al-Tikriti
(s.a.)
Ba'ath
(1st time)
23 Mar 1991 - 13 Sep 1991 Saadun
Hammadi
(b. 1930 - d. 2007) Ba'ath
16 Sep 1991 - 5 Sep 1993 Muhammad Hamza
al-Zubaydi
(b. 1938 - d. 2005) Ba'ath
5 Sep 1993 - 29 May 1994 Ahmad Hussein
Khudayir as-Samarrai (b.
1941)
Ba'ath
29 May 1994 - 9 Apr 2003 Saddam Hussein
al-Majid al-Tikriti
(s.a.)
Ba'ath
(2nd time)
Administrators of the Coalition Provisional
Authority
21 Apr 2003 - 11 May 2003 Jay Montgomery
Garner
(b. 1938)
Non-party
(director, Office of Reconstruction
and Humanitarian Assistance)
11 May 2003 - 28 Jun 2004 Lewis Paul Bremer
III
(b. 1941)
Non-party
Presidents of the Governing Council²
(subordinated to the civil administrator)
13 Jul 2003 - 31 Jul 2003 Sayyid Muhammad Bahr
al-Ulloum (b. 1927 - d.
2015) Non-party
(1st time) (acting)
1 Aug 2003 - 31 Aug 2003 Ibrahim al-Shiqr
al-Jaafari (b.
1947)
IDM
1 Sep 2003 - 30 Sep 2003 Ahmad Abdel Hadi
Chalabi
(b. 1944 - d. 2015) INC
1 Oct 2003 - 31 Oct 2003 Iyad
Allawi
(b.
1944)
INA
1 Nov 2003 - 30 Nov 2003 Jalal
Talabani
(s.a.)
PUK
1 Dec 2003 - 31 Dec 2003 Ayatollah Abdul
Aziz al-Hakim (b. 1952 - d.
2009) SCIRI
1 Jan 2004 - 31 Jan 2004 Adnan Muzahim
Pachachi
(b. 1923 - d. 2019) IID
1 Feb 2004 - 29 Feb 2004 Mohsen Abdul
Hamid
(b. 1937)
IIP
1 Mar 2004 - 31 Mar 2004 Sayyid Muhammad
Bahr al-Ulloum
(s.a.)
Non-party
(2nd time)
1 Apr 2004 - 30 Apr 2004 Masoud Mustafa
Barzani
(b.
1946)
PDK
1 May 2004 - 17 May 2004 Ezzedine
Salim
(b. 1940 - d. 2004) IDM
17 May 2004 - 1 Jun 2004 Ghazi Ajil
al-Yawar
(s.a.)
Non-party
Prime ministers
1 Jun 2004 - 3
May 2005 Iyad
Allawi
(s.a.)
INA
(subordinated to the coalition administrator to 28 Jun
2004)
3 May 2005 - 20 May
2006 Ibrahim al-Shiqr
al-Jaafari
(s.a.)
IDM
20 May 2006 - 8 Sep
2014 Nuri Kamil
al-Maliki
(b.
1950)
IDM
8 Sep 2014 - 24 Oct 2018 Haider
al-Abadi
(b. 1952) IDM
24 Oct 2018 - 7 May 2020
Adel Abdul Mahdi
al-Muntafiki (b.
1942)
Non-party
7 May 2020 - 27 Oct 2022 Mustafa
al-Kadhimi
(b. 1967)
Non-party
27 Oct 2022
-
Mohammed Shia' Sabbar al-Sudani (b.
1970) IDM
-
- MNF 2004-2010
|
Commander of Coalition Forces Land Component
Command (CFLCC)
(subordinated to U.S.
Central Command)
9 Apr 2003 - 14 Jun 2003 David
D. McKiernan
(U.S.)
(b. 1950)
Commanders of Multi-National Force-Iraq (MNF-I) (all
from the U.S.)
(subordinated to U.S. Central Command)
14 Jun 2003 - 4 Jun 2004 Ricardo S.
Sanchez
(b. 1953)
(commander Coalition Joint Task Force 7 to 14 Jun 2003)
4 Jun 2004 - 10 Feb 2007 George W.
Casey, Jr.
