Iraq
 

to 30 Oct 1918 30 Oct 1918 - 1920 1920 - 1921 23 Aug 1921 - 10 Jul 1924 10 Jul 1924 - 14 Jul 1959  14 Feb 1958 - 14 Jul 1958 Arab Union Flag 14 Jul 1959 - 8 Jun 1963  8 Jun 1963 - 13 Jan 1991 13 Jan 1991 - 28 Jun 2004 28 Jun 2004 - 22 Jan 2008 Adopted 22 Jan 2008  Map of Iraq ------------------ Administrative Divisions  Hear National Anthem "Mawtini" (My Homeland) Adopted 2004  Hear Former Anthem "Ard ul-Furatayn" (Land of Two Rivers) (17 Jul 1981-2003) Constitution Adopted 25 Oct 2005 ----------------------------- Interim  Constitution 8 Mar 2004 - 25 Oct 2005  Hear Former Anthem "Mwaniti" (My Country)  (1958-1965, 2003-2004) Hear Former Anthem "Walla Zaman Ya Selahy" (Oh For Ages! My Weapon!)  (1965-17 Jul 1981) Hear Royal Anthem "As-Salam al-Malaki" (The Royal Salute) (1924-14 Mar 1958) Constitution (16 Jul 1970 - 9 Apr 2003) ------------------------------- Royal Constitution (21 Mar 1925-1958) Capital: Baghdad Currency: Iraqi Dinar (IQD); 1920-1931 Indian Rupee (INR) and Egyptian  Pound (EGP)  National Holidays: 14 Jul (1958) Republic Day --------------------------------- and  3 Oct (1932) National Iraqi Day ---------------------------------- 1962 - 2003: 17 Jul (1968) Revolution Day Population: 40,194,216 (2018) GDP: $649.3 billion (2017) Exports: $61.4 billion (2017) Imports: $39.5 billion (2017)  Ethnic groups: Arab 64.4%, Kurdish 23%, Azrei 5.6%, Turkoman 1.2%, Persian 1.1%, Assyrian and other 4% (2000) Total Active Armed Forces: 165,000 (2020) U.S. Military Force: 2,500 (Jan 2021) Coalition Forces: 2,500 (Feb 2020) Merchant marine: 73 ships (2019) Religions: Muslim (official) 95-98% (Shia 64-69%, Sunni 29-34%), Christian 1% (includes Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Assyrian Church of the East), other (includes Yazidi syncretist) 1-4% (2015) note: while there has been voluntary relocation of many Christian families to northern Iraq, the overall Christian population has decreased at least 50% and perhaps as high as 90% since 2003, with many fleeing to Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon.  International Organizations/Treaties: ABEDA, AFESD, AIIB, AL, AMF, AOAD, APA, APM, Arabsat, BTWC, CCM, CAEU, CICA, CTBT, CWC, ECO (applicant), EITI, ENMOD (signatory), ESCR, FAO, G-77, GAFTA, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISESCO, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, NATO (global partner), NPT, NTBT, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, OST, PCA, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer) Iraq Index Chronology c.2600 - c.2004 BC         Sumerian civilization. c.2650 BC                  Era of the legendary Gilgamesh of Uruk. c.2525 BC                  Battle of Umma, King Eannatum of Lagash defeated                              Umma. c.2334 BC - c.2154 BC      Part of the Akkadian Empire (under Sargon c.2334 BC                              - c.2279 BC). c.2025 BC - c.1378 BC      Northern Mesopotamia part of (Old) Assyrian Empire. c.1792 BC - c.911 BC       Babylonian Empire (under Hammurabi c.1792 BC -                              c.1752 BC). c.1595 BC                  Hittites sack Babylon. 911 BC - 612 BC            Part of the Assyrian Empire (under Sennacherib                              705 BC-681 BC and Ashurbanipal 669 BC-631 BC). c.612 BC                   Battle of Nineveh, Medes and Babylonians destroy                              the Assyrian capital of Nineveh.  Nov 626 BC - 539 BC        Neo-Babylonian Empire (Chaldaean dynasty)(under                              Nebuchadnezzar II c.605 BC - c.562 BC). Sep 539 BC                 Battle of Opis, Cyrus the Great of Persia defeats                              the Babylonians. 539 BC - 330 BC            Part of the Persian Empire.  1 Oct 331 BC              Battle of Gaugamela (Arbela), Alexander "the Great"                              defeats Darius III of Persia.   330 BC - 315 BC            Part of the Macedonian (Greek) Empire. 315 BC - 312 BC            Part of (Antigonid) Kingdom of Macedonia. 305 BC - 126 BC            Part of Seleucid Empire. c.141 BC - 222 AD          Characene, also known as Mesene or Meshan, kingdom                              at the head of Persian Gulf (from 124 BC under                              Parthian suzerainty, except 115-117 AD under the                              Romans). 126 BC - 224 AD            Part of the Parthian (Arsacid) Empire. May/Jun 53 BC              Battle of Carrhae, the Parthians defeat the Romans                              under Marcus Licinius Crassus. 115 AD - 117 AD            Part of the Roman Empire as Provincia Mesopotamia,                               along with Provincia Assyria 116-117. 198 - 226                  Part of the Roman Empire as Provincia Mesopotamia. Jan/Mar 224                Battle of Misiche (Massice), Sassanians defeat Roman                              Emperor Gordian III near modern Anbar. 226 - Mar 637              Part of the Sassanian (Sasanid) Empire (as Asorestan                              province). 12 Dec 627                 Battle of Nineveh, Byzantine Emperor Heraclius                              defeats the Sassanians. Mar 637                    Mesopotamia conquest by the Arabs (Muzayyah                              Nov 633, Buwaib Nov 634, Babyon 636, Ctesiphon                              falls Mar 637), part the Muslim Arab (Rashidun                              634-661, Umayyad 661-750, Abbasid 750-20 Feb 1258)                              Caliphate, as province of al-'Irak. 16-19 Nov 637              Battle of al-Qadisiyyah, Arabs under Khalid bin al                              Walid defeats Sassanians under Rostam Farrokhzad. 30 Jul 762                 Baghdad (then named Madinat al-Salam) founded by                              Abbasid Caliph Al-Mansur. 895 - 1004                 Hamdanid (Hamdanyun) emirate at Mosul (nominally                              under suzerainty of the Abbasid Caliph, direct                              Abbasid control 979-981). 19 Jan 945 - Dec 1055      Buyid (Buwayid) emirate at Baghdad (nominally under                              suzerainty of the Abbasid Caliph). Dec 1055 - 19 Mar 1194     Part of the Seljuk (Saljuq) Sultanate. 1194 - 10 Feb 1258         Abbasid Caliphate direct rule (restored). 10 Feb 1258                Baghdad is destroyed by Mongol Hülegü Khan. 1258 - 1264                Part of Mongol Empire. 1264 -  1 Dec 1335         Part of (Mongol) Il-Khan Empire. 1336 - 20 Jun 1401         Jalayerid (Jalayirid) sultanate at Baghdad. 28 Aug 1393 - 20 Dec 1393  Baghdad sacked by Tamerlane (Temur-i Lang). 20 Jun 1401 - Feb 1405     Part of Timurid Empire (under Tamerlane). 1405 - 30 Aug 1410         Jalayerid (Jalayirid) sultanate (restored);                              continues at Basra to 9 Nov 1431. 30 Aug 1410 - Jan 1469     Turkic Kara Koyunlu (Qara Qoyunlu)("Black Sheep")                              rule. Jan 1469 - Oct 1508        Turkic Ak Koyunlu (Aq-Qoyunlu)("White Sheep)" rule. Oct 1508 - 18 Nov 1534     Mesopotamia part of Persia. 18 Nov 1534                Mesopotamia part of the Ottoman Empire. 1535 - 1864                Baghdad Eyalet established. 1538 - 1862                Basra Eyalet established. 14 Jan 1624 - 25 Dec 1638  Persian occupation of Baghdad. 26 Mar 1697 -  9 Mar 1701  Persian occupation of Basra. 1750 - Jun 1831            Semi-independent Mameluke dynasty govern pashaliks                              Baghdad and Basra under nominal Ottoman                              suzerainty. 16 Apr 1776 - Mar 1779     Persian occupation of Basra. Jun 1831                   Direct Ottoman rule restored. 31 May 1847                Border with Persia defined by (Second) Treaty of                              Erzurum. 1869                       Ottoman Vilayet of Baghdad established. 1884                       Ottoman Vilayet of Basra (previously 1875-80)                              re-established.  6 Nov 1914                British occupation of Mesopotamia begins at Fao                              (beginning in Basra from 22 Nov 1914 and from                              11 Mar 1917 Baghdad, and Mosul on 10 Nov 1918). 10 Jan 1919                British civil administration (Mesopotamia). 11 Nov 1920                Irak (former Ottoman provinces of Baghdad, Mosul,                              and Basra a League of Nations Mandate under U.K.). 