Syria
Map
of Syria
|
Hear
National Anthem
"Humat ad-Diyar"
(Guardians of the
Homeland)
|
Text
of National Anthem
Adopted 1936 - 22
Feb 1958,
restored 28 Sep 1961
|
Constitution
(27 Feb 2012;
suspended 12 Dec 2024)
----------------------------------
Former Constitution
(13
Mar 1973-27 Feb 2012;
7
Sep 1950-1951 [and
Feb 1954-1958 and
1962-Mar 1963];
14
May 1930-1946)
|
Capital:
Damascus
(Dimashq)
(UAR: Cairo 1958-1961)
|
Currency:
Syrian Pound
(SYP); 1920-48 Lebanon-Syria
Pound (XLSP); 1918-20
Egyptian Pound (EGP) |
National
Holiday: 17 Apr (1946)
Eid al-Istiklaal
(Independence Day) |
Population:
19,398,448
(2019)
note: approximately 22,000
Israeli settlers live in the Golan
Heights |
GDP: $50.28
billion (2017)
|
Exports:
$1.85 billion (2017)
Imports: $6.28
billion (2017)
|
Ethnic groups:
Syrian Arab 74.9%, Bedouin Arab 7.4%, Kurd 7.3%, Palestinian Arab
3.9%, Armenian 2.7%, other 3.8% (2000)
|
Total Active
Armed Forces: 269,000 (2021)
Russian Military Forces:
4,300 (2017)
Turkey-backed Syrian National Army:
20,000 (2017)
Kurd-backed Syrian Democratic Forces:
100,000 (2019)
UNDOF Force: 1,256 (2023)
U.S. Military Forces: 900 (2023)
Merchant marine:
25 ships (2019)
|
Religions:
Muslim 86% (official) (of which
Alawite [Shi'a] 11%), Christian 8% (of which
Orthodox 5%, Roman Catholic 2%), Druze
3%, non-religious/atheist 3% (2000)
|
International
Organizations/Treaties:
ABEDA, AFESD, AL, ALBA (observer), AMF
(suspended), AOAD, APA, Arabsat
(suspended), BTWC (signatory), CAEU,
CWC, ENMOD (signatory), ESCR, FAO, G-24,
G-77, GAFTA, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt
(signatory), ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS,
IHO (suspended), ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IPU, IRENA (signatory), ISA (observer), ISESCO (suspended), ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM,
NPT, NTBT, OAPEC, OIC (suspended), OPCW (suspended), OPEC
(observer), OST,
PAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC,
UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO,
UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
(observer)
|
Syria
Index
|
Chronology
c.2334 BC - c.2154 BC
Part of the Akkadian
Empire.
c.1500 BC - c.1300
BC
Northern area part of the Mitanni
Empire.
c.1530 BC - c.1350 BC
Southern area
part of the Egyptian Empire.
c.1350 BC - c.1240 BC
Under Hittite rule.
1274
BC
Battle of Kadesh between Pharaoh
Ramesses II of
Egypt and King
Muwatalli II of the Hittites.
c.1240 BC - c.605
BC
Part of of Assyrian Empire.
c.605 BC - 549
BC
Part of the (Neo-) Babylonian Empire.
549 BC - 332
BC
Part of the Persian Empire.
332 BC - 323 BC
Part of Macedonia under Alexander "the
Great."
323 BC - 301
BC
Part of (Antigonid) Kingdom of
Macedonia.
301 BC - 198
BC
Part of the (Ptolemaic) Kingdom of
Egypt.
198 BC - 83
BC
Part of the Seleucid Empire.
83 BC - 63
BC
Part of the Armenian Kingdom under
Tigranes II.
63 BC - 36 BC
Part of the Roman Republic.
36 BC - 12 Aug 30
BC Part
of the Kingdom of Egypt under
Cleopatra VII
(nominally a vassal of Rome).
12 Aug 30 BC - 259
AD Part
of the Roman
Empire.
259 AD - 272
AD
Part of the Palmyrene Empire.
272 AD - 359 BC
Part of the Roman Empire.
17 Jan 395 - 634/37
Part of the
Eastern Roman (Byzantine)
Empire.
529 -
584
Damascus administered by Ghassanids
(under
Byzantine suzerainty).
611 - 628
Occupied by the Sassanian
(Sasanid) Empire.
19 Sep 634
Arab conquest of Damascus (Aleppo Oct
637), part
of Muslim Arab (Rashidun 634-661,
Umayyad
661-750, Abbasid 750-909, then Fatimid
909-1076)
Caliphate.
1077 - 1104
Part of the Seljuk (Seljuq) Empire.
1099 -
1268
Christian Crusaders occupy coastal
Syrian ports
(Tartus [Tortosa] 1102-1152, 1153 - 3
Aug 1291,
Antioch 1099-1268, Ruad
Island 1299-26 Sep 1302).
1104 -
1154
Burid Emirs rule Damascus.
24 Jul 1148 - 29 Jul
1148 Crusader siege of Damascus
during Second Crusade.
1154 -
1181
Zangid Atabegs rule Damascus.
1183 - Sep 1260
Part
of Ayyubid
Sultanate.
1
Mar 1260
Damascus sacked by the Mongols (Aleppo
Jan 1260).
3
Sep 1260 - 24 Aug 1516 Part of
Mameluke (Mamluk) Sultanate of Egypt.
24 Mar
1401
Damascus sacked by
Timur Lenk (Tamerlane)(Aleppo
30 Oct 1400).
24 Aug
1516
Part of the Ottoman Empire
(as Damascus Eyalet
[Eyalet-i Şam]).
6 Jun 1771 - 18
Jun 1771 Damascus garrisoned by
the Egyptian Mamluk army.
Dec
1831
Egyptians, under Muhammad Ali,
invade Syria (in
Latakia Dec 1831, Damascus 15 Jun 1832
- Jan
1841, Hom 9 Jul
1832, Aleppo 14 Jul 1832 - 13
Nov 1840, Antioch 28 Jul 1832).
14 May 1833 - Jan
1841 Annexed by Egypt
(nominally under Ottoman
suzerainty).
Jan 1841
Direct Ottoman
rule restored.
1864
Vilayet of
Syria (Vilayet-i Suriye),
also called
Vilayet
of Damascus.
1 Sep 1915
French occupy Ruad Island
off Tartus.
30 Sep
1918
Independence declared (Syria).
1
Oct
1918
Allies occupy Damascus, then Homs on
16 Oct 1918
and Aleppo on 25
Oct 1918.
26 Oct 1918 - 21 Nov
1919 British/French occupation,
divided into British
southern zone (Palestine), French
northern zone
(Lebanon and
coastal Syria), and an interior Arab
state (Syria).
7
Mar 1920 - 21 Aug 1920 United
Kingdom of Syria (al-Mamlaka
Suriyya al-
Muttahida); proclaimed
an independent and
sovereign state, by resolution of the
Syrian
National Congress
(declared to be "within its
natural boundaries [Syria, Lebanon and
Palestine])
(ceremony held at Damascus city hall 8
Mar 1920).