(b. 1948)
10 Feb 2007 - 16 Sep 2008 David H.
Petraeus
(b. 1952)
16 Sep 2008 - 1 Jan 2010 Raymond
T. Odierno
(b. 1954 - d. 2021)
Commander of United States Forces–Iraq (USF-I)
(subordinated to U.S. Central Command)
1 Jan 2010 - 15 Dec 2011 Lloyd J. Austin III
(b. 1953)
General Officers
Commanding-in-Chief of British Forces in Iraq (and
from 25 Aug 1942, Iran)
(subordinated to Indian Command until 1942, then to Middle
East Command)
7 May 1941 - 21 Aug 1942 Sir Edward
Pellew
Quinan
(b. 1884 - d. 1960)
21 Aug 1942 - 18 Feb 1943 Sir Henry
Maitland
Wilson
(b. 1881 - d. 1964)
18 Feb 1943 - 18 Feb 1944 Sir Henry Royds
Pownall
(b. 1887 - d. 1961)
18 Feb 1944 - 1 Mar 1946 Sir Arthur
Francis
Smith
(b. 1890 - d. 1977)
¹The full style of the rulers:
12 Aug 1921 - 14 Jul 1958: Malik al-'Iraq ("King
of Iraq").
²the members of the Iraqi Governing Council
(IGC) 13 Jul 2003 - 1 Jun 2004 were: Ahmad
Abdel Hadi Chalabi (Shi'a)(s.a.) INC; Ayatollah
Abdul Aziz al-Hakim (Shi'a)(s.a.) SCIRI; Ibrahim
al-Shiqr al-Jaafari (Shi'a)(s.a.) IDM; Naseer Kamel
al-Chaderchi (Sunni)(b. 1933) NDP; Jalal
Talabani (Kurd, Sunni)(s.a.) PUK; Masoud Mustafa Barzani
(Kurd, Sunni)(s.a.) PDK; Iyad Allawi (Shi'a)(s.a.) INA;
Ahmad Shya'a al-Barak (Shi'a) Non-party; Adnan Muzahim
Pachachi (Sunni)(s.a.) IID; 'Aqila al-Hashimi
(f)(Shi'a)(b. 1953 - d. 2003) Non-party (to 25 Sep
2003); Raja Habib al-Khuzaai (f)(Shi'a)(b. 1947)
Non-party; Hamid Majid Musa al-Bayyati (Shi'a)(b. 1941)
ICP; Sayyid Muhammad Bahr al-Uloum (Shi'a)(s.a.)
Non-party; Ghazi Ajil al-Yawar (Sunni)(s.a.) Non-party;
Mohsen Abdul Hamid (Sunni)(s.a.) IIP; Samir Shakir
Mahmoud al-Sumaida'i (Sunni)(b. 1944) Non-party (to Apr
2004); Mahmud Ali Uthman (Kurd, Sunni)(b. 1938)
Non-party; Salah al-Din Muhammad Baha al-Din (Kurd,
Sunni)(b. 1950) KIU; Yonadam Yousip Kanna (Assyrian
Christian) (b. 1951) ADM; Muwafaq Baqir al-Rubay'i
(Shi'a)(b. 1947) IDM (to Apr 2004); Dara Nur al-Din
(Kurd, Sunni)(b. 1953) Non-party; Sondul Chapuk
(f)(Turkoman)(b. 1968) IWO; Wael Abdul Latif
(Shi'a)(b. 1950) Non-party; Abdul Karim Mahmud
al-Muhammadawi (Shi'a)(b. 1958) Hez; Ezzedine Salim
(Shi'a)(s.a.) IDM (to 17 May 2004); Salama Hasson al-Khafaji (f)(b.
1958)(Shi'a) Non-party (from Dec
2003).
Territorial Disputes: Iraq's lack of
a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction
disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al-Arab in the
Persian Gulf; Turkey has expressed concern over the
autonomous status of Kurds in Iraq.