23 Aug 1921                Kingdom of Iraq (self-rule under a British                              protectorate).  2 Dec 1922 - 26 Dec 1981  Iraqi-Saudi Arabian neutral zone in southern area.  3 Oct 1932                Full independence.  2 May 1941 - 26 Oct 1947  British occupation. 14 Feb 1958 -  2 Aug 1958  Federation with Jordan (Arab Union). 14 Jul 1958                Iraqi Republic  8 Aug 1990 - 27 Feb 1991  Annexation of Kuwait (as 19th province of Iraq).  6 Jan 1992                Republic of Iraq 21 Mar 2003 - 28 Jun 2004  U.S.-British invasion (from 21 Mar in Safwan,                              Al Faw, and Umm Qasr; 22 Mar in an-Nasiriya;                              from 25 Mar in Najaf; from 1 Apr in Karbala;                              7 Apr in Basra; 9 Apr in Baghdad; 10 Apr Kirkuk                              11 Apr in Mosul; 13 Apr in Kut; 14 Apr Tikrit).  9 Apr 2003                Iraq (also in official use Republic of Iraq). 28 Jun 2004                Sovereignty restored (State of Iraq). 22 May 2006                Republic of Iraq Jun 2014 - Nov 2017        Islamic State seizes control of Mosul (to 20 Jul                              2017), Fallujah (to 26 Jun 2016), Tikrit (to 17                              Apr 2016) most of western Iraq (see under Syria). Kurdistan Region Assyrian Church of the East Chaldean Catholic Church Ethno-religious Groups Map

Persian governors
1508/09 - 1515             Lala Husayn
1515 - 15..                Qunghuruz Sultan
1524 - 1530                Zulfiqar ibn Nukhud                (d. 1530)
                             (in rebellion for Ottomans)
1530 - 1533                Muhammad Khan ibn Sharaf ad-Din
1533 - 1534                Takkalu Muhammad ibn Khan
Walis (Ottoman governors) of Baghdad
(the walis of Baghdad were senior governors)
1534 - 1544                Suleyman Pasha ibn Qubad
1544 - 1545                Solak Ferhad Pasha
1545 - 1549                Ayas Pasha
1549 - 1550                Mohammed Pasha (1st time)
1550                       Behram Pasha
1550 - 1551                Ali Tamarrud Pasha
1551 - 1561                Mohammed Pasha (2nd time)
1561 - 156.                Hizir Pasha                          (d. 1567/68)
1566                       Iskender Pasha
1566 - 1575                Murad Pasha
1575 - 1590                Elvandzade Ali Pasha
1590 - 1594                Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha 
1594 - 1603                Hasan ibn Mohammed
1603                       Qasim Pasha 
                             (did not take up post)
1603                       Hizir Pasha                          (d. 1603)
1603 - 1604                Mustafa Pasha Saryqdi
1604 - 1607                Yusuf Pasha
1607 - 1608                Ahmad Tevil (in rebellion)
1607 - 1608                Mohammed Pasha
1608 - 1610                Mehmut Pasha
1610                       Kalizade Ali Pasha
1610                       Dilaver Pasha
1610                       Mustafa Pasha
1610 - 1618                Hafiz Ahmed Pasha (1st time)
1619 - 1623                Bekir Subashy
1623 - 1625                Safi Quli Khan
                             (Persian governor)
1625 - 1631                Hafiz Ahmed Pasha (2nd time)
1631 - 1639                Bektash Khan Gürçü
                             (Persian governor)
Jan/Feb 1639 - 7 May 1639  Küçük Hasan (1st time)
 8 May 1639 - 18 Apr 1642  Dervish Mehmed Pasha
19 Apr 1642 -  2 Apr 1644  Küçük Hasan (2nd time)
 3 Apr 1644 - 11 Sep 1644  Deli Hüseyin Pasha                  (d. 1659)
12 Sep 1644 - 14 Sep 1645  Mohammed Pasha
15 Sep 1645 - 26 Sep 1646  Musa Pasha
27 Sep 1646 - 28 Nov 1647  Ibrahim Pasha
29 Nov 1647 -  2 Jan 1649  Musa Semiz Pasha
 3 Jan 1649 - 25 Nov 1649  Melek Ahmad Pasha
26 Nov 1649 - May/Jun 1650 Nogaizade Arslan Pasha
1650                       Kaplan Mustafa Pasha Merzioçonlu
                             (1st time)
 1 Sep 1650 - May 1651     Shatir Hüseyin Pasha
 8 Sep 1651 -  6 Sep 1653  Kara Mustafa Pasha (1st time)
 7 Sep 1653 -  8 Jul 1655  Murteza Pasha
19 Jul 1655 - 18 Nov 1656  Aq Mohammad Pasha
19 Nov 1656 - 26 Aug 1659  Kasseki Mehmed Pasha
16 Sep 1659 - 28 Feb 1662  Murteza Pasha 2nd time
 1 Mar 1662 - 27 Dec 1663  Kanbur Mustafa Pasha
28 Dec 1663 - Jul 1664     Pamuk Mustafa Pasha
1664                       Ibrahim Pasha
21 Sep 1664 - 10 Jun 1665  Kara Mustafa Pasha (2nd time)
11 Jun 1665 -  8 Apr 1667  Uzun Ibrahim Pasha
30 Mar 1667 -  9 May 1671  Kara Mustafa Pasha (3rd time)
10 May 1671 - 22 Aug 1674  Silahadar Hüseyin
23 Aug 1674 - 10 May 1676  Abd ar-Rahman
11 May 1676 - 30 Oct 1677  Kaplan Mustafa Pasha Merzioçonlu
                             (2nd time)
Oct 1677 - 1681            Ömer Pasha (1st time)
1681 - 11 Sep 1684         Ibrahim Pasha
1684 - 1687                Ömer Pasha (2nd time)
1687 - 1688                Serkos Ahmad Kethoda (1st time)    (d. 1694)
1688 - 1689                Ömer Pasha (3rd time)
1689 - 11 Sep 1691         Hasan Pasha
Sep 1691 - 17 Jun 1692     Ahmad Pasha Bazirgan Pasha         (d. 1692)
1692 -  2 Jan 1694         Serkos Ahmad Kethoda (2nd time)    (s.a.)
1694 - 1695                Haji Ahmed Kelayli Pasha
1695 - 1696                Ali Pasha (1st time)
1696 - 1698                Hasan Pasha (1st time)
1698 - 1700                Ismail Pasha
1700 - 1702                Ali Pasha (2nd time)
1703 - 1704                Yusuf Pasha
1704 - 1723                Hassan Pasha (2nd time)
1723 - 1734                Ahmad bin Hasan
1734                       Ismail Pasha
1735 - 1742                Topal Muhammad
1742 - 1747                Haci Ahmad Pasha                   (d. 1747)
Mar 1748 - Nov/Dec 1748    Kesriyeli Ahmad Pasha
1748 - 1751                Muhammad Teriaqi Pasha             (b. 1680 - d. 1751)
Beys and Walis of Baghdad
1750 - 1762                Süleyman (I) Abu Layla             (d. 1762)
1762                       Sa'deddin Pasha
1762 - 1764                Ali (I) Agha
1764 - 1775                Omar Pasha                         (d. 1775)
1775                       Abdi Pasha
1775 - 1777                Abdullah Pasha
1777 - 1778                Mustafa Pasha
1778 - 1780                Hasan Pasha
1780 - 1802                Süleyman (II) Agha "the Great"     (b. 1720 - d. 1802)
1802 - end Aug 1807        Ali (II) Pasha                     (d. 1807)
21 Sep 1807 - 1808         Yusuf Ziyaeddin Pasha
                             (in opposition to Ghalib Pasha officially appointed)
1808 - Oct 1810            Süleyman (III) Pasha "the Little"  (d. 1810)
1810 - Feb 1813            Abdullah Pasha                     (d. 1813)
1813 - Feb 1817            Saïd Mehmed Pasha                  (b. 1792 - d. 1817)
Feb 1817 - Jun 1831        Da'ud Pasha                        (b. 1767 - d. 1851) 
Walis of Baghdad
1831 - Mar 1842            Ali Riza Pasha                     (b. c.1784 - d. 18..)
Mar 1842 - Jun 1849        Gürcü Mehmed Nagib (or Necib) Pasha   
Jun 1849 - Dec 1850        Muchir Abdul Karim "Abdi" Pasha  
                             (or Çirpanli Abdulkerim Nadir Pasha)
Dec 1850 - Nov 1851        Yozgatli Mehmed Vecihi Pasha 
1851 - 1852                Konyali Mehmed Namiq Pasha         (b. 1804 - d. 1892)
                             (1st time) 
Sep 1852 - Jul 1857        Mehmed Reshid Pasha Gözlüklü       (d. 1857) 
Aug 1857 - Oct 1859        Sirdar Ömer Lufti Pasha            (b. 1806 - d. 1871) 
Oct 1859 - Jan 1861        Sirkatibi Mustafa Nuri Pasha   
1861  (6 months)           Ahmed Tevfik Pasha
Sep 1861 - Mar 1868        Konyali Mehmed Namiq Pasha         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) 
May 1868 - Mar 1869        Muderriszade Mehmed Taqieddin      (d. 1893)
                             Pasha (1st time)
Mar 1869 - Nov 1871        Hafiz Ahmed Midhat Shefik Pasha    (b. 1822 - d. 1884)
Nov 1871 - May 1873        Mehmed Rauf Pasha                  (b. 1833 - d. 1909)
May 1873 - Jun 1875        Bursali Mehmed Radif Pasha  Topal
Aug 1875 - Apr 1877        Haci Abdürrahman Nureddin          (b. 1836 - d. 1912)
                             Pasha (1st time)
Apr 1877 - Feb 1878        Arnavud Mehmed Akif Pasha          (b. 1822 - d. 1893)
Feb 1878 - Nov 1878        Cenani Mehmed Qadri Pasha 
Nov 1878 - 1879            Mehmed Qadri Pasha 
Feb 1879 - Jan 1880        Haci Abdürrahman Nureddin 
                             Pasha (2nd time)
Jan 1880 - Dec 1882        Muderriszade Mehmed Taqieddin      (s.a.)