1 Sep
1920
Alawites Territory and State of Aleppo
created.
28 Jun 1922 - 1 Jan
1925 Federation of the Syrian
States (Ittihad
al-Duwal
al-Suriyya = Fédération des
États de Syrie)(also
in official use: Fédération
des États Syriens)
(Territory of Alawites, State of
Aleppo, State of
Damascus and [from
24 Oct 1922] Jabal Druze
constitute the
federation).
24 Oct
1922
Jebal Druze self-governing territory
created.
29 Sep 1923 - 22 Dec
1943 Syria and Lebanon a League
of Nations Mandate
under France (passed by the League 24
Jul 1922)
[headquartered in Beirut [Beyrouth]).
1 Jan 1925 - 19 Nov
1931 State of Syria (Dawlat
al-Suriyya = État de Syrie)
(State of Aleppo and State of Damascus
constitute
an independent state).
19 Nov 1931 - 10 Jul
1939 Republic of Syria
(al-Jumhuriyya al-Suriyya
=
République Syrienne).
2 Dec
1936
Jebal Druze/Latakia incorporated into
Syria.
29 Jun 1939
Hatay
incorporated into Turkey.
19 Jul 1939 - 16 Sep
1941 State of Syria (Dawlat
al-Suriyya = État de Syrie).
10 Jun 1940 - 21 Jun
1941 Administration loyal to
"Vichy" France
(from 21 Jun 1941, the "Free" French).
21 Jun 1941 - 15 Apr
1946 Occupied by British and
(Free) French troops.
16 Sep 1941 - 22 Feb
1958 Republic of Syria
(al-Jumhuriyya
al-Suriyya =
République Syrienne).
27 Sep 1941
Syria is proclaimed an
independent and sovereign
state.
22 Dec
1943
French mandate is de facto dissolved
following the
conclusion of the
Tripartite Agreement between
France, Syria, and
Lebanon.
17 Apr
1946
Independence formally recognized by
France.
1 Feb
1958
Unification of Syria and Egypt into
the United Arab
Republic is proclaimed pending the
approval by
state legislatures and depending on
the results of
the referendum.
5 Feb
1958
Unification approved by
Syrian Chamber of Deputies
and the Egyptian National Assembly.
21 Feb
1958
Referendums in Syria 100% and in Egypt
100% vote
for unification (results approved 22
Feb 1958).
22 Feb 1958 - 29 Sep
1961 Part of United Arab
Republic (union with Egypt).
5 Mar 1958 - 29
Sep 1961 Syrian Region (al-Iqlim
al-Suri), within the
United
Arab Republic.
29 Sep
1961
Syrian Arab Republic (al-Jumhuriyya
al-'Arabiyya
al-Suriyya)(Syria
seceded from U.A.R.)
10 Jun 1967
Israel occupies the Golan Heights
(annexed
by Israel 14 Dec 1981).
1
Jan 1972 - 19 Nov 1977 Part of
Federation of Arab Republics (Ittihad
al-
Jumhuriyat
al-'Arabiyah)(Egypt, Libya
and Syria).
15 Mar 2011
-
Civil war against the Ba'athist
central government.
|
French
Mandated
Syria-Lebanon
(1919-1946)
|
Aleppo and Aleppo
State
(1516-1918,
1920-1922)
|
Damascus State
(1920-1922)
|
Alawite Territory
(1920-1936)
|
Jebel Druze
(1920-1936)
|
Zor (Deir
ez-Zor)
(1864-1920) |
Golan Heights
(UNDOF)(1974-)
|
Islamic
State
(2006-2019)
|
North and East
Syria (Western
Kurdistan)
(2012-) |
Syrian
Orthodox
Church
|
Syrian
Catholic
Church |
Orthodox
Patriarchate of
Antioch |
Map of Syria
in 1923
|
|
Walis (governors) of Damascus
Sep
1516
Yunus
Pasha
(d. 1517)
Oct 1516 -
1517
Shihab ad-Din Ahma bin Yahya
1517 -
1518
Nuh Celebi (acting)
Mar 1518 -
1521
Djanbirdi al-Ghazali
(d. 1521)
1521 -
1522
Ayas Mehmed Pasha
(b. 1483 - d. 1539)
1522 -
1523
Ferhad Pasha
Jun 1523 -
1525
Hürrem Pasha
(d.
1526)
Jan 1525 -
1526
Süleyman Pasha at-Tawash
Aug 1526 -
1528
Lufti Pasha (1st time)
May 1528 -
1531
Isabey Pasha Cenderli (1st time) (d. 1535)
Jun 1531 -
1534
Mustafa Ablaq Pasha
Feb 1534 -
1535
Lufti Pasha (2nd time)
Jul
1535
Isabey Pasha (2nd time)
Jan 1536 -
1536/37
Mehmed Kuzal Pasha
1536/37 -
1538
Topal Süleyman Pasha
1538 -
1539
Ahmed Pasha
1539 -
1541
Köse Hüsrev Pasha
1541 -
1543
Çandarli Isa Pasha
1543 -
1545
Piri Pasha (1st time)
1545 -
1500
Hadim Sinan Pasha
1550 -
1551
Piri Pasha (2nd time)
1551 -
1552
Tekeoglu Mehmed Pasha
1552 -
1555
Samsi Ahmed Pasha
(b. 1492 - d. 1580)
1555 -
1561
Hizr Pasha
1561 - 1563
Garu
Ali Pasha (1st time)
1563
Hüsrev Pasha
1563 -
1569
Lal Mustafa Pasha
(b.
c.1500 - d. 1580)
1569
Sheytan Murad Pasha
(d. 1570)
1569 -
1570
Garu Ali Pasha (2nd time)
1570 -
1571
Haji Ahmed Pasha
1571 -
1574
Dervish
Pasha
(d. 1574/75)
1574 - 1575
Lala Jafar
Pasha
1575 - 1577
Murad Pasha (1st time)
1577 -
1581
Hasan Pasha (1st time)
(d. 1602)
1581
Damad-i-Sehriyari Ibrahim Pasha
1581 - 1582
Bahram Pasha
1582 -
1583
Bodur Hüseyin Pasha
(d. 1595)
1583
Hasan Pasha (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1584
Qubad Süleyman Pasha
1584 - 1585
Üveys Pasha (1st time)
Oct 1585 -
1586
Elvendoglu Ali Pasha
1586
Koca Sinan Pasha
(d. 1596)
1586 - 1587
Üveys Pasha (2nd time)
1587 - 1588
Mehmed Pasha Ferhad
1588 - 1589
Üveys Pasha (3rd time)
1589 - 1590
Ali Pasha Elvenzade
1590
Koça Sinan Pasha
(b. 1506 - d. 1596)
1590 - 1591
Hasan Pasha (3rd time)
(s.a.)