Party abbreviation: Hez =
Hezbollah (Party of God in Iraq,
Shi'a islamist); IDM
= Hizb al-Da'wa
al-Islamiyya (Islamic Call [Dawa] Party, Islamic
democracy, Islamic socialism, populist, Shi'a–Sunni
unity, banned 1980-2003, est.1957); IIP
= Hizb al-Islami al-'Iraqi (Iraqi Islamic Party,
Sunni islamist, est.1960);
INA = al-Wifaq al-Watani
al-'Iraqi (Iraqi National Accord, centrist,
liberal, secular, anti-Saddam, illegal until
2003, est.1991); INC
= al-Moutammar al-Watani al-'Iraqi (Iraqi National
Congress, center-right, secular, anti-Ba'athist, illegal
until 2003, est.1992); ISIS = al-Dawlah
al-Islamiyyah fi al-'Iraq wa-al-Sham (Islamic State in
Iraq and al-Sham [Levant], Sunni jihadi militant,
anti-Shia, est.2013); KIU =
Yekgirtuy Islami Kurdistan (Kurdistan
Islamic Union, Kurdish islamist, est.1994); NDP
= Hizb al-Dimuqratiyah al-Wataniyah
(National Democratic Party, social
democratic, nationalist, est.2003); PDK
= Partiya Demokrata Kurdistan (Kurdistan Democratic
Party, Kurdish nationalist, center-right,
est.1946); PUK =
Yaketi Nishtimani Kurdistan (Patriotic Union of
Kurdistan, Kurdish nationalist, social-democratic,
est.1975); SCIRI = al-Majlis
al-A'ala al-Islami al-'Iraqi (Supreme Council for the
Islamic Revolution in Iraq, Shi'a islamist,
clerical conservative, illegal until
2003, est.1982); Mil =
Military;
- Former
parties: Ahd
= Hizb al-'Ahd (Covenant
Party, conservative, 1930-1930); Ahs
= Hizb al-Ahrar (Liberal Party, conservative, moderate
reformist, 1946-1954); Ba'ath
= Hizb Al-Ba'ath Al-'Arabi Al-Ishtiraki (Arab
Socialist Rebirth Party [Iraqi Baath Party],
authoritarian socialist, Saddamist Ba'athism,
1968-9 Apr 2003 only legal movement, 1947-1 May 2003,
banned); HIW = Hizb al-Ikha
al-Watani (National Brotherhood Party, anti-Nuri
as-Said opposition, 1930-1935);
HWW = Hizb al-Widha al-Wataniyya
(National Unity Party, 1934-1935); ID
= al-Ittihad al-Dusturi (Constitutional Union, liberal
reform, pro-western, Nov 1949-Aug 1954);
IIA = Ittihad al-Ishtiraki
al-Arabi (Arab Socialist Union, Nasserist, leftist, only
legal party 1963-1968); IID =
Iraqi Independent Democrats (non-sectarian coalition,
2003-2005); Ist =
Hizb al-Istiqlal (Independence Party, nationalist,
1945-1958); IW = Hizb
al-Ittihad al-Watani (National Union Party,
center-left, reformist, 1946-1947);
IWO = Iraqi Women's Organisation;
Shab = Hizb al-Sha'b (People's
Party, socialist, anti-British,
1946-1948); Taq = al-Taqqaddum
(Party of Progress, conservative, pro-British,
1925-1929); UI = Hizb al-Umma
al-Ishtiraki (People's Socialist
Party, 1951-1954); Wat
= Hizb al-Watani al-'Iraqi (Iraqi National
Party, nationalist, anti-British, 1922-1933);
WD = Hizb al-Watani al-Dimuqrati
(National Democratic Party, moderate socialist,
1946-1958)
Kurdistan Region
-
- 1919, 1922 - 1924
|
-
- Region Flag Adopted 19 May
1992
|
Map
of Iraqi Kurdish Region |
Hear
Regional Anthem
"Ey Reqîb"
(Hey Enemy) |
Text
of RegionalAnthem
Adopted 19 May 1992 |
Regional
Constitution
(23 Jun 2009, Draft)
|
Capital: Erbil (de facto);
(Sulaymaniyah 1922-1924;
PUK: as-Sulaymaniyah
Aug 1996-Jun 2005;
PDK: Salah ad-Din
Aug 1996-Jun
2005)
(de jure from 2004: Kirkuk)
(Baban: 1784-1850
Süleymaniye)
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Currency: Iraqi Dinar (IQD);
10 May 1992-15 Oct
2003
'Swiss' Dinar (IQDS) |
National Holidays: 21 March
Newroz Festival
(Kurdish New Year)
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9 Apr (2003)
Liberation Day
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Population: 6,584,335 (2020)
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GDP: $26.5 billion
(2015)
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Exports: $N/A
Imports: $N/A
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Ethnic groups:
Kurdish 95%, Turkomen, Assyrian, Arab
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Total Armed
Forces/Peshmerga: 350,000 (2016 est.)