                             Pasha (2nd time)          
Dec 1882 - Dec 1886        Huseyin Fevzi Pasha
Jan 1887 - Nov 1889        Mustafa Asim Pasha                 (d. 1891)
Nov 1889 - Jul 1891        Selim Sirri Pasha                  (d. 1895)
Jul 1891 - Jul 1896        Haci Hassan Refik Pasha 
Aug 1896 - Feb 1899        Kevakibizade Mehmed Ataülah        (b. 1835 - d. 1900)
                             Ibrahim Pasha
Feb 1899 - Oct 1902        Küçük Süleyman Namiq Pasha  
Oct 1902 - Oct 1904        Tatar Ahmad Feyzi Pasha            (b. 1839 - d. 1915)
Oct 1904 - Oct 1905        Abdülwahhab Pasha
Oct 1905 - Dec 1906        Abdülmecid Effendi 
Dec 1906 - May 1908        Tepeyran Ebubekir Hazim Bey        (b. 1863 - d. 1947)
May 1908 - Jul 1908        Mustafa Nazim Pasha                (b. 1862 - d. 1909)
1908                       Mehmed Fadil Pasha Dagestani
                             (1st time) (acting)
1908 - Oct 1908            Mullah Necmeddin Bey               (b. 1875 - d. 1949)
Oct 1908 - Mar 1909        Mehmed Fadil Pasha Dagestani
                             (2nd time) (acting)
May 1909 - 1910            Mehmed Shevket Pasha
1910 - 1911                Hüseyin Nazim Pasha                (b. 1848 - d. 1912)
1911                       Yusuf Pasha (acting)
Jun 1911 - Jul 1912        Sakalli Ahmad Cemal Pasha          (b. 1872 - d. 1922)
1912                       Ali Riza Pasha (acting)
Aug 1912 - May 1913        Muhammad Zaki Pasha                (b. 1865 - d. 1929)
May 1913 - Feb 1914        Kavurzade Huseyin Celal Bey        (b. 1868 - d. 1924)
Feb 1914 - Dec 1914        Cavid Pasha                        (b. 1883 - d. 1932) 
Dec 1914 - Apr 1915        Süleyman Nazif Bey                 (b. 1870 - d. 1927)
Apr 1915 - Jan 1916        Sakalli Nureddin Bey               (b. 1873 - d. 1932)
Jan 1916 - Mar 1917        Kut Khalil Pasha                   (b. 1864 - d. 1923)
Mar 1917 - 11 Mar 1917     Memduh Sermed Bey                  (b. 1873 - d. 1924)
Walis of Basra
1529 - 1539                Rashit Magamis
1539 - 1546                Mani Magamis
1546 - 1549                Vezir Ilyas Pasha
1549? - 1562?              Kubad Pasha
1562 - 1596                Dervish Ali Pasha
1596 - 1604                Efrasyab Pasha
1604 - 1647                Ali Pasha
1647 - 1656                Ali Pasha oglu Hüseyin Pasha
1656 - 1657                Ahmet Pasha
1657 - 1658                Murtaza Pasha
1658 - 1665                Hüseyin Pasha
1665 - 1666                Hüseyin Pasha oglu Efrasyab Pasha
1666 - 1667                Damad Hüseyin Pasha
1667 - 1669                Yahya Pasha
1669 - 1672                Kara Mustafa Pasha
1672 - Sep 1674            Hasan Pasha (1st time)
1674 - Aug 1677            Silahtar Hüseyin Pasha (1st time)
1677 - 1680                Hasan Pasha (2nd time)
1680 -  1 Jan 1683         Silahtar Hüseyin Pasha (2nd time)
1683 - 1686                Abdul-Rahman Pasha (1st time)
1686 - 16 Dec 1686         Gümrükçü Huseyin
1687 - 1688?               Abdul-Rahman Pasha (2nd time)
1688 - 1690?               Hoseinin Pasha
1690 - 1692                Bezirgan Khalil Pasha
1692 - 1693                Ahmad Pasha
1693                       Hasan Agha Jamal
1693                       Hasan Pasha
1693 - 1694                Qapichi Khalil Pahah
1694 - 1697                Sheikh Mani Magamis
Persian governors of Basra
1697                       Sayyed Farajallah
1697 - 1699                Ali Mardan Khan
1699 - 1700                Ebrahim Khan
1700 - Mar 1701            Daud Khan
Ottoman Walis of Basra
10 Mar 1701 - 27 Sep 1703  Ali Pasha
27 Sep 1703 - 14 Mar 1704  Mohammed Pasha
1702?                      Kahya Hasan Pasha
1703                       Salt Ahmed Pasha
1703 - 1705                Bezirgan Khalil Pasha (1st time)
11 Sep 1705 - 25 Oct 1705  Beyzade Ali Pasha
25 Sep 1705 -  1 Mar 1707  Bezirgan Khalil Pasha (2nd time)
1708 - 1709                Kahya Hasan Pasha
1709                       Hacikiran Hasan Pasha? (Kahya?)
1709 - 1711                Kara Mustafa Pasha
1711                       Küçük Osman Pasha
1712                       Beyzade Ali Pasha
171. - 171.                Yegen Ali Pasha
1714 - Mar 1715            Uthman Pasha (1st time)
1715                       Hasan Pasha
1715 - 1716                Rajab Pasha
1716 - Jun 1720            Ahmad Pasha (1st time)
1720 - Feb 1721            Mustafa Pasha
1721                       Uthman Pasha (2nd time)
1721 - 1723?               Ahmed Pasha
1723 - 1725                Khalil Pasha
1725 - 1741                Ahmad Pasha (2nd time)
1741 - 1747                Haci Halil Pasha
1747 - 1750                Vezir Kesriyeli Ahmet Pasha
Mütessarifs (Lieutenant-governors) of Basra
1750 - 1768                Vezir Kesriyeli Ahmet Pasha
1768 - 1778                Büyük Süleyman Pasha (1st time)
16 Apr 1776 - Mar 1779     Sadiq Khan Zand -Persian governor (d. 1782)
1778 - 1779                Numan Bey
1779 - 1780                Büyük Süleyman Pasha (2nd time)
1780 - 1786                Süleman Efendi
1786 - 1788                Ibrahim Bey
1788 - 1789/90             Mustafa Aga
1789/90 - 1793             Mardinli Isa Bey
1793 - 1803                Abdullah Aga
1803 - 1808                Ibrahim Aga
1808 - 1810                Selim Agha
1810 - 1811                Ahmed Bey
1811 - 1812                Ridvan Aga
1812 - 1813                Yakup Aga
1813 - 1814                Said Pasha
1814 - 1821                Bekir Aga
1821 - 1823/24             Kazim Aga
1823/24 - 1824/25          Abdulgani Aga
1824/25 - 1831             Aziz Aga
1831 - 1832                Mehmed Efendi
1832 - 1833                Dervish Aga
1833 - 1834                Mustafa Aga
1834 - 1835                Ali Usta
1835 - 1836                Mehmed Aga
1836 - 1838                Ahmed Celebi
1838 - 1842                Mehmed Salih
1842 - 1843                Mustafa Aga
1843 - 1845                Behram Aga
1845 - 1846                Ibrahim Efendi
1846 - 1847/48             Hurshid Aga
1847/48 - 1849             Sadik Bey
1849                       Ragib Mehmed Aga
1849 - 1850                Aziz Aga
Walis of Basra
1850 - 1852                Mirmiran Masuq Pasha
1852 - 1854                Ismail Pasha                        (b. c.1809 - d. 1867)
1854 - 1855                Haci Darbaz Agazâde Veysî Pasha
                             (1st time)
1855 - 1856                Mehmed Bey
1856                       Vekili Kurbi Bey
1856 - 1857                Rashid Pasha
1857 - 1858                Haci Darbaz Agazâde Veysî Pasha
                             (2nd time)
1858 - 1859                Mehmed Ali Pasha                   (b. 1827 - d. 1878)
1859 - 1862                Hüsamettin Efendi
1862 - 1863                Mehmed Sefik Bey
1863 - 1864                Ismail Bey
1864 - 1869                Kethuda zâde Süleyman Bey
1869 - 1870                Vekil Galip Bey
1870                       Hafiz Pasha
1870 - 1871                Halil Bey
1871 - 1873                Sait Efendi
1873                       Vekil Bahriye Komutani Ahmed Pasha
1873 - 1873                Halit Bey
1874 - 1875                Eshref Efendi
1875 - 1877                Sandun Nasir Pasha
1877 - Sep 1879            Vekili Ferik Mehmed Münir Pasha
1879 - 1880                Ferik Sabit Pasha
May? 1880 - 1882           Mazhar Pasha -Mutassarif
1882 - 1884                Yahya Pasha
1884 - 1886                Ali Riza Pasha
                             (acting to May 1885)
1886 - 1887?               Izzet Pasha                        (b. 1819 - d. 1909)
1887 - 1888?               Müsir Nafiz Pasha
1888                       Ferik Shaban Pasha
1888 - 1891                Hidayat Pasha
1891 - 1892                Mehmed Hafiz Pasha
1892                       Bahriye Komutani Emin Pasha
1892 - 1893                Hamdi Pasha (1st time)
1893                       Mehmed Hafiz Pash
1893 - end 1896            Hamdi Pasha (2nd time)
Dec 1896 - Feb 1898        Arif Pasha                         (b. 1852 - d. 1922)
Mar 1898 - Apr 1899        Mehmed Enis Pasha
Apr 1899 - Jan 1900        Hamdi Pasha (3rd time)
Jan 1900 - Sep 1902        Mehmed Muhsin Pasha
Sep 1902 - Sep 1904?       Mustafa Nuri Pasha
Sep 1904 - May 1906        Mehmed Muhlis Pasha
May 1906 - Sep 1906        Mecid Bey (acting)
Sep 1906 - Aug 1908        Abdurrahman Hasan Bey              (b. 1849 - d. 1927)
Aug 1908 - Feb 1909        Muharram Efendi 
Feb 1909 - Sep 1909        Mardine Mehmed Arif Bey
Sep 1909 - Nov 1910        Süleyman Nazif Bey                 (b. 1870 - d. 1927)
Dec 1910 - Jul 1911        Kavurzade Huseyin Celal Bey
Jul 1911 - Dec 1912        Bagdali Hasan Riza Pasha           (b. 1871 - d. 1913)    
Dec 1912 - Feb 1913        Malik Efendi
Feb 1913 - Mar 1913        Ali Riza Pasha                     (b. 1860 - d. 1932)
Mar 1913 - Jul 1913        Alaeddin Bey Altaz
Jul 1913 - Dec 1913        Izzet Pasha                        (b. 1864 - d. 1937)
Dec 1913 - Jul 1914        Söylemezoglu Süleyman Sefik Pasha  (b. 1860 - d. 1946)
Jul 1914 -  9 Dec 1914     Subhi Bey            
Dec 1914 - 14 Apr 1915     Süleyman `Askari Pasha             (b. 1884 - d. 1915)
1916 - 11 Mar 1917         Khalil Pasha                       (s.a.)