1591 - 1592
Mustafa Pasha
1592 - 1593
Khalil Pasha
1593 - 1594
Çagirci Mehmed Pasha
1594
Hasan Pasha (5th time)
1594
Ali Pasha Bostanci
1594 - 1595
Murad Pasha
(b. 1535 - d. 1611)
1595 - 1596
Hüsrev Pasha II (1st time)
1596 - 1597
Razia
Hutunzade Mustafa Pasha
Dec 1597 -
1598
Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha
bin al-Djaffal
1598
Ahmed Pasha II
1598 - 1599
Ahmed Pasha III
1599
Hüsrev Pasha II (2nd time)
1599 -
1600
"Cerrah" Mehmed
Pasha
(d. 1604)
1600
Mahmud
Pasha (1st time)
1600 - 1603
Osman Pasha (1st time)
1603 - 1604
Ferhad Pasha Bustanci
1604
Canbalatzade Mehmed Pasha
1604 -
160.
Mustafa Pasha II
1605 -
1606?
Koca Faragi Osman Pasha
1607 - 1608
Mahmud Pasha (2nd time)
1608
Hadim Gürcü Mehmed Pasha
(d. 1626)
1608 - 1609
Sufi Sinan Pasha at-Talki
Apr 1609 -
1615
Hafiz Ahmed Pasha (1st time) (b.
1594 - d. 1632)
Feb 1615 - 1617
Silahdar Mehmed Pasha
1617 - 1618
Damad Ahmed Pasha
1618
Mehmed Pasha al-Djuqadar
1618 - 1619
Hafiz Ahmed Pasha (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1619 - 1620
Mustafa Pasha III
1620 - 1621
Süleyman Pasha I
1621 - 1622
Murtaza Pasha Bostanci
1622 -
1623
Mehmed Pasha Rushand
1623 -
1624
Mustafa Pasha al-Hannaq
1624 -
1625
Nigdeli Mustafa Pasha
1625 -
1626
Gürci Mehmed Pasha I
1626 - 1628
Tayyar-oglu Mehmed Pasha
1628 - 1629
Küçük Ahmed Pasha (1st time)
(d. 1636)
1629 - 1630
Mustafa Pasha IV (1st time)
1630 - 1631
Nawaya Mehmed Pasha
1631?
Cevzak Süleyman Pasha
1632 - 1633
Ilyas Pasha
1633
Debbag Mehmed Pasha
1633 - 1635
Deli Yusuf Pasha
1635 - 1636
Küçük Ahmed
Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
1636
Biykli Mustafa Pasha
1636/37 - 1638
Dervish Mehmed Pasha
1638 - 1639
Mustafa Pasha IV (2nd time)
1639 - 1640
Cifteli Othman Pasha
1640 - 1641
Mehmed Pasha I
1641 - 1642
Serji Ahmed Pasha
1642 - 1643
Melek Ahmed Pasha
1643
Sultanzade Mehmed Pasha
(b. 1603 - d. 1646)
Ghawan Qabughi
1643
Silihdar Yusuf Pasha (1st time)
(b. c.1604 - d. 1646)
1643 -
1644
Boynuegri Durak Mehmed Pasha
1644 - 1645
Gürçü Mehmed Pasha II (1st time)
1645
Ibrahim Pasha I
1645 - 1646
Mehmed Pasha Salami
1646
Gürçü Mehmed Pasha II (2nd time)
1646 - 1647
Silihadar Yusuf Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
1647
Sufi Murteza Pasha
1648 - 1649
Sofu Mehmed Pasha
(d.
1649)
1649
Damad Ibshir Mustafa Pasha
1649 - 1650
Mehmed
Pasha II
1650
Silihdar Murteza Pasha (1st time)
1650 - 1651
Shivasli Mustafa Pasha
1651 - Nov 1651
Gürcü Mehmed Pasha
(3rd time)
1651 -
1652
Haseki
Mehmed Pasha (1st time)
1652 -
1653
Defterdarzade Mehmed Pasha
(d. 1656)
1653 - 1655
Halicizade Mehmed Pasha
1655
Gazi Pasha Shahsuvar-odjlu
1655
Kara Murad
Pasha
(d. 1655)
(did not take office)
1655 -
1656
Haseki Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)
1656
Boynuegri Durak Mehmed Pasha
Aug/Sep 1656 - Dec 1656
Siyavush Pasha
1656 - 1657
Mustafa Pasha
1657 -
1658
Silihdar Murteza Pasha (2nd time)
1658
Tayyardzade Mehmed Pasha
1658 - 1659/60
Nuri Mehmed Pasha
1659/60 - Jun 1660
Gürcü Mustafa Pasha
1660 - 1661
Köprülü Fazil Ahmed
Pasha
(b. 1635 - d. 1676)
1661 - 1662
Süleyman Pasha II
Feb/Mar 1662 - 1663
Kanbur Mustafa Pasha
1663 -
1665
Rilibeli Mustafa Pasha
1665 -
1666
Salih Pasha I
1666
Çavuszade Mehmed Pasha
1666 -
1667
Qara Mustafa Pasha
1667 -
1669
Mehmed Pasha Chewish Oglu
1669 -
1671
Ibrahim Pasha Shaytan
1671 -
1672
Abazekh Husein Pasha (1st time)
1672 -
1673
Qara Mehmed Pasha
1673 -
1674
Ibrahim Pasha Shushman
1674 -
1675
Qer
Husein Pasha
1675 -
1676
Ibrahim
Pasha II
1676 -
1679
Osman Pasha Bustardji (1st time) (d.
1685)
1679 -
1683
Abazekh Husein Pasha (2nd time)
Mar 1684 - 1684
Hamza Pasha
1684
Celebi Ibrahim Pasha III
1684 - 1685
Osman Pasha Bustardji
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1686 -
1687
Kaplan Pasha
1687 -
1688
Arab Salih Pasha
1688 -
1689
Hamza Pasha
1689 -
1690
Bozoklu Mustafa Pasha
(b. 1638 - d. 1698)
1690 -
1691
Abdioglu Mehmed Pasha
1691 -
1692
Gurju Mehmed Pasha III
1692 -
1693
Çelebi Ismail Pasha
(d. 1702)
1693 - 1694
Ibshir Mustafa Pasha
1694 - 1695
Shahin Mehmed Pasha
1695 -
1696
Silihdar Osman Pasha
1696 -
1697
Silihdar Buuqli Mustafa Pasha
1697 -
1698
Ahmad Pasha Hacigirai
1698/99 -
1699
Biykli Mehmed Pasha (1st time)
1699 - 1700
Silihdar Husein Pasha
1700 -
1701
Silihdar Hasan Pasha
Jun 1701 - 1701
Biykli Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)
1701 -
1702
Arslan Muhammad Pasha ibn
(d. 1704)
al-Mataraji (1st time)
1702
Salih Agha (acting)
1702 -
1703
Mehmed Pasha Kurd Bayram-zade
(1st time)
1703
Osman Pasha Arnavud
1703
Arslan Muhammad Pasha
ibn (s.a.)
al-Mataraji (2nd time)
1703 -
1704
Mustafa Pasha
1704 -
1705
Hüseyin Pasha al-Farari
1705 -
1706
Mehmed Pasha Kurd Bayram-zade
(2nd
time)
1706 - Aug 1707
Baltaci Süleyman Pasha
1707 - 1708
Yusuf Pasha Qapudan
1708 - 1712
Nasuh Pasha al-Aydini
1713 - 1714
Jarkas Muhammad Pasha
1714 - 1716
Topal Yusuf Pasha
1716
Nevsehirli Damad Ibrahim Pasha
(b. 1670 - d. 1730)
1716 -
1717
Kapudan Ibrahim
Pasha
(d. 1725)
1717 – 1718
Köprülü Abdullah Pasha
(b. 1684 - d.