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Religions: Muslim (mainly Sunni),
Christian (mainly Chaldean
rite and Syrian rite
Roman Catholic and Nestorian),
Jewish, Mandaean, Yarsan, Yazidi, and Zoroastrian |
International
Organizations/Treaties: None; UNPO
(1991-2015)
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Oct 1508 - 18 Nov 1534
Persian occupation of Mosul.
18 Nov
1534
Part of the Ottoman
Empire.
1535 - 1864
Mosul Eyalet established.
1623 - 1625
Persian occupation of Mosul.
1649 - 1859
Kurdish Baban
Emirate near Sulaymaniyah (Süleymaniye).
1726 - 1834
Post of
governor held almost exclusively by the al-Jalili
family.
1870
Last of the Kurdish principalities dissolved.
1878
Mosul Vilayet established and separated
from Baghdad.
30 Oct 1918
Ottoman forces surrender to British forces.
10 Nov
1918
Mosul occupied by U.K., Ottomans evacuate.
23 May 1919 - 17 Jun
1919 Independent Kurdish state proclaimed in
rebellion.
24 Apr
1920
Mosul declared a part of the mandated territory of Iraq.
10 Aug
1920
Ottomans cede vilayet of Mosul
to Allies by Treaty of Sèvres.
11 Nov
1920
Installation of a provisional Iraqi administration;
Mosul formally remained a separate mandated territory,
most of it now de facto under Iraqi administration
(mutessarifs were appointed to
Mosul Dec 1920 and to Kirkuk
Feb 1921), only Sulaymaniyah remaining under the direct
authority
of the British High Commissioner.
1 Feb 1922 - 23 Jul
1923 Partial Turkish occupation; Mosul claimed by
Turkey.
Sep 1922 - Jul
1924
Independence of Kurdistan (from 18 Nov 1922 Kingdom)
proclaimed.
13 Jan
1926
Turkey recognizes Iraqi sovereignty over Mosul.
1930 - 16 May
1931
Last revolt of Sheikh Mahmoud Barzani (b. 1878 - d.
1956).
1931 - Jun 1932
Rebellion led by Sheikh Ahmed Barzani (b. 1896 - d.
1969).
1943 - Oct
1945
Rebellion led by Mullah Mustafa Barzani (b. 1903 - d.
1979).
11 Mar
1974
Autonomous Region of Kurdistan (Mantiqat
Kurdistan lil-Hukm al-dhati)
created
by the Iraqi government (governorates of
Erbil, Dohuk
and as-Sulaymaniyah). By 1977 the Kurdish
region was no longer
referred
to in official Iraqi pronouncements or media as "the
Autonomous Region of Kurdistan" but simply as "The
Autonomous
Region."
1 Jun
1980
Autonomy increased; chairman of the regional executive
council
becomes an Iraqi government minister.
16 Mar
1988
Iraqi military poison gas attack kills 5,000 Kurds in
Halabjah.
May
1988
Renamed Kurdish Autonomous Region.
Oct 1991
Iraqi government withdraws
military, de facto autonomy.
10 Mar
1992
Most of Iraqi Kurdistan occupied by Kurdish forces.
1 Apr
1992
Iraqi government re-occupies Kirkuk.
19 May
1992
Kurdistan Regional Government established (in opposition
to Iraqi
rule).
4 Jul
1992
Kurdistan Regional Government formed (not recognized by
Iraq).