British General Officers Commanding-in-Chief, Indian Expeditionary Force "D"
13 Nov 1914 -  9 Apr 1915  Sir Arthur Arnold Barrett          (b. 1857 - d. 1926) 
 9 Apr 1915 - 19 Jan 1916  Sir John Eccles Nixon              (b. 1857 - d. 1921)
19 Jan 1916 - 16 Feb 1916  Sir Percy Henry Noel Lake          (b. 1855 - d. 1940) 
British General Officers Commanding-in-Chief, Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force
16 Feb 1916 - 28 Aug 1916  Sir Percy Henry Noel Lake          (s.a.) 
28 Aug 1916 - 18 Nov 1917  Sir Frederick Stanley Maude        (b. 1864 - d. 1917)
19 Nov 1917 - 10 Jan 1919  Sir William Raine Marshall         (b. 1865 - d. 1939)
Civil Commissioner
10 Jan 1919 -  4 Oct 1920  Sir Arnold Talbot Wilson           (b. 1884 - d. 1940)
High Commissioners
 4 Oct 1920 -  3 May 1923  Sir Percy Zachariah Cox            (b. 1864 - d. 1937)
19 Jan 1923 - 25 Feb 1929  Sir Henry Robert Conway Dobbs      (b. 1871 - d. 1934)
                             (acting [for Cox to 3 May 1923] to 15 Sep 1923)
1925 - 1926                Bernard Henry Bourdillon           (b. 1883 - d. 1948)
                             (acting for Dobbs)
 2 Mar 1929 - 11 Sep 1929  Sir Gilbert Falkingham Clayton     (b. 1875 - d. 1929)
11 Sep 1929 - 30 Sep 1929  Sir Robert Brooke-Popham (acting)  (b. 1878 - d. 1953)
30 Sep 1929 - 10 Dec 1929  Sir Hubert Winthrop Young (acting) (b. 1885 - d. 1950)
10 Dec 1929 -  3 Oct 1932  Sir Francis Henry Humphrys         (b. 1879 - d. 1971)
Chairman of the Council of State
11 Nov 1920 - 23 Aug 1921  Sayyid Abdul Rahman al-Haydari     (b. 1841 - d. 1927)  Non-party
                             al-Gaylani 
Kings¹
23 Aug 1921 -  8 Sep 1933  Faysal I                           (b. 1885 - d. 1933)
 8 Sep 1933 -  4 Apr 1939  Ghazi I                            (b. 1912 - d. 1939)
 4 Apr 1939 - 14 Jul 1958  Faysal II                          (b. 1935 - d. 1958)
                             (also Head of Arab Union from 14 Feb 1958)
 4 Apr 1939 -  1 Apr 1941  Abdul Ilah -Regent (1st time)      (b. 1913 - d. 1958)
 1 Apr 1941 -  1 Jun 1941  Sharaf bin Rajih al-Fawwaz -Regent (b. 1880 - d. 1955)
 1 Jun 1941 -  2 May 1953  Abdul Ilah -Regent (2nd time)      (s.a.)
Chairman of Sovereignty Council
14 Jul 1958 -  8 Feb 1963  Muhammad Najib al-Rubai            (b. 1904 - d. 1965)  Non-party
Presidents
 8 Feb 1963 - 13 Apr 1966  Abdul Salam Arif                   (b. 1921 - d. 1966)  IIA
                             (provisional to 20 Nov 1963)
13 Apr 1966 - 16 Apr 1966  Abdul Rahman al-Bazzaz (acting)    (b. 1913 - d. 1973)  Non-party
16 Apr 1966 - 17 Jul 1968  Abdul Rahman Arif                  (b. 1916 - d. 2007)  Mil/IIA
17 Jul 1968 - 16 Jul 1979  Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr               (b. 1914 - d. 1982)  Mil/Ba'ath
16 Jul 1979 -  9 Apr 2003  Saddam Hussein al-Majid al-Tikriti (b. 1937 - d. 2006)  Ba'ath
Supreme Commanders of Occupation Forces (Commanders-in-chief, U.S. Central Command)
 9 Apr 2003 -  7 Jul 2003  Tommy Ray Franks                   (b. 1945)            Mil
                             (in Doha, Qatar to 16 Apr 2003)
 7 Jul 2003 - 28 Jun 2004  John Philip Abizaid                (b. 1951)            Mil
Presidents
28 Jun 2004 -  7 Apr 2005  Ghazi Ajil al-Yawar                (b. 1958)            Non-party
 7 Apr 2005 - 24 Jul 2014  Jalal Talabani                     (b. 1933 - d. 2017)  PUK
                             (absent 18 Dec 2012 - 19 Jul 2014)
18 Dec 2012 - 19 Jul 2014  Khudair Moussa Jafar Abbas         (b. 1948)            IDM
                             al-Khuzai (acting for Talabani)
24 Jul 2014 -  2 Oct 2018  Fuad Masum                         (b. 1938)            PUK
 2 Oct 2018 - 13 Oct 2022  Barham Ahmed Salih                 (b. 1960)            PUK
13 Oct 2022 -              Abdul Latif Rashid                 (b. 1944)            Non-party

Civil Commissioners for Mesopotamia
27 Nov 1914 - Apr 1918     Sir Percy Zachariah Cox            (s.a.)               Mil
                            (chief political officer to the Expeditionary Force to Jul 1917)
Apr 1918 -  4 Oct 1920     Arnold Talbot Wilson (acting)      (s.a.)               Mil
Prime ministers
11 Nov 1920 - 20 Nov 1922  Sayyid Abdul Rahman al-Haydari     (s.a.)               Non-party
                             al-Gaylani
20 Nov 1922 - 22 Nov 1923  Abdul Muhsin Bey al-Saadun         (b. 1879 - d. 1929)  Mil
                             (1st time) 
22 Nov 1923 -  2 Aug 1924  Jaafar Pasha al-Askari (1st time)  (b. 1887 - d. 1936)  Mil
 2 Aug 1924 - 26 Jun 1925  Yasin Pasha al-Hashimi (1st time)  (b. 1894 - d. 1937)  Mil/Shab
26 Jun 1925 - 21 Nov 1926  Abdul Muhsin Bey al-Saadun         (s.a.)               Mil/Taq
                             (2nd time) 
21 Nov 1926 - 11 Jan 1928  Jaafar Pasha al-Askari (2nd time)  (s.a.)               Mil/Ahd
11 Jan 1928 - 28 Apr 1929  Abdul Muhsin Bey al-Saadun         (s.a.)               Mil/Taq
                             (3rd time) 
28 Apr 1929 - 19 Sep 1929  Sulayman Tawfiq Bey al-Suwaidi     (b. 1891 - d. 1968)  Non-party
                             (1st time)
19 Sep 1929 - 13 Nov 1929  Abdul Muhsin Bey al-Saadun         (s.a.)               Mil/Taq 
                             (4th time) 
18 Nov 1929 - 23 Mar 1930  Ibrahim Naji Bey al-Suwaidi        (b. 1882 - d. 1942)  Non-party
23 Mar 1930 -  3 Nov 1932  Nuri Pasha as-Said (1st time)      (b. 1888 - d. 1958)  Mil/Ahd
 3 Nov 1932 - 20 Mar 1933  Muhammad Naji Shaukat Bey          (b. 1893 - d. 1980)  Non-party
20 Mar 1933 -  9 Nov 1933  Rashid Ali al-Gaylani (1st time)   (b. 1892 - d. 1965)  HIW
 9 Nov 1933 - 27 Aug 1934  Jamil Bey al-Midfai (1st time)     (b. 1890 - d. 1958)  Mil
27 Aug 1934 -  4 Mar 1935  Ali Jaudat al-Aiyubi (1st time)    (b. 1886 - d. 1969)  HWW
 4 Mar 1935 - 17 Mar 1935  Jamil Bey al-Midfai (2nd time)     (s.a.)               Mil
17 Mar 1935 - 30 Oct 1936  Yasin Pasha al-Hashimi (2nd time)  (s.a.)               Mil/HIW
30 Oct 1936 - 17 Aug 1937  Hikmat Sulayman                    (b. 1889 - d. 1964)  HIW
17 Aug 1937 - 25 Dec 1938  Jamil Bey al-Midfai (3rd time)     (s.a.)               Mil
25 Dec 1938 - 31 Mar 1940  Nuri Pasha as-Said (2nd time)      (s.a.)               Mil/Ahd
31 Mar 1940 -  3 Feb 1941  Rashid Ali al-Gaylani (2nd time)   (s.a.)               HIW
 3 Feb 1941 - 13 Apr 1941  Taha Pasha al-Hashimi              (b. 1888 - d. 1961)  Mil