1735)
1718 - 1719
Reçeb Pasha
(d.
1726)
1719 - 1721
Uthman Pasha Abu Tawq (1st time) (d. 1727)
1721 - 1723
Ali Pasha Maqtuloğlu
27 Jan 1723 - Jan 1725 Uthman
Pasha Abu Tawq (2nd time) (s.a.)
9 Mar 1725 - Nov 1730
Azamzade Ismail Pasha
23 Nov 1730 - 26 Dec 1730 Uthman Agha
(acting)
26 Dec 1730 - 30 Mar 1730 Qara Sulayman
Agha (acting)
30 Mar 1731 - Jan 1734 Aydinli
Abdullah Pasha
Jan
1734
Musa Agha (acting)
14 Jan 1734 - 19 Jul 1738 Sulayman Pasha
al-Azm (1st time) (d. 1743)
20 Jul 1738 - 30 Aug 1738
Fathi-al-Daftari (acting)
30 Aug 1738 - 5 Sep 1739 Hüseyin
Pasha al-Bustanji
21 Sep 1739 - Oct 1740
Muhassıl Uthman
Pasha
(d. 1750)
23 Nov 1740 - Jul 1741
Ali Pasha Abu Qili (Rishah)
Jul 1741 - 25 Aug 1741
Ibrahim Agha (1st time)(acting) (d. 1743)
25 Aug 1741 - 25 Aug 1743 Sulayman Pasha
al-Azm (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Aug 1743 - 14 Oct 1743 Ibrahim Agha
(2nd time) (acting)
14 Oct 1743 - 21 Jan 1757 As'ad Pasha
al-Azem
(b. c.1706 - d. 1758)
25 Feb 1757 - Dec 1757
Husayn Pasha ibn
Makki
(d. 1765)
8 Jan 1758 - Jan
1760 Çeteci Abdullah Pasha
(b. 1703 - d. 1760)
Jan 1760 - 18 Feb 1760
Mustafa Agha (acting)
18 Feb 1760 - 6 Nov 1760 Muhammad
Pasha al-Shalik
7 Nov 1760 - 11 Dec 1760
Sulayman Bey (acting)
11 Dec 1760 - 22 Oct 1771 Uthman Pasha
al-Kurdji
(Osman Pasha al-Sadiq)
6 Jun 1771 - 18 Jun 1771
Abu'l Dhahab -Egyptian commander
Oct 1771 - Nov
1771 Mustafa
Agha (acting)
4 Nov 1771 - Jun/Jul 1772 Muhammad Pasha
al-Azm (1st time) (b. 1731 - d.
1783)
5 Nov 1772 - Aug 1773
Hafiz Mustafa Pasha Bustanji
Aug 1773 - Oct
1773 Ahmad
Agha (acting)
Oct 1773 - 16 Apr 1783 Muhammad
Pasha al-Azm (2nd time) (s.a.)
Apr 1783 - 10 Jun 1783
Osmanpashazade Mehmed Pasha
(d. 1783)
(al Kurzi)
Aug 1783 - 28 Feb 1785
Osmanzade Dervish Pasha
(Darwish Pasha al-Kurji)
Mar 1785 –
1786
Ahmed Pasha al-Djazzar (1st time) (b. c.1735 - d.
1804)
1786 - 1787
Hüseyin Pasha
Battal
(d. 1801)
1787 -
1788
Keki Abdi Pasha
(d. 1789)
1788 - 1790
Ibrahim
Pasha al-Dalati
(Ibrahim Deli Pasha)
Oct 1790 -
1795
Ahmed Pasha al-Djazzar (2nd time) (s.a.)
1795 -
1798
Abdallah Pasha al-Azm (1st time) (d.
1809)
1798 -
1799
Ahmed Pasha al-Djazzar (3rd time) (s.a.)
1799 -
1803
Abdallah Pasha al-Azm (2nd time) (s.a.)
1803 -
1804
Kataragasi Ibrahim Pasha
1804 - 1805
Ahmed Pasha
al-Djazzar (4th time) (s.a.)
1805 - 1807
Abdallah Pasha al-Azm (3rd time) (s.a.)
1807 -
1810
Genç Kunj Yusuf Pasha
(d. 1816)
1810 - 1812
Süleyman Pasha al-Adil (1st time) (b.
c.1760 - d. 1819)
Jan/Feb 1812 - May 1816 Silahdar
Süleyman Pasha
(d. 1837)
May 1816 - Feb/Mar 1817
Hafiz Amasyali Ali Pasha
Feb/Mar 1817 - 1817
Salih Pasha
1817 - 1819
Süleyman Pasha
al-Adil (2nd time) (s.a.)
1819 –
1822
Dervish Mehmed Pasha
May/Jun 1822–Mar/Apr 1823 Beylanli
Mustafa Pasha
Apr 1823 - Jan 1824
Salih Pasha (2nd time)
1824 - May 1824
Müftizade Ahmed Pasha
(d. 1824)
1825 - 1826
Haci
Veliyeddin Pasha
Oct 1826 - 1827
Hakki
Ismail Pasha
1827 - 1828
Izmirli Haci Salih Pasha
Oct 1828 - Jul
1831 Rauf Mehmed
Emin Pasha
(b. 1780 - d. 1859)
Jul 1831 - Nov
1831 Benderli
Selim Sirri
Pasha
(b. 1771 - d. 1831)
Nov 1831 - May/Jun 1832 Haci Ali
Pasha (1st time)
27 May 1832 - Jun 1832
Ibrahim Pasha -Egyptian commander
(b. 1789 - d. 1848)
1831 - Jun
1832
Ahmed Bey -Military and civil governor
Nov 1832 - 1838
El Sayed Muhammad Sherif Pasha
Al-Kabir -Egyptian governor
(d. 1865)
1838 - 1840
.... -Egyptian
governor
Jul 1840 - 1840
Haci Ali Pasha (2nd time)
26 Aug 1840 - Oct 1842 Necib
Mehmed Pasha
(d. 1851)
Military governors
1841 -
1844
Mehmed Reshid Pasha
1845 -
1846
Mehmed Namiq Pasha
(b. 1804 - d.
1892)
Walis of
Damascus
1841 –
1844
Mirza Said Pasha
Jan 1841 - Mar
1842 Gürcü Mehmed
Necib Pasha
(d. 1851)
Mar 1842 - 1845?