31 Aug 1996 - 9 Sep
1996 Iraqi forces take control of Erbil (Arbil)
and Dohuk at the
request of the Kurdish Democratic Party, which
establishes
a government there, opposing to the one controlled by
the
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan which moves to
as-Sulaymaniyah.
9 Sep 1996 - 13 Oct 1996 KDP
briefly occupies as-Sulaymaniyah.
4 Oct
2002
Declaration of self-rule within a "federal" union within
Iraq
(not recognized by Iraq).
10-11 Apr
2003
Kurdish forces briefly occupy Kirkuk and Mosul.
14 Jun
2005
Kurdistan Region (Herêma Kurdistanê/'Iqlim Kurdistan)
established
(consists of: Provinces of
Sulaimaniyah and Erbil in their
administrative boundaries prior to 1970 and the Province
of Duhok;
along
with the districts of Aqra, Sheikhan, Sinjar and the
sub-district of Zimar in the Province of Ninevah; the
district
of Khaniqin and Mandali in the Province of Diyala; and
the
district of Badra in the Province of Al-Wasit [and
claiming the
Province of Kirkuk]).
21 Jan 2006
PUK and KDP sign the
regional government unification agreement.
12 Jun 2014 - 16 Oct 2017 Kurdish forces occupy
Kirkuk.
25 Sep 2017
Independence referendum (rejected by Iraqi
Parliament 11 Sep 2017,
Federal Supreme Court of Iraq orders its
suspension on 18 Sep
2017) supports independence 93.7%-7.2% (not recognized
by Iraq,
on
6 Nov 2017 the Supreme Federal Court of Iraq rules that
no
region
or province can secede and 20 Nov 2017 it declares the
referendum was unconstitutional).
Emirs of Baban
1649 - 1670
Faki Ahmad I
1670 - 1703
Baba Sulaiman I
1721 - 1731
Khana Mohammad Pasha I
1731 - 1742
Khalid Pasha I
1742 - 1754
Salim Pasha I
1754 - 1765
Sulaiman Pasha I
1765 - 1775
Mohammad Pasha II
1775 - 1777
Abdollah Pasha I
1777 - 1780
Ahmad Pasha I
1780 - 1782
Mahmoud Pasha I
1782 - 1803
Ibrahim Pasha I
1803 - 1813
Abdorrahman Pasha I
1813 - 1834
Mahmoud Pasha II
1834 - 1838
Sulaiman Pasha II
1838 - 1847
Ahmad Pasha II
1847 - 1850
Abdollah Pasha II
(= Abdullah Bey Baban)
Walis (governors) of Mosul
1685/86
Deli Emir Mehmed
1687/88
Sohrabli Ahmed
168.
Ömer
1689
Nighdeli Ali
1690
Midillili Mustafa
.... -
1719
Morali Ali Pasha
(d. 1735)
1719 -
17..
Sari Mustafa
c.1720
Sirke Osman Pasha
1726 -
1727
Isma'il Pasha al-Jalili
1727 - 1728
Hüseyin Pasha Derendeli
1728 -
1730
Muhammad Pasha Rashwan Zada
1730
Hüseyin Pasha al-Jalili (1st time)
1730 -
1731
Ali Pasha
1731 -
1733
Hüseyin Pasha al-Jalili (2nd time)
1733
Mimush Pasha (1st time)
1733 - 1735
Hüseyin Pasha al-Jalili (3rd time)
1735 -
1736
Mimush Pasha (2nd time)
1736 -