13 Apr 1941 -  4 Jun 1941  Rashid Ali al-Kaylani (3rd time)   (s.a.)               HIW
 4 Jun 1941 - 10 Oct 1941  Jamil Bey al-Midfai (4th time)     (s.a.)               Mil
10 Oct 1941 -  4 Jun 1944  Nuri Pasha as-Said (3rd time)      (s.a.)               Mil/Ahd
 4 Jun 1944 - 23 Feb 1946  Hamdi al-Bajaji                    (b. 1891 - d. 1948)  Non-party
23 Feb 1946 -  1 Jun 1946  Sulayman Tawfiq Bey al-Suwaidi     (s.a.)               Ahs
                             (2nd time)
 1 Jun 1946 - 21 Nov 1946  Arshad al-Umari (1st time)         (b. 1888 - d. 1978)  Non-party
21 Nov 1946 - 29 Mar 1947  Nuri Pasha as-Said (4th time)      (s.a.)               Mil/Ahd/ID
29 Mar 1947 - 29 Jan 1948  Sayyid Salih Jabr                  (b. 1896 - d. 1957)  UI
29 Jan 1948 - 26 Jun 1948  Sayyid Muhammad as-Sadr            (b. 1882 - d. 1956)  Non-party
26 Jun 1948 -  6 Jan 1949  Muzahim al-Bajaji                  (b. 1891 - d. 1982)  Non-party
 6 Jan 1949 - 10 Dec 1949  Nuri Pasha as-Said (5th time)      (s.a.)               Mil/ID
10 Dec 1949 -  5 Feb 1950  Ali Jaudat al-Aiyubi (2nd time)    (s.a.)               Mil
 5 Feb 1950 - 15 Sep 1950  Sulayman Tawfiq Bey al-Suwaidi     (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (3rd time) 
15 Sep 1950 - 12 Jul 1952  Nuri Pasha as-Said (6th time)      (s.a.)               Mil/ID
12 Jul 1952 - 23 Nov 1952  Mustafa Mahmud al-Umari            (b. 1894 - d. 1960)  Non-party
23 Nov 1952 - 29 Jan 1953  Nureddin Mahmud                    (b. 1899 - d. 1981)  Mil
29 Jan 1953 - 17 Sep 1953  Jamil Bey al-Midfai (5th time)     (s.a.)               Mil
17 Sep 1953 - 29 Apr 1954  Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali          (b. 1903 - d. 1997)  Non-party
29 Apr 1954 -  4 Aug 1954  Arshad al-Umari (2nd time)         (s.a.)               Non-party
 4 Aug 1954 - 20 Jun 1957  Nuri Pasha as-Said (7th time)      (s.a.)               Mil
20 Jun 1957 - 15 Dec 1957  Ali Jaudat al-Aiyubi (3rd time)    (s.a.)               Mil
15 Dec 1957 -  3 Mar 1958  Abdul Wahhab Marjan                (b. 1910 - d. 1964)  Non-party
 3 Mar 1958 - 18 May 1958  Nuri Pasha as-Said (8th time)      (s.a.)               Mil
                             (premier of the Arab Union 18 May - 14 Jul 1958)
18 May 1958 - 14 Jul 1958  Ahmad Mukhtar Baban                (b. 1900 - d. 1976)  Non-party
14 Jul 1958 -  8 Feb 1963  Abdul Karim Kassem                 (b. 1914 - d. 1963)  Mil
 8 Feb 1963 - 18 Nov 1963  Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr (1st time)    (s.a.)               Mil/Ba'ath
20 Nov 1963 -  6 Sep 1965  Tahir Yahya (1st time)             (b. 1913 - d. 1986)  Mil
 6 Sep 1965 - 16 Sep 1965  Arif Abdul Razzak                  (b. 1921 - d. 2007)  Mil
21 Sep 1965 -  9 Aug 1966  Abdul Rahman al-Bazzaz             (s.a.)               Non-party
 9 Aug 1966 - 10 May 1967  Naji Talib                         (b. 1917 - d. 2012)  Non-party
10 May 1967 - 10 Jul 1967  Abdul Rahman Arif                  (s.a.)               Mil/IIA
10 Jul 1967 - 14 Jul 1968  Tahir Yahya (2nd time)             (s.a.)               Mil/IIA
14 Jul 1968 - 30 Jul 1968  Abdul Razzak an-Naif               (b. 1933 - d. 1978)  Mil/IIA
31 Jul 1968 - 16 Jul 1979  Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr (2nd time)    (s.a.)               Mil/Ba'ath
16 Jul 1979 - 23 Mar 1991  Saddam Hussein al-Majid al-Tikriti (s.a.)               Ba'ath
                             (1st time)
23 Mar 1991 - 13 Sep 1991  Saadun Hammadi                     (b. 1930 - d. 2007)  Ba'ath
16 Sep 1991 -  5 Sep 1993  Muhammad Hamza al-Zubaydi          (b. 1938 - d. 2005)  Ba'ath
 5 Sep 1993 - 29 May 1994  Ahmad Hussein Khudayir as-Samarrai (b. 1941)            Ba'ath
29 May 1994 -  9 Apr 2003  Saddam Hussein al-Majid al-Tikriti (s.a.)               Ba'ath
                             (2nd time)
Administrators of the Coalition Provisional Authority
21 Apr 2003 - 11 May 2003  Jay Montgomery Garner              (b. 1938)            Non-party
                             (director, Office of Reconstruction
                             and Humanitarian Assistance)
11 May 2003 - 28 Jun 2004  Lewis Paul Bremer III              (b. 1941)            Non-party
Presidents of the Governing Council² (subordinated to the civil administrator)
13 Jul 2003 - 31 Jul 2003  Sayyid Muhammad Bahr al-Ulloum     (b. 1927 - d. 2015)  Non-party
                             (1st time) (acting)
 1 Aug 2003 - 31 Aug 2003  Ibrahim al-Shiqr al-Jaafari        (b. 1947)            IDM
 1 Sep 2003 - 30 Sep 2003  Ahmad Abdel Hadi Chalabi           (b. 1944 - d. 2015)  INC
 1 Oct 2003 - 31 Oct 2003  Iyad Allawi                        (b. 1944)            INA
 1 Nov 2003 - 30 Nov 2003  Jalal Talabani                     (s.a.)               PUK
 1 Dec 2003 - 31 Dec 2003  Ayatollah Abdul Aziz al-Hakim      (b. 1952 - d. 2009)  SCIRI
 1 Jan 2004 - 31 Jan 2004  Adnan Muzahim Pachachi             (b. 1923 - d. 2019)  IID
 1 Feb 2004 - 29 Feb 2004  Mohsen Abdul Hamid                 (b. 1937)            IIP
 1 Mar 2004 - 31 Mar 2004  Sayyid Muhammad Bahr al-Ulloum     (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (2nd time)
 1 Apr 2004 - 30 Apr 2004  Masoud Mustafa Barzani             (b. 1946)            PDK
 1 May 2004 - 17 May 2004  Ezzedine Salim                     (b. 1940 - d. 2004)  IDM
17 May 2004 -  1 Jun 2004  Ghazi Ajil al-Yawar                (s.a.)               Non-party
Prime ministers
 1 Jun 2004 -  3 May 2005  Iyad Allawi                        (s.a.)               INA
                             (subordinated to the coalition administrator to 28 Jun 2004)
 3 May 2005 - 20 May 2006  Ibrahim al-Shiqr al-Jaafari        (s.a.)               IDM
20 May 2006 -  8 Sep 2014  Nuri Kamil al-Maliki               (b. 1950)            IDM
 8 Sep 2014 - 24 Oct 2018  Haider al-Abadi                    (b. 1952)            IDM
24 Oct 2018 -  7 May 2020  Adel Abdul Mahdi al-Muntafiki      (b. 1942)            Non-party
 7 May 2020 - 27 Oct 2022  Mustafa al-Kadhimi                 (b. 1967)            Non-party
27 Oct 2022 -              Mohammed Shia' Sabbar al-Sudani    (b. 1970)            IDM

Commander of Coalition Forces Land Component Command (CFLCC)
(subordinated to U.S. Central Command)
 9 Apr 2003 - 14 Jun 2003  David D. McKiernan (U.S.)          (b. 1950)
Commanders of Multi-National Force-Iraq (MNF-I) (all from the U.S.)