Laz Ali Riza
Pasha
Nov 1845 - Mar
1846 Haci
Kütahyali Ali Pasha
1846 - Mar 1848
Kirimli Musa Sefveti
Pasha
Mar 1848 - Aug
1848 Halil
Kamili Pasha
Aug 1848 - Sep 1849
Osman Nuri Pasha
Sep 1849 -
l851
Damat Mehmed Said Pasha
1851 -
1852
Osman Pasha Said Pasha
1852
Izzet Mehmed Pasha
(b. 1792 - d. 1855)
Jul 1852 - Oct
1852 Agha
Abdulaziz Pasha
Oct 1852 - Aug
1854 Ali Açaf
Pasha
Aug 1854 - Oct
1855 Arif
Mehmed
Pasha
(b. 1808 - d. 1865)
Oct 1855 - Dec
1855
Serhalifezade Namik Salih Pasha (b.
1804 - d. 1892)
Dec 1855 - Sep
1856 Mahmud
Nedim
Pasha
(b. c.1818 - d. 1883)
Sep 1856 - 1856
Arnavud Süleyman Refet Pasha
Dec 1856 - Dec
1857 Ahmed
Izzet Pasha
(b. 1798 - d. 1876)
Dec 1857 - Dec
1858 Kutuhyali
Haci Ali Pasha II
Dec 1858 - Mar
1859 Halil
Kamili Pasha
Mar 1859 - Jun
1860 Ahmed
Nazir Pasha
(d. 1861)
Jun 1860 - Nov
1860 Mehmed
Mu'ammer Pasha
Nov 1860 – Feb
1862 Muftizade
Emin Muhlis Pasha
(b. 1811 - d. 1874)
Feb 1862 - Apr
1863 Mehmed
Emin Pasha
(b. 1824 - d. 1876)
Apr 1863 - Sep
1865 Mütercim
Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (b.
1811 - d. 1882)
Sep 1865 - Jul
1866 Sakizli
Esad uhlis
Pasha
(d. 1876)
Jul 1866 - Sep
1871 Mehmed
Rashid
Pasha
(b. 1824 – d. 1876)
Sep 1871 - Sep
1872
Abdullatif Subhi Pasha
(b. c.1818 - d. 1886)
Sep 1872 - Jan
1873 Selanikli
Mustafa Necib Pasha (d.
1883)
Jan 1873 - Sep
1874 Mehmed
Halet Pasha
(d. 1879)
1874 -
1875
Esad Pasha
(b.
1828 - d. 1875)
Jan 1875 - Apr
1876 Ahmed
Hamdi Pasha (1st
time) (b. 1826 - d.
1885)
1876
Ahmed Pasha
Jul 1876 - Dec 1876
Rashid Nashid Pasha
(1st time) (d. 1888)
Jan 1877 - Jun 1877
Abdulhamid
Ziyaeddin
Pasha
(b. 1825 - d. 1880)
Jun 1877 - Feb
1878 Küçük
Ömer Fevzi
Pasha
(d. 1878)
Feb 1878 - Nov
1878 Ahmed
Cevdet Pasha
13 Nov 1878 – Aug 1879
Ali Haydar Midhat
Pasha
(b. 1822 - d. 1884)
Jun 1879 - Dec
1879
Bostancibashizade Reshid Mehmed
Pasha
Dec 1879 - Aug 1880
....
Aug 1880 - Sep
1885 Ahmed
Hamdi Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
Sep 1885 - Mar
1888 Rashid
Nashid Pasha (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Mar 1888 - Nov 1889
Manastirli Mehmed Nazif Pasha
(d. 1889)
Dec 1889 - Nov 1891
Mustafa Asim Pasha
(d.
1891)
Nov 1891 - Jun
1892 Topal
Osman Nuri Pasha (1st time) (b. 1832 - d.
1900)
Jun 1892 – Jun
1894 Sherif
Mehmed Rauf
Pasha
(s.a.)
Jun 1894 – Jul
1896 Topal
Osman Nuri Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
Jul 1896 - Jul
1897 Hasan
Refik Pasha
Jul 1897 - Mar
1906 Huseyni
Nazim
Pasha
(b. 1848 - d. 1913)
Mar 1906 – Dec
1908 Ibrahim
Shukri (or Sükrü) Pasha
1909 – 1910
Ismail Fazil
Bey
(b. 1856 - d. 1921)
Dec 1910 - Jun 1912
Ali Ghalib Bey
Aug 1912 - Jan
1913 Alpan
Kazim Pasha
(b. 1882 - d. 1948)
Jan 1913 - Jul
1914 Mehmed
Arif Bey Mardin
(b. 1852 – d. 1920)
Jul 1914 - Oct
1915 Hulusi
Bey
(d. 1918)
1915
Ahmed Djemal Pasha
(b. 1872 - d. 1922)
Oct 1915 – Aug
1916 Sakalli Azmi
Pasha
(d. 1944)
Aug 1916 – Jul
1917 Hasan
Tahsin Bey
(b. 1878 - d. 1939)
Jul 1917 - Jun
1918 Osman
Bedri Bey
(b. 18.. - d. 1923)
Jun 1918 - Sep 1918
Refet Bey
(b. 1881 - d. 1963)
Sep 1918 - 30 Sep 1918
Tahsin Bey (in name only)
(b. 1878 - d. 1939)
26 Sep 1918 - 30 Sep 1918 Muhammad Said
al-Jazairi
(b. 1881 - d. 1970)
Heads of Government
30 Sep
1918
Muhammad Said
al-Jazairi
(s.a.)
30 Sep 1918 - 5 Oct 1918 Ali Rida
Pasha
ar-Rikabi
(b. 1868 - d. 1942) Mil+JAF
5 Oct 1918 - 8
Mar 1920 Faysal bin al-Hussein
al-Hashimi (b. 1885 - d. 1933) JAF
King¹
8 Mar 1920 - 28 Jul
1920 Faysal I
(s.a.)
(= Faysal bin al-Hussein
al-Hashimi)
(left Damascus 28 Jul 1920, then in Daraa to 1 Aug 1920)
Prime ministers
28 Jul 1920 - 21 Aug 1920 Ala ad-Din
Pasha al-Durubi
(b. 1870 - d.
1920) Non-party
21 Aug 1920 - 6 Sep 1920 Vacant
6 Sep 1920 - 30 Nov 1920
Muhammad Jamil Bey
al-Ulshi (b.
1883 - d. 1951) Non-party
Governors
30 Nov 1920 - 30 Jun 1922 the
Levant States governors
President of the Federation of Syrian States
1 Jul 1922 - 1 Jan
1925 Subhi Bey Barakat
al-Khalidi (b. 1883
- d. 1939) Non-party
President of the State of Syria
1 Jan 1925 - 21 Dec 1925
Subhi Bey Barakat
al-Khalidi
(s.a.)
Non-party
21 Dec 1925 -
9 Feb 1926 Vacant
Envoy Extraordinary of the
High Commissioner in charge of the affairs of the
State of Syria
9 Feb 1926 - 29 Apr 1926 Marie
François Julien Pierre, dit (b. 1886 - d.