1738
Ilji Mustafa Pasha
1738 - 1740
Hüseyin Pasha al-Jalili (4th time)
1740 -
1741
Ahmad Pasha al-Halabi
1741
Uthman Pasha al-Wanli
1741 -
1746
Hüseyin Pasha al-Jalili (5th time)
1747
Sulaiman Pasha
1747 -
1748
Hüseyin Pasha al-Jalili (6th time)
1748
Muhammad Pasha al-Tiryaki
1748 -
1749
Ibrahim Pasha
1749 -
1750
Muhammad Pasha
1750
Hüseyin Pasha al-Jalili (7th
time)
1750 -
1751
Mustafa Pasha Shahsuwar (1st time)
1751 - 1752
Rajab Pasha (1st time)
1752
Muhammad Pasha
1752 - 1755
Amin Pasha
bin Husain Pasha
al-Jalili (1st time)
1755
Mustafa Pasha
Shahsuwar (2nd time)
1755 -
1756
Amin Pasha bin Husain Pasha
al-Jalili (2nd time)
1756 - 1757
Mustafa Pasha `Azam
1757
Rajab Pasha (2nd time)
1757 - 1758
Hüseyin Pasha al-Jalili (8th time)
1758
Amin Pasha bin Husain Pasha
al-Jalili (3rd time)
1759
Numan Pasha al-Halabi
1759 - 1760
Amin Pasha bin Husain Pasha
al-Jalili (4th time)
1760 -
1761
Mustafa Pasha Shahsuwar (3rd time)
1761 -
1768
Amin Pasha bin Husain Pasha
al-Jalili (5th time)
1768 -
1769
Husain Pasha
1769 -
1771
Fattah Pasha bin Ismail Pasha
al-Jalili
1771 - 1775
Süleyman Pasha al-Jalili (1st time)
1775
Amin Pasha bin
Husain Pasha
al-Jalili (6th time)
1775 - 1776
Süleyman Pasha al-Jalili (2nd
time)
1776 -
1777
Hasan Pasha
1777 -
1783
Süleyman Pasha al-Jalili (3rd time)
1783
Mustafa Pasha Yaziji
1783 - 1784
Taimur Pasha al-Wanli
1785 -
1786
‘Abd al-Baqi
Pasha bin Ubaid Agha
al-Jalili
1786 -
1789
Süleyman Pasha al-Jalili (4th time)
1789 -
1806
Muhammad Pasha bin Amin Pasha
al-Jalili
1806 -
1808
Numan Pasha bin Sulaiman Pasha
al-Jalili
1808 -
1809
Ahmad Pasha al-Bakr
1809 - 1810
Mahmud Pasha bin Muhammad
Pasha
al-Jalili
1810 -
1812
Sa'dullah Pasha bin Husain Pasha
al-Jalili
1812 -
1817
Ahmad Pasha bin Sulaiman
Pasha
al-Jalili (1st time)
1818
Hasan
Pasha bin Husain Pasha
al-Jalili
1818 -
1821
Ahmad
Pasha bin Sulaiman Pasha
al-Jalili (2nd time)
1821 -
1822
‘Abd al-Rahman Pasha bin Abdallah
Bey
al-Jalili
Sep/Oct 1822 - 1827 Yahya
Pasha bin Numan Pasha
al-Jalili (1st time)
1827 - 1828
‘Abd al-Rahman Pasha bin Mahmud (d.
1828)
Pasha
al-Jalili
1829
Muhammad Amin Pasha bin Uthman
Bey
al-Jalili
1830 - 1831
Qasim Pasha bin Hasan Umari
1831 - Oct
1832
Muhammad Pasha al Yasin (1st time)
Oct 1832 - Jan/Feb1834 Yahya
Pasha bin Numan Pasha
al-Jalili (2nd time)
1834 - 1835
Muhammad
Pasha al Yasin (2nd time)
1835 - Mar 1844
Muhammad Pasha Inja
Bairaqdar (d. 1844)
Mar 1844 - Dec
1844 Mehmet
Sherif Pasha
Jan 1845 - Dec 1845
Mehmet Pasha
Jan 1846 - Nov
1846 Mehemet
Tayyar Pasha
(d. 1846)
Dec 1846 - Nov
1847 Esad