(subordinated to U.S. Central Command)
14 Jun 2003 -  4 Jun 2004  Ricardo S. Sanchez                 (b. 1953)
                            (commander Coalition Joint Task Force 7 to 14 Jun 2003)
 4 Jun 2004 - 10 Feb 2007  George W. Casey, Jr.               (b. 1948)
10 Feb 2007 - 16 Sep 2008  David H. Petraeus                  (b. 1952)
16 Sep 2008 -  1 Jan 2010  Raymond T. Odierno                 (b. 1954 - d. 2021) 
Commander of United States Forces–Iraq (USF-I)  
(subordinated to U.S. Central Command)
 1 Jan 2010 - 15 Dec 2011  Lloyd J. Austin III                (b. 1953)    

General Officers Commanding-in-Chief of British Forces in Iraq (and from 25 Aug 1942, Iran)
(subordinated to Indian Command until 1942, then to Middle East Command) 
 7 May 1941 - 21 Aug 1942  Sir Edward Pellew Quinan           (b. 1884 - d. 1960)
21 Aug 1942 - 18 Feb 1943  Sir Henry Maitland Wilson          (b. 1881 - d. 1964)
18 Feb 1943 - 18 Feb 1944  Sir Henry Royds Pownall            (b. 1887 - d. 1961)
18 Feb 1944 -  1 Mar 1946  Sir Arthur Francis Smith           (b. 1890 - d. 1977)

 ¹The full style of the rulers:
12 Aug 1921 - 14 Jul 1958: Malik al-'Iraq ("King of Iraq").

  ²the members of the Iraqi Governing Council (IGC) 13 Jul 2003 - 1 Jun 2004 were: Ahmad Abdel Hadi Chalabi (Shi'a)(s.a.) INC; Ayatollah Abdul Aziz al-Hakim (Shi'a)(s.a.) SCIRI; Ibrahim al-Shiqr al-Jaafari (Shi'a)(s.a.) IDM; Naseer Kamel al-Chaderchi (Sunni)(b. 1933) NDP; Jalal Talabani (Kurd, Sunni)(s.a.) PUK; Masoud Mustafa Barzani (Kurd, Sunni)(s.a.) PDK; Iyad Allawi (Shi'a)(s.a.) INA; Ahmad Shya'a al-Barak (Shi'a) Non-party; Adnan Muzahim Pachachi (Sunni)(s.a.) IID; 'Aqila al-Hashimi (f)(Shi'a)(b. 1953 - d. 2003) Non-party (to 25 Sep 2003); Raja Habib al-Khuzaai (f)(Shi'a)(b. 1947) Non-party; Hamid Majid Musa al-Bayyati (Shi'a)(b. 1941) ICP; Sayyid Muhammad Bahr al-Uloum (Shi'a)(s.a.) Non-party; Ghazi Ajil al-Yawar (Sunni)(s.a.) Non-party; Mohsen Abdul Hamid (Sunni)(s.a.) IIP; Samir Shakir Mahmoud al-Sumaida'i (Sunni)(b. 1944) Non-party (to Apr 2004); Mahmud Ali Uthman (Kurd, Sunni)(b. 1938) Non-party; Salah al-Din Muhammad Baha al-Din (Kurd, Sunni)(b. 1950) KIU; Yonadam Yousip Kanna (Assyrian Christian) (b. 1951) ADM; Muwafaq Baqir al-Rubay'i (Shi'a)(b. 1947) IDM (to Apr 2004); Dara Nur al-Din (Kurd, Sunni)(b. 1953) Non-party; Sondul Chapuk (f)(Turkoman)(b. 1968) IWO; Wael Abdul Latif (Shi'a)(b. 1950) Non-party; Abdul Karim Mahmud al-Muhammadawi (Shi'a)(b. 1958) Hez; Ezzedine Salim (Shi'a)(s.a.) IDM (to 17 May 2004); Salama Hasson al-Khafaji (f)(b. 1958)(Shi'a) Non-party (from Dec 2003).

Territorial Disputes: Iraq's lack of a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al-Arab in the Persian Gulf; Turkey has expressed concern over the autonomous status of Kurds in Iraq.

Party abbreviation: Hez = Hezbollah (Party of God in Iraq, Shi'a islamist); IDM = Hizb al-Da'wa al-Islamiyya (Islamic Call [Dawa] Party, Islamic democracy, Islamic socialism, populist, Shi'a–Sunni unity, banned 1980-2003, est.1957); IIP = Hizb al-Islami al-'Iraqi (Iraqi Islamic Party, Sunni islamist, est.1960); INA = al-Wifaq al-Watani al-'Iraqi (Iraqi National Accord, centrist, liberal, secular, anti-Saddam, illegal until 2003, est.1991); INC = al-Moutammar al-Watani al-'Iraqi (Iraqi National Congress, center-right, secular, anti-Ba'athist, illegal until 2003, est.1992); ISIS = al-Dawlah al-Islamiyyah fi al-'Iraq wa-al-Sham (Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham [Levant], Sunni jihadi militant, anti-Shia, est.2013); KIU = Yekgirtuy Islami Kurdistan (Kurdistan Islamic Union, Kurdish islamist, est.1994); NDP = Hizb al-Dimuqratiyah al-Wataniyah (National Democratic Party, social democratic, nationalist, est.2003); PDK = Partiya Demokrata Kurdistan (Kurdistan Democratic Party, Kurdish nationalist, center-right, est.1946); PUK = Yaketi Nishtimani Kurdistan (Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, Kurdish nationalist, social-democratic, est.1975); SCIRI = al-Majlis al-A'ala al-Islami al-'Iraqi (Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq, Shi'a islamist, clerical conservative, illegal until 2003, est.1982); Mil = Military; 
- Former parties: Ahd = Hizb al-'Ahd (Covenant Party, conservative, 1930-1930); Ahs = Hizb al-Ahrar (Liberal Party, conservative, moderate reformist, 1946-1954); Ba'ath = Hizb Al-Ba'ath Al-'Arabi Al-Ishtiraki (Arab Socialist Rebirth Party [Iraqi Baath Party], authoritarian socialist, Saddamist Ba'athism, 1968-9 Apr 2003 only legal movement, 1947-1 May 2003, banned); HIW = Hizb al-Ikha al-Watani (National Brotherhood Party, anti-Nuri as-Said opposition, 1930-1935); HWW = Hizb al-Widha al-Wataniyya (National Unity Party, 1934-1935); ID = al-Ittihad al-Dusturi (Constitutional Union, liberal reform, pro-western, Nov 1949-Aug 1954); IIA = Ittihad al-Ishtiraki al-Arabi (Arab Socialist Union, Nasserist, leftist, only legal party 1963-1968); IID = Iraqi Independent Democrats (non-sectarian coalition, 2003-2005); Ist = Hizb al-Istiqlal (Independence Party, nationalist, 1945-1958); IW = Hizb al-Ittihad al-Watani (National Union Party, center-left, reformist, 1946-1947); IWO = Iraqi Women's Organisation; Shab = Hizb al-Sha'b (People's Party, socialist, anti-British, 1946-1948); Taq = al-Taqqaddum (Party of Progress, conservative, pro-British, 1925-1929); UI = Hizb al-Umma al-Ishtiraki (People's Socialist Party, 1951-1954); Wat = Hizb al-Watani al-'Iraqi (Iraqi National Party, nationalist, anti-British, 1922-1933); WD = Hizb al-Watani al-Dimuqrati (National Democratic Party, moderate socialist, 1946-1958)

Oct 1508 - 18 Nov 1534     Persian occupation of Mosul.
18 Nov 1534                Part of the Ottoman Empire.
1535 - 1864                Mosul Eyalet established.
1623 - 1625                Persian occupation of Mosul.
1649 - 1859                Kurdish Baban Emirate near Sulaymaniyah (Süleymaniye).
1726 - 1834                Post of governor held almost exclusively by the al-Jalili family.
1870                       Last of the Kurdish principalities dissolved.
1878                       Mosul Vilayet established and separated from Baghdad.
30 Oct 1918                Ottoman forces surrender to British forces.
10 Nov 1918                Mosul occupied by U.K., Ottomans evacuate.
23 May 1919 - 17 Jun 1919  Independent Kurdish state proclaimed in rebellion.
24 Apr 1920                Mosul declared a part of the mandated territory of Iraq.
10 Aug 1920                Ottomans cede vilayet of Mosul to Allies by Treaty of Sèvres.
11 Nov 1920                Installation of a provisional Iraqi administration;
                             Mosul formally remained a separate mandated territory,
                             most of it now de facto under Iraqi administration 
                             (mutessarifs were appointed to Mosul Dec 1920 and to Kirkuk
                             Feb 1921), only Sulaymaniyah remaining under the direct authority
                             of the British High Commissioner.