1956) Non-party
Pierre-Alype
President of the State of Syria
29 Apr 1926 - 14 Feb 1928 al-Damad Ahmad
Nami Bey bin Fakhri (b. 1878 - d. 1962) Non-party
Bey
President of the Council of Ministers of the
State of Syria
14 Feb 1928 - 19 Nov 1931 al-Sheikh
Muhammad Taj ad-Din bin (b. 1885 - d. 1943)
Non-party
Badr
al-Din al-Hasani (acting)
(president of council of ministers of State of Syria)
19 Nov 1931 - 11 Jun 1932 Vacant
Léon
Solomiac
(b. 1873 - d. 1960) Non-party
(high commissioner of the
French Republic
directly managed affairs of state)
Presidents of the Syrian Republic
11 Jun 1932 - 21 Dec 1936 Muhammad Ali
Bey bin Ahmad Izzat (b. 1867 - d.
1939) Non-party
Basha al-Abid
21 Dec 1936 - 8 Jul 1939 Muhammad
Hashim Bey bin Muhammad (b. 1875 -
d. 1960) KW
Khalid al-Atassi (1st time)
President of the Council of Directors
General
8 Jul 1939 - 2 Apr 1941 Bahij
Bey al-Khatib
(b. 1895 - d. 1981) Non-party
President of the Government of Syria
2 Apr 1941 - 16 Sep 1941
Khalid bin Muhammad Fawzi al-Azm (b. 1903 -
d. 1965) Non-party
Presidents of the Syrian Republic
16 Sep 1941 - 17 Jan 1943 al-Sheikh
Muhammad Taj ad-Din bin (s.a.)
Non-party
Badr
al-Din al-Hasani
President of the Council of Ministers
17 Jan 1943 - 25 Mar 1943 Muhammad Jamil
Bey al-Ulshi (s.a.)
Non-party
Head of State, Head of Government
25 Mar 1943 - 17 Aug 1943 Ata Bey bin
Muhammad Ali al-Ayyubi (b. 1877 - d. 1951) Non-party
President of the Syrian Republic
17 Aug 1943 - 30 Mar 1949 Shukri bin
Mahmud al-Kuwatli (b. 1891 -
d. 1967) KW;1948 SNP
(1st time)
Commander-in-chief of the Army and Armed
Forces
30 Mar 1949 - 26 Jun 1949 Husni bin
al-Sheikh Rida al-Zaim (b. 1897 - d.
1949) Mil
President
26 Jun 1949 - 14 Aug 1949 Husni
bin al-Sheikh Rida al-Zaim (s.a.)
Mil/SSNP
Commander-in-chief of the Army and Armed
Forces
14 Aug 1949 - 15 Aug 1949 Muhammad Sami
Hilmi Hinnawi (b. 1896 -
d. 1950) Mil
Head of State
15 Aug 1949 - 5 Sep 1950 Muhammad
Hashim Bey bin Muhammad (s.a.)
KW
Khalid al-Atassi
(president of Council of Ministers to 14 Dec
1949)
President
5 Sep 1950 - 2 Dec 1951
Muhammad Hashim Bey bin Muhammad
(s.a.)
KW
Khalid al-Atassi (2nd time)
Chairman of the General Staff, President of
the Supreme Military Council
2 Dec 1951 - 3 Dec 1951 Adib
bin al-Hasan al-Shishakli (b. 1909 -
d. 1964) Mil
(1st time)
Head of State
3 Dec 1951 - 11 Jul 1953 Fawzi Silu
(b. 1905 - d.
1972) Mil
Presidents
11 Jul 1953 - 26 Feb 1954 Adib
bin al-Hasan al-Shishakli (s.a.)
Mil/ALM
(2nd time)
26 Feb 1954 - 28 Feb 1954 Maamun Shafiq
al-Kuzbari (1st time)(b. 1914 - d. 1998) Non-party
(acting)(president of the Chamber of Deputies)
28 Feb 1954 - 6 Sep 1955 Muhammad
Hashim Bey bin Muhammad (s.a.)
KW
Khalid al-Atassi (3rd time)
6 Sep 1955 - 22 Feb 1958
Shukri bin Mahmud
al-Kuwatli
(s.a.)
SNP
(2nd time)
22 Feb 1958 - 28 Sep 1961 part
of United Arab Republic (see Egypt)
Presidents of the Council of Ministers
29 Sep 1961 - 20 Nov 1961 Maamun Shafiq
al-Kuzbari (2nd time)(s.a.)
Non-party
20 Nov 1961 - 14 Dec 1961 Izzat al-Nuss
(b. 1900 - d. 1972) Mil
President of the Republic
14 Dec 1961 - 8 Mar 1963 Nazim
al-Kudsi
(b. 1906 - d. 1998) HS
28 Mar 1962 - 13 Apr 1962 Abdul Karim
Zahreddine
(b. 1917 - d. 2009) Mil
(junta chief)
Presidents of the National Revolutionary Command
Council
8 Mar 1963 - 23 Mar 1963 National
Revolutionary Command Council
23 Mar 1963 - 27 Jul 1963 Louai bin Ahmad
Sami al-Atassi (b. 1926 - d.
2003) Mil/Baath
27 Jul 1963 - 13 May 1964 Muhammad Amin
al-Hafez
(b. 1921 - d. 2009) Mil/Baath
President of the Presidential Council
13 May 1964 - 23 Feb 1966 Muhammad Amin
al-Hafez
(s.a.)
Mil/Baath
23 Feb 1966 - 25 Feb 1966 Provisional
Regional Command of the Baath Socialist Party
Heads of State
25 Feb 1966 - 18 Nov 1970 Ahmad
Nureddin bin Muhammad Ali (b. 1929 - d.
1992) Mil/Baath
al-Atassi
18 Nov 1970 - 22 Feb 1971 Sayyid Ahmad
al-Hasan al-Khatib (b. 1933 - d.
1982) Baath
Presidents
22 Feb 1971 - 10 Jun 2000 Hafez Ali
Sulayman
al-Assad (b.
1930 - d. 2000) Mil/Baath;
(president of council of ministers to 14 Mar 1971)
+1972 NPF
10 Jun 2000 - 17 Jul 2000 Abdul Halim
Said Khaddam (acting) (b. 1932 - d. 2020)
Baath+NPF
(first vice president)
17 Jul 2000 - 8 Dec 2024 Bashar
Hafez
al-Assad
(b.
1965)
Baath+NPF
(fled country 8 Dec 2024)
General Military Governor of
Occupied Enemy Territory Administration - East
3 Oct 1918 - 10 Dec 1919
Ali Rida Pasha
ar-Rikabi
(s.a.)
Mil+JAF
Deputy Military Governors
10 Dec 1919 - 14 Dec 1919 Abdul
Hamid Pasha al-Qaltaqji
Mil+JAF
14 Dec 1919 - 26 Jan 1920
Mustafa Ni'mat
Mil+JAF
Chief of the Council of Directors
26 Jan 1920 - 9 Mar 1920
Zaid bin al-Hussein al-Hashimi (b.