Mehemet Muhlis Pasha
Nov 1847 - Aug
1848 Mehemet
Vecihi Pasha
Aug 1848 - Nov 1849 Ali
Askar Pasha
Nov 1849 - Aug 1850
Mehmet Kamil Pasha
Aug 1850 - May 1851
Mustafa Mazhar
Pasha
1851 -
1855
Mustafa Pasha
Walis of (Hakkari to 1864) Van
1855
Veysi Pasha
1859
Sulaymaniyahli Baban Abdallah Pasha
1860
Halepli Haçi Yusuf Pasha
1861
Kaïmakam Atallah Bey
1861
Kanan Pasha
1861
Esaf Efendi
Walis of Mosul
1865 -
1875
the governors of Baghdad
1875
Ferik Nafiz Pasha
1875
Mustafa Necip Pasha
1877
Ahmet Nazim Bey
1878
Fizi Pasha
1878
Abdulnafi Efendi
1879
Ferik
Mehmet Munir Pasha
Feb 1879 - Nov 1879 Ahmed
Feyzi Pasha
Nov 1879 - May 1882
Ramazanzada Abdunnafi Iffet
Efendi
May 1882 - Dec 1887
Tahsin Pasha
Dec 1887 - Jan
1889 Mustafa
Faik Pasha
Jan 1889 - Jul 1889
Vanli Mehemed Reshid Pasha
(d. 1889)
1889
Kürd Reshid
Pasha
(d. 1889)
Jul 1889 - Mar 1891 Arnavut
Tahir Pasha
(d. 1925)
Jun 1891 - Jul 1892
Abdulkadir Kamali
Pasha
Jul 1892 - Sep 1894 Osman
Pasha
Sep 1894 - Jul
1895 Ahmed
Aziz Pasha
Jul 1895 - May
1896 Gümrükçü
Mehemet Salih Pasha
May 1896 - Oct
1896 Kölemen
Abdullah Pasha
(b. 1846 - d. 1937)
Oct 1896 - Oct
1897 Zühdü Bey
(b. 1843 - d. 18..)
Oct 1897 - Jul 1898
Abdülwahib Pasha
(b. 1843
- d. ....)
Jul 1898 - Dec
1898 Mehemet
Arif Pasha
1898 - 1899
Hüseyin Hazim Pasha
Feb 1899 - Jun
1901 Tepeyran
Ebubekir Hazim Bey (b.
1864 - d. 1947)
Jun 1901 - Sep
1901
Yenesehirli Mustafa Nazim Pasha
Oct 1901 - Jun 1902
Ahmed Reshid Pasha
(b. 1853 - d. 1918)
Jun 1902 - Sep 1905
Mustafa Nuri
Bey
(b. 1851 - d. 1923)
Sep 1905 - Aug
1908 Mustafa
Bey
Aug 1908 - Jan
1909 Halepli
Zeki Pasha
(b. 1862 - d. 1943)
1909
Fazil Pasha
1910 -
1912
Tahir Pasha
(d. 1913)
Aug 1912 - Dec
1912
Dagistanli Fazil Pasha
(b. 1829 - d. 1915)
Dec 1912 - Jul 1913
Muharrem Mümtaz Bey
(b. 1864 - d. 1931)
Jul 1913 - Sep
1913 Esad
Pasha
Sep 1913 - Dec 1915
Süleyman Nasif Bey
(b. 1870 - d. 1927)
Feb 1915 - Jan 1917
Vanli Haydar Hilmi
Bey (b. 1875 -
d. 1934)
Sep 1917 - 1918
Ispanakcçizade Memduh Sermed Bey (b. 1876 -
d. 1924)
British Military Commander of III Indian Corps
10 Nov 1918 - 1918
Alexander
Stanhope
Cobbe
(b. 1870 - d. 1931)
British Political Officers, Sulaymaniyah
1918 - Mar
1919
Edward William Charles
Noel (b. 1886
- d. 1974) Mil
Mar 1919 - Mar
1921 Ely
Bannister
Soane
(b. 1881 - d. 1923) Mil
1921 - Oct
1922
H.A. Goldsmith
Mil
Governor (Hikimdar) of
Sulaymaniyah
1 Dec 1918 - 17 Jun 1919 Sheikh
Mahmoud Barzani (1st time) (b. 1878 - d. 1956)
(in rebellion from 23 May 1919)
Sep 1922 - Jul
1924 Sheikh
Mahmoud Barzani (2nd time) (s.a.)