 1 Feb 1922 - 23 Jul 1923  Partial Turkish occupation; Mosul claimed by Turkey.
Sep 1922 - Jul 1924        Independence of Kurdistan (from 18 Nov 1922 Kingdom) proclaimed.
13 Jan 1926                Turkey recognizes Iraqi sovereignty over Mosul.
1930 - 16 May 1931         Last revolt of Sheikh Mahmoud Barzani (b. 1878 - d. 1956). 
1931 - Jun 1932            Rebellion led by Sheikh Ahmed Barzani (b. 1896 - d. 1969).
1943 - Oct 1945            Rebellion led by Mullah Mustafa Barzani (b. 1903 - d. 1979).
11 Mar 1974                Autonomous Region of Kurdistan (Mantiqat Kurdistan lil-Hukm al-dhati)
                             created by the Iraqi government (governorates of Erbil, Dohuk
                             and as-Sulaymaniyah). By 1977 the Kurdish region was no longer
                             referred to in official Iraqi pronouncements or media as "the
                             Autonomous Region of Kurdistan" but simply as "The Autonomous
                             Region."
 1 Jun 1980                Autonomy increased; chairman of the regional executive council
                             becomes an Iraqi government minister.
16 Mar 1988                Iraqi military poison gas attack kills 5,000 Kurds in Halabjah.
May 1988                   Renamed Kurdish Autonomous Region.
Oct 1991                   Iraqi government withdraws military, de facto autonomy.
10 Mar 1992                Most of Iraqi Kurdistan occupied by Kurdish forces.
 1 Apr 1992                Iraqi government re-occupies Kirkuk.
19 May 1992                Kurdistan Regional Government established (in opposition to Iraqi
                             rule).
 4 Jul 1992                Kurdistan Regional Government formed (not recognized by Iraq).
31 Aug 1996 -  9 Sep 1996  Iraqi forces take control of Erbil (Arbil) and Dohuk at the
                             request of the Kurdish Democratic Party, which establishes
                             a government there, opposing to the one controlled by the
                             Patriotic Union of Kurdistan which moves to as-Sulaymaniyah.
 9 Sep 1996 - 13 Oct 1996  KDP briefly occupies as-Sulaymaniyah.
 4 Oct 2002                Declaration of self-rule within a "federal" union within Iraq
                             (not recognized by Iraq).
10-11 Apr 2003             Kurdish forces briefly occupy Kirkuk and Mosul.
14 Jun 2005                Kurdistan Region (Herêma Kurdistanê/'Iqlim Kurdistan) established
                             (consists of: Provinces of Sulaimaniyah and Erbil in their
                             administrative boundaries prior to 1970 and the Province of Duhok;
                             along with the districts of Aqra, Sheikhan, Sinjar and the
                             sub-district of Zimar in the Province of Ninevah; the district
                             of Khaniqin and Mandali in the Province of Diyala; and the
                             district of Badra in the Province of Al-Wasit [and claiming the
                             Province of Kirkuk]).
21 Jan 2006                PUK and KDP sign the regional government unification agreement.
12 Jun 2014 - 16 Oct 2017  Kurdish forces occupy Kirkuk.
25 Sep 2017                Independence referendum (rejected by Iraqi Parliament 11 Sep 2017,
                             Federal Supreme Court of Iraq orders its suspension on 18 Sep
                             2017) supports independence 93.7%-7.2% (not recognized by Iraq,
                             on 6 Nov 2017 the Supreme Federal Court of Iraq rules that no
                             region or province can secede and 20 Nov 2017 it declares the
                             referendum was unconstitutional).

Emirs of Baban
1649 - 1670                Faki Ahmad I
1670 - 1703                Baba Sulaiman I
1721 - 1731                Khana Mohammad Pasha I
1731 - 1742                Khalid Pasha I
1742 - 1754                Salim Pasha I
1754 - 1765                Sulaiman Pasha I
1765 - 1775                Mohammad Pasha II
1775 - 1777                Abdollah Pasha I
1777 - 1780                Ahmad Pasha I
1780 - 1782                Mahmoud Pasha I
1782 - 1803                Ibrahim Pasha I
1803 - 1813                Abdorrahman Pasha I
1813 - 1834                Mahmoud Pasha II
1834 - 1838                Sulaiman Pasha II
1838 - 1847                Ahmad Pasha II
1847 - 1850                Abdollah Pasha II
                            (= Abdullah Bey Baban)
Walis (governors) of Mosul
1685/86                    Deli Emir Mehmed
1687/88                    Sohrabli Ahmed
168.                       Ömer
1689                       Nighdeli Ali
1690                       Midillili Mustafa
.... - 1719                Morali Ali Pasha                 (d. 1735)
1719 - 17..                Sari Mustafa 
c.1720                     Sirke Osman Pasha
1726 - 1727                Isma'il Pasha al-Jalili 
1727 - 1728                Hüseyin Pasha Derendeli 
1728 - 1730                Muhammad Pasha Rashwan Zada
1730                       Hüseyin Pasha al-Jalili (1st time)
1730 - 1731                Ali Pasha
1731 - 1733                Hüseyin Pasha al-Jalili (2nd time)
1733                       Mimush Pasha (1st time)
1733 - 1735                Hüseyin Pasha al-Jalili (3rd time)
1735 - 1736                Mimush Pasha (2nd time)
1736 - 1738                Ilji Mustafa Pasha
1738 - 1740                Hüseyin Pasha al-Jalili (4th time)
1740 - 1741                Ahmad Pasha al-Halabi
1741                       Uthman Pasha al-Wanli
1741 - 1746                Hüseyin Pasha al-Jalili (5th time)
1747                       Sulaiman Pasha
1747 - 1748                Hüseyin Pasha al-Jalili (6th time)
1748                       Muhammad Pasha al-Tiryaki
1748 - 1749                Ibrahim Pasha
1749 - 1750                Muhammad Pasha
1750                       Hüseyin Pasha al-Jalili (7th time)
1750 - 1751                Mustafa Pasha Shahsuwar (1st time)
1751 - 1752                Rajab Pasha (1st time)    
1752                       Muhammad Pasha
1752 - 1755                Amin Pasha bin Husain Pasha 
                             al-Jalili (1st time)
1755                       Mustafa Pasha Shahsuwar (2nd time)
1755 - 1756                Amin Pasha bin Husain Pasha
                             al-Jalili (2nd time)
1756 - 1757                Mustafa Pasha `Azam
1757                       Rajab Pasha (2nd time)
1757 - 1758                Hüseyin Pasha al-Jalili (8th time)
1758                       Amin Pasha bin Husain Pasha
                             al-Jalili (3rd time)
1759                       Numan Pasha al-Halabi
1759 - 1760                Amin Pasha bin Husain Pasha
                             al-Jalili (4th time)
1760 - 1761                Mustafa Pasha Shahsuwar (3rd time)
1761 - 1768                Amin Pasha bin Husain Pasha
                             al-Jalili (5th time)
1768 - 1769                Husain Pasha
1769 - 1771                Fattah Pasha bin Ismail Pasha
                             al-Jalili
1771 - 1775                Süleyman Pasha al-Jalili (1st time)
1775                       Amin Pasha bin Husain Pasha
                             al-Jalili (6th time)
1775 - 1776                Süleyman Pasha al-Jalili (2nd time) 
1776 - 1777                Hasan Pasha
1777 - 1783                Süleyman Pasha al-Jalili (3rd time) 
1783                       Mustafa Pasha Yaziji
1783 - 1784                Taimur Pasha al-Wanli                        
1785 - 1786                ‘Abd al-Baqi Pasha bin Ubaid Agha
                             al-Jalili
1786 - 1789                Süleyman Pasha al-Jalili (4th time)
1789 - 1806                Muhammad Pasha bin Amin Pasha
                             al-Jalili
1806 - 1808                Numan Pasha bin Sulaiman Pasha
                             al-Jalili
1808 - 1809                Ahmad Pasha al-Bakr
1809 - 1810                Mahmud Pasha bin Muhammad Pasha
                             al-Jalili
1810 - 1812                Sa'dullah Pasha bin Husain Pasha
                             al-Jalili
1812 - 1817                Ahmad Pasha bin Sulaiman Pasha
                             al-Jalili (1st time)
1818                       Hasan Pasha bin Husain Pasha
                             al-Jalili
1818 - 1821                Ahmad Pasha bin Sulaiman Pasha
                             al-Jalili (2nd time)
1821 - 1822                ‘Abd al-Rahman Pasha bin Abdallah
                             Bey al-Jalili
Sep/Oct 1822 - 1827        Yahya Pasha bin Numan Pasha
                             al-Jalili (1st time)
1827 - 1828                ‘Abd al-Rahman Pasha bin Mahmud  (d. 1828)
                             Pasha al-Jalili
1829                       Muhammad Amin Pasha bin Uthman
                             Bey al-Jalili
1830 - 1831                Qasim Pasha bin Hasan Umari
1831 - Oct 1832            Muhammad Pasha al Yasin (1st time)
Oct 1832 - Jan/Feb1834     Yahya Pasha bin Numan Pasha
                             al-Jalili (2nd time)
1834 - 1835                Muhammad Pasha al Yasin (2nd time)
1835 - Mar 1844            Muhammad Pasha Inja Bairaqdar    (d. 1844)
Mar 1844 - Dec 1844        Mehmet Sherif Pasha
Jan 1845 - Dec 1845        Mehmet Pasha
Jan 1846 - Nov 1846        Mehemet Tayyar Pasha             (d. 1846)
Dec 1846 - Nov 1847        Esad Mehemet Muhlis Pasha
Nov 1847 - Aug 1848        Mehemet Vecihi Pasha
Aug 1848 - Nov 1849        Ali Askar Pasha
Nov 1849 - Aug 1850        Mehmet Kamil Pasha
Aug 1850 - May 1851        Mustafa Mazhar Pasha
1851 - 1855                Mustafa Pasha
Walis of (Hakkari to 1864) Van
1855                       Veysi Pasha 
1859                       Sulaymaniyahli Baban Abdallah Pasha 
1860                       Halepli Haçi Yusuf Pasha 
1861                       Kaïmakam Atallah Bey 
1861                       Kanan Pasha 
1861                       Esaf Efendi 
Walis of Mosul
1865 - 1875                the governors of Baghdad
1875                       Ferik Nafiz Pasha 
1875                       Mustafa Necip Pasha 
1877                       Ahmet Nazim Bey 
1878                       Fizi Pasha 
1878                       Abdulnafi Efendi 
1879                       Ferik Mehmet Munir Pasha 
Feb 1879 - Nov 1879        Ahmed Feyzi Pasha
Nov 1879 - May 1882        Ramazanzada Abdunnafi Iffet
                             Efendi   
May 1882 - Dec 1887        Tahsin Pasha   
Dec 1887 - Jan 1889        Mustafa Faik Pasha
Jan 1889 - Jul 1889        Vanli Mehemed Reshid Pasha         (d. 1889) 
1889                       Kürd Reshid Pasha                  (d. 1889)
Jul 1889 - Mar 1891        Arnavut Tahir Pasha                (d. 1925)
Jun 1891 - Jul 1892        Abdulkadir Kamali Pasha 
Jul 1892 - Sep 1894        Osman Pasha
Sep 1894 - Jul 1895        Ahmed Aziz Pasha
Jul 1895 - May 1896        Gümrükçü Mehemet Salih Pasha
May 1896 - Oct 1896        Kölemen Abdullah Pasha             (b. 1846 - d. 1937)
Oct 1896 - Oct 1897        Zühdü Bey                          (b. 1843 - d. 18..)