1898 - d. 1970) JAF
Prime ministers
9 Mar 1920 - 3 May 1920
Ali Rida Pasha
ar-Rikabi
(s.a.)
JAF
3 May 1920 - 28 Jul 1920
Muhammad Hashim Bey bin Muhammad
(s.a.)
JAF
Khalid al-Atassi (1st time)
28 Jul 1920 - 21 Aug 1920 Ala ad-Din
Pasha
ad-Durubi
(s.a.)
Non-party
21 Aug 1920 - 6 Sep 1920 Vacant
6 Sep 1920 - 30 Nov 1920
Muhammad Jamil Bey al-Ulshi
(s.a.)
Non-party
(1st time)
30 Nov 1920 - 26 Jan 1925 Post
abolished
26 Jan 1925 - 21 Dec 1925 Subhi Bey
Barakat al-Khalidi
(s.a.)
Non-party
29 Dec 1925 - 6 Jan 1926 al-Sheikh
Muhammad Taj ad-Din bin (s.a.)
Non-party
Badr al-Din al-Hasani (1st time)
(acting)
6 Jan 1926
- 27 Apr 1926 Vacant
27 Apr 1926 - 9 Feb 1928 al-Damad
Ahmad Nami Bey bin Fakhri
(s.a.)
Non-party
Bey
14 Feb 1928 - 19 Nov 1931 al-Sheikh
Muhammad Taj ad-Din bin
(s.a.)
Non-party
Badr al-Din al-Hasani (2nd time)
19 Nov 1931 - 11 Jun 1932 Vacant
11 Jun 1932 - 16 Mar 1934 Haqqi Bey
al-Azm
(b. 1864 - d. 1955) Non-party
16 Mar 1934 - 22 Feb 1936 al-Sheikh
Muhammad Taj ad-Din bin (s.a.)
Non-party
Badr al-Din al-Hasani (3rd time)
22 Feb 1936 - 21 Dec 1936 Ata Bey bin
Muhammad Ali al-Ayyubi (s.a.)
Non-party
(1st time)
21 Dec 1936 - 18 Feb 1939 Jamil Mardam
Bey (1st time)
(b. 1893 - d. 1960) KW
23 Feb 1939 - 5 Apr 1939 Lutfi
al-Haffar
(b. 1885 - d. 1968) KW
6 Apr 1939 - 8 Jul
1939 Nasuhi Salim al-Bukhari
(b. c.1881 - d. 1961)Non-party
8 Jul 1939
- 2 Apr 1941 Bahij Bey al-Khatib
(s.a.)
Non-party
(president of the council of Directors General)
2 Apr 1941 - 21 Sep 1941
Khalid bin Muhammad Fawzi al-Azm (s.a.)
Non-party
(1st time)
21 Sep 1941 - 19 Apr 1942 Hassan al-Hakim
(1st
time)
(b. 1886 - d. 1988) HS
19 Apr 1942 - 10 Jan 1943 Husni
al-Barazi
(b. 1893 - d. 1975) KW
10 Jan 1943 - 25 Mar 1943 Muhammad Jamil
Bey al-Ulshi (s.a.)
KW
(2nd time)
25 Mar 1943 - 17 Aug 1943 Ata Bey bin
Muhammad Ali al-Ayyubi (s.a.)
Non-party
(2nd time)
19 Aug 1943 - 14 Oct 1944 Saadallah
al-Jabiri (1st time) (b. 1893 -
d. 1947) HI/KW
14 Oct 1944 - 1 Oct 1945 Faris
al-Khuri (1st
time)
(b. 1877 - d. 1962) KW
1 Oct 1945
- 16 Dec 1946 Saadallah al-Jabiri (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
HI/KW
16 Dec 1946 - 29 Dec 1946 Khalid bin
Muhammad Fawzi al-Azm
(s.a.)
Non-party
(2nd time) (acting)
29 Dec 1946 - 17 Dec 1948 Jamil Mardam
Bey (2nd time)
(s.a.)
RP
17 Dec 1948 - 30 Mar 1949 Khalid
bin Muhammad Fawzi al-Azm (s.a.)
KW
(3rd
time)
17 Apr 1949 - 26 Jun 1949 Husni
al-Zaim
(s.a.)
Mil/SSNP
26 Jun 1949 - 14 Aug 1949 Muhsin
al-Barazi
(b. 1904 - d. 1949) Non-party
17 Aug 1949 - 24 Dec 1949 Muhammad Hashim
Bey bin Muhammad
(s.a.)
KW
Khalid al-Atassi (2nd time)
24 Dec 1949 - 27 Dec 1949 Nazim al-Kudsi
(1st
time)
(s.a.)
HS
27 Dec 1949 - 4 Jun 1950 Khalid
bin Muhammad Fawzi al-Azm (s.a.)
KW
(4th time)
4 Jun 1950
- 27 Mar 1951 Nazim al-Kudsi (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
HS
27 Mar 1951 - 9 Aug 1951 Khalid
bin Muhammad Fawzi al-Azm (s.a.)
DB
(5th
time)
9 Aug 1951
- 13 Nov 1951 Hassan al-Hakim (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
HS
13 Nov 1951 - 28 Nov 1951 Zaki al-Khatib
(acting) (b.
1887 - d. 1961) HS
28 Nov 1951 - 29 Nov 1951 Maaruf
ad-Dawalibi (1st time) (b.
1907 - d. 2004) HS
3 Dec 1951
- 19 Jul 1953 Fawzi Silu
(s.a.)
Mil
19 Jul 1953 - 1 Mar 1954 Adib
al-Shishakli
(s.a.)
Mil/ALM
1 Mar 1954
- 18 Jun 1954 Sabri al-Assali (1st
time)
(b. 1903 - d. 1976) KW
18 Jun 1954 - 3 Nov 1954 Said
al-Ghazzi (1st time)
(b. 1893 - d. 1967) Non-party
3 Nov 1954
- 13 Feb 1955 Faris al-Khuri (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
HS
13 Feb 1955 - 13 Sep 1955 Sabri al-Assali
(2nd
time)
(s.a.)
KW
13 Sep 1955 - 14 Jun 1956 Said al-Ghazzi
(2nd time) (s.a.)
Non-party
14 Jun 1956 - 6 Mar 1958 Sabri
al-Assali (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
KW
Chairmen of the Executive Council of the
Syrian Region
7 Oct 1958
- 20 Sep 1960 Nureddin
Kahala
(b. 1908 - d. 1965) IK
20 Sep 1960 - 16 Aug 1961 Abdul Hamid
Serraj
(b. 1925 - d. 2013) IK
Prime ministers
28 Sep 1961 - 20 Nov 1961 Maamun
al-Kuzbari
(s.a.)
Non-party
20 Nov 1961 - 14 Dec 1961 Izzat
al-Nuss
(s.a.)
Mil
22 Dec 1961 - 28 Mar 1962 Maaruf
ad-Dawalibi (2nd time)
(s.a.)