(Sheikh Mahmud al-Hafeed)
(in
rebellion from 1922; 18 Nov 1922
assumes style King of Kurdistan)
Chairmen of the Regional Executive Council
Oct 1974 - 1977
Hashim Hakim Hasan Taha 'Aqrawi
(b. 1926)
PDK
1977 - 1980
Ahmad Abdul Qadir
al-Naqshbandi (b. 1930)
Baath
1980 -
1983
Jamal al-Hajj Sharif
(b. 1930)
1983 - 1986
Yahya Muhammad Rashid
al-Jaf
Baath
1986 - 1989
Sirwan Abdullah Hussein al-Jaf
(b. c.1938)
Baath
1989 - 1991
Jafar Abdul Karim Barzani
(b. c.1940)
Baath
De facto rulers
- Patriotic Union of
Kurdistan -
4 Jul 1992 - 14 Jun
2005 Jalal
Talabani
(b. 1933 - d. 2017) PUK
(secretary-general of the PUK)
- Kurdistan Democratic
Party -
31 Aug 1996 - 14 Jun
2005 Masoud Mustafa
Barzani
(b.
1946)
PDK
(president of the PDK)
Presidents
14 Jun 2005 - 1 Nov
2017 Masoud Mustafa
Barzani
(s.a.)
PDK
1 Nov 2017 - 10 Jun 2019 Transitional
Executive
- Nechirvan Idris
Barzani
(b.
1966)
PDK
- Qubad Jalal Talabani
(b. 1977)
PUK
- Ahmed Abdullah
Zubair
Non-party
(acting)
10 Jun 2019
-
Nechirvan Idris
Barzani
(s.a.)
PDK
Chairmen of the Regional Legislative Assembly
1974 - 1977
Mahmoud al-Rasul Babakr
(b. 1937)
PDK
al-Pischdari
1977 - 1980
Muhammad Amin Muhammad Ahmad
(b. 1936)
1980 - 1989
Ahmad Abdul Qadir al-Naqshbandi
(s.a.)
Baath
1989 - 1991
Baha al-Din Ahmad Faraj
Prime ministers
- Patriotic Union of Kurdistan -
4 Jul 1992 - 26 Apr
1993 Fuad
Masum
(b.
1938)
PUK
26 Apr 1993 - 21 Jan 2001 Kosrat Rasul
Ali
(b.
1952)
PUK
21 Jan 2001 - 4 Jul 2004 Barham
Ahmed
Salih
(b.
1960)
PUK
4 Jul 2004 - 1
Mar 2006 Umar Fattah Hussain
(acting) (b. 1948)
PUK
- Kurdistan Democratic Party -
26 Sep 1996 - 20 Dec 1999 Rowsch Nouri
Shaways
(b. 1947 - d. 2021) PDK
20 Dec 1999 - 1 Mar 2006 Nechirvan
Idris
Barzani
(s.a.)
PDK
Prime ministers
1 Mar 2006 - 28 Oct
2009 Nechirvan Idris Barzani (1st time)
(s.a.)
PDK
28 Oct 2009 - 5 Apr 2012 Barham
Ahmed
Salih
(s.a.)
PUK
5 Apr 2012 - 10 Jun 2019 Nechirvan
Idris Barzani (2nd time)
(s.a.)
PDK
10 Jun 2019 - 10 Jul 2019 Qubad Jalal Talabani
(acting) (s.a.)
PUK
10 Jul 2019 -
Masrour Barzani
(b.
1969)
PDK
Party abbreviations: PDK
= Partiya Demokrat a Kurdistanê/Partiya Demokrata
Kurdistan (Kurdistan Democratic Party [KDP], Kurdish
nationalist, center-right, est.16 Aug 1946); PUK
= Yekîtiya Nîştimanî ya Kurdistanê/Yaketi Nishtimani
Kurdistan (Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, Kurdish
nationalist, social-democratic, center-left, secular,
est.1 Jun 1975);
- Former
parties: Ba'ath = Hizb
Al-Ba'ath Al-'Arabi Al-Ishtiraki (Arab
Socialist Rebirth Party [Iraqi Baath Party],
authoritarian socialist, Saddamist Ba'athism,
1968-9 Apr 2003 only legal movement, 1947-1 May 2003,
banned)
© Ben Cahoon
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