Oct 1897 - Jul 1898        Abdülwahib Pasha                   (b. 1843 - d. ....)
Jul 1898 - Dec 1898        Mehemet Arif Pasha
1898 - 1899                Hüseyin Hazim Pasha
Feb 1899 - Jun 1901        Tepeyran Ebubekir Hazim Bey        (b. 1864 - d. 1947)
Jun 1901 - Sep 1901        Yenesehirli Mustafa Nazim Pasha
Oct 1901 - Jun 1902        Ahmed Reshid Pasha                 (b. 1853 - d. 1918) 
Jun 1902 - Sep 1905        Mustafa Nuri Bey                   (b. 1851 - d. 1923)
Sep 1905 - Aug 1908        Mustafa Bey
Aug 1908 - Jan 1909        Halepli Zeki Pasha                 (b. 1862 - d. 1943)
1909                       Fazil Pasha
1910 - 1912                Tahir Pasha                        (d. 1913)
Aug 1912 - Dec 1912        Dagistanli Fazil Pasha             (b. 1829 - d. 1915)
Dec 1912 - Jul 1913        Muharrem Mümtaz Bey                (b. 1864 - d. 1931)
Jul 1913 - Sep 1913        Esad Pasha
Sep 1913 - Dec 1915        Süleyman Nasif Bey                 (b. 1870 - d. 1927)
Feb 1915 - Jan 1917        Vanli Haydar Hilmi Bey             (b. 1875 - d. 1934)
Sep 1917 - 1918            Ispanakcçizade Memduh Sermed Bey   (b. 1876 - d. 1924)
British Military Commander of III Indian Corps
10 Nov 1918 - 1918         Alexander Stanhope Cobbe           (b. 1870 - d. 1931)
British Political Officers, Sulaymaniyah
1918 - Mar 1919            Edward William Charles Noel        (b. 1886 - d. 1974)  Mil
Mar 1919 - Mar 1921        Ely Bannister Soane                (b. 1881 - d. 1923)  Mil
1921 - Oct 1922            H.A. Goldsmith                                          Mil
Governor (Hikimdar) of Sulaymaniyah
 1 Dec 1918 - 17 Jun 1919  Sheikh Mahmoud Barzani (1st time)  (b. 1878 - d. 1956)
                            (in rebellion from 23 May 1919)
Sep 1922 - Jul 1924        Sheikh Mahmoud Barzani (2nd time)  (s.a.)
                            (Sheikh Mahmud al-Hafeed)
                            (in rebellion from 1922; 18 Nov 1922
                             assumes style King of Kurdistan)
Chairmen of the Regional Executive Council
Oct 1974 - 1977            Hashim Hakim Hasan Taha 'Aqrawi    (b. 1926)            PDK 
1977 - 1980                Ahmad Abdul Qadir al-Naqshbandi    (b. 1930)            Baath
1980 - 1983                Jamal al-Hajj Sharif               (b. 1930)
1983 - 1986                Yahya Muhammad Rashid al-Jaf                            Baath
1986 - 1989                Sirwan Abdullah Hussein al-Jaf     (b. c.1938)          Baath
1989 - 1991                Jafar Abdul Karim Barzani          (b. c.1940)          Baath
De facto rulers 
- Patriotic Union of Kurdistan - 
 4 Jul 1992 - 14 Jun 2005  Jalal Talabani                     (b. 1933 - d. 2017)  PUK
                             (secretary-general of the PUK)
- Kurdistan Democratic Party -
31 Aug 1996 - 14 Jun 2005  Masoud Mustafa Barzani             (b. 1946)            PDK
                             (president of the PDK)
Presidents
14 Jun 2005 -  1 Nov 2017  Masoud Mustafa Barzani             (s.a.)               PDK
 1 Nov 2017 - 10 Jun 2019  Transitional Executive
                           - Nechirvan Idris Barzani          (b. 1966)            PDK
                           - Qubad Jalal Talabani             (b. 1977)            PUK
                           - Ahmed Abdullah Zubair                                 Non-party 
                           (acting)   
10 Jun 2019 -              Nechirvan Idris Barzani            (s.a.)               PDK

Chairmen of the Regional Legislative Assembly
1974 - 1977                Mahmoud al-Rasul Babakr            (b. 1937)            PDK
                             al-Pischdari
1977 - 1980                Muhammad Amin Muhammad Ahmad       (b. 1936)
1980 - 1989                Ahmad Abdul Qadir al-Naqshbandi    (s.a.)               Baath
1989 - 1991                Baha al-Din Ahmad Faraj
Prime ministers  
- Patriotic Union of Kurdistan - 
 4 Jul 1992 - 26 Apr 1993  Fuad Masum                         (b. 1938)            PUK
26 Apr 1993 - 21 Jan 2001  Kosrat Rasul Ali                   (b. 1952)            PUK
21 Jan 2001 -  4 Jul 2004  Barham Ahmed Salih                 (b. 1960)            PUK
 4 Jul 2004 -  1 Mar 2006  Umar Fattah Hussain (acting)       (b. 1948)            PUK
- Kurdistan Democratic Party -
26 Sep 1996 - 20 Dec 1999  Rowsch Nouri Shaways               (b. 1947 - d. 2021)  PDK
20 Dec 1999 -  1 Mar 2006  Nechirvan Idris Barzani            (s.a.)               PDK
Prime ministers
 1 Mar 2006 - 28 Oct 2009  Nechirvan Idris Barzani (1st time) (s.a.)               PDK
28 Oct 2009 -  5 Apr 2012  Barham Ahmed Salih                 (s.a.)               PUK
 5 Apr 2012 - 10 Jun 2019  Nechirvan Idris Barzani (2nd time) (s.a.)               PDK
10 Jun 2019 - 10 Jul 2019  Qubad Jalal Talabani (acting)      (s.a.)               PUK
10 Jul 2019 -              Masrour Barzani                    (b. 1969)            PDK

Party abbreviations: PDK = Partiya Demokrat a Kurdistanê/Partiya Demokrata Kurdistan (Kurdistan Democratic Party [KDP], Kurdish nationalist, center-right, est.16 Aug 1946); PUK = Yekîtiya Nîştimanî ya Kurdistanê/Yaketi Nishtimani Kurdistan (Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, Kurdish nationalist, social-democratic, center-left, secular, est.1 Jun 1975);
- Former parties: Ba'ath = Hizb Al-Ba'ath Al-'Arabi Al-Ishtiraki (Arab Socialist Rebirth Party [Iraqi Baath Party], authoritarian socialist, Saddamist Ba'athism, 1968-9 Apr 2003 only legal movement, 1947-1 May 2003, banned)