HS
16 Apr 1962 - 14 Sep 1962 Ahmad Bashir
al-Azmah
(b. 1910 - d. 1992) Non-party
17 Sep 1962 - 9 Mar 1963 Khalid bin
Muhammad Fawzi al-Azm (s.a.)
Non-party
(6th time)
9 Mar 1963
- 12 Nov 1963 Salah ad-Din Bitar (1st
time) (b. 1912 - d.
1980) Baath
12 Nov 1963 - 13 May 1964 Muhammad Amin
al-Hafez (1st time)
(s.a.)
Mil/Baath
13 May 1964 - 3 Oct 1964 Salah
ad-Din Bitar (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Baath
4 Oct 1964
- 23 Sep 1965 Muhammad Amin al-Hafez (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Mil/Baath
23 Sep 1965 - 21 Dec 1965 Yusuf Zuaiyin
(1st
time)
(b. 1931 - d. 2016) Baath
1 Jan 1966
- 23 Feb 1966 Salah ad-Din Bitar (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
Baath
25 Feb 1966 - 29 Oct 1968 Yusuf Zuaiyin
(2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Baath
29 Oct 1968 - 21 Nov 1970 Ahmad Nureddin
bin Muhammad Ali (s.a.)
Mil+Baath
al-Atassi
21 Nov 1970 - 3 Apr 1971 Hafez Ali
Sulayman
al-Assad
(s.a.)
Mil+Baath
3 Apr 1971
- 21 Dec 1972 Abdul Rahman Khleifawi (1st
time) (b. 1930 - d. 2009) Mil+Baath
21 Dec 1972 - 7 Aug 1976 Mahmoud
al-Ayyubi
(b. 1932 - d. 2013) Baath+NPF
7 Aug 1976
- 27 Mar 1978 Abdul Rahman Khleifawi (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Mil+Baath
27 Mar 1978 - 9 Jan 1980 Muhammad
Ali
al-Halabi
(b. 1937 - d. 2016) Baath+NPF
9 Jan 1980
- 1 Nov 1987 Abdul Rauf
al-Kasm
(b.
1932)
Baath+NPF
1 Nov 1987
- 13 Mar 2000 Mahmoud
Zuabi
(b. 1935 - d. 2000) Baath+NPF
13 Mar 2000 - 10 Sep 2003 Muhammad
Mustafa
Mero
(b. 1941 - d. 2020) Baath+NPF
10 Sep 2003 - 14 Apr 2011 Muhammad Naji
al-Otari
(b.
1944)
Baath+NFP
14 Apr 2011 - 23 Jun 2012 Adel
Safar
(b. 1953)
Baath+NFP
23 Jun 2012 - 6 Aug 2012
Riyad Farid Hijab
(b. 1966)
Baath+NFP
6 Aug 2012 - 11 Aug
2012 Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji (acting)
(b.
1954)
Baath+NFP
11 Aug 2012 - 3 Jul 2016 Wael
Nader al-Halqi
(b.
1964)
Baath+NFP
3 Jul 2016 - 11 Jun
2020 Imad Muhammad Khamis
(b. 1961)
Baath+NFP
11 Jun 2020 - 23 Sep 2024
Hussein Arnous
(b.
1953)
Baath+NFP
(acting to 2 Sep 2020)
23 Sep 2024 - 9 Dec 2024 Muhammad
Ghazi
al-Jalali
(b. 1969)
Baath+NFP
9 Dec 2024
-
Muhammad al-Bashir (interim)
(b.
1983)
Ind/SSG
Syrian Interim Government (in rebellion)
-
- Adopted 11 Nov 2012
|
Presidents of the National Coalition for
the Syrian Revolution
and Opposition Forces (in
rebellion)
11 Nov 2012 - 22 Apr 2013 Moaz al-Khatib
(b. 1960)
Non-party
22 Apr 2013 - 6 Jul 2013 George
Sabra
(acting)
(b. 1947) SNC
6 Jul 2013 - 9 Jul 2014 Ahmad
al-Jarba
(b. 1969)
SNC
9 Jul 2014 - 5 Jan 2015 Hadi
al-Bahra (1st time)
(b. 1959)
Non-party
5 Jan 2015 - 5 Mar 2016 Khaled
Khoja
(b.
1965)
Non-party
5 Mar 2016 - 6 May 2017 Anas
al-Abdah
(b. 1967) SNC
6 May 2017 - 6 May 2018 Riad
Seif
(b. 1946)
Non-party
6 May 2018 - 29 Jun 2019
Abdurrahman Mustafa
(b.
1964)
STM/SNC
29 Jun 2019 - 12 Jul 2020 Anas al-Abdah
(b.
1967)
SNC
12 Jul 2020 - 12 Jul 2021 Nasr
al-Hariri
(b. 1977)
IRM/SNC
12 Jul 2021 - 12 Sep 2023 Salem al-Meslet
(b. 1959)
SNC
12 Sep 2023 -
Hadi al-Bahra (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Non-party
Prime Ministers of the Interim Government of the
National Coalition for
Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces (in
rebellion)
18 Mar 2013 - 14 Sep 2013 Ghassan Hitto
(acting)
(b. 1963)
Non-party
14 Sep 2013 - 22 Jul 2014 Ahmad Saleh
Tumah (1st time) (b. 1965)
Non-party
14 Oct 2014 - 17 May 2016 Ahmad
Saleh Tumah (2nd time) (s.a.)
Non-party
17 May 2016 - 10 Mar 2019 Jawad Abu
Hatab
(b.
1962)
Non-party
30 Jun 2019
-
Abdurrahman Mustafa
(s.a.)
STM/SNC
Syrian Salvation Government (in rebellion)
-
- 2 Nov 2017 - 11 Dec 2018
|
Adopted 11 Dec 2018
|
Presidents of the General Shura Council
of the Syrian Salvation Government
(in Ildib, in rebellion; in opposition to the
SNC)
Oct 2017 - 24 Apr
2020 Bassam al-Sahyouni
SSG
24 Apr 2020
-
Mustafa al-Mousa
HTS/SSG
Prime Ministers of the Syrian Salvation Government
(in Ildib, in rebellion; in
opposition to the SNC)
2 Nov 2017 - 15 Aug 2018
Muhammad
al-Sheikh
(b. 1960)
Ind/SSG
15 Aug 2018 - 10 Dec 2018 Muhammad Jamal
al-Shahoud
(acting)
Ind/SSG
10 Dec 2018 - 16 Dec 2019
Fawaz
Hilal
Ind/SSG
16 Dec 2019 - 13 Jan 2024 Ali Abdulrahman
Keda
(b.
1973)
Ind/SSG
13 Jan 2024 -
Muhammad al-Bashir
(s.a.)
Ind/SSG
Mandate of Syria (1919-1946)
British Commander of the
Egyptian Expeditionary Force
25 Oct 1918 - 21 Nov 1919 Edmund Henry
Hynman Allenby
(b. 1861 - d. 1936) Mil
High Commissioner of the French Republic in
Palestine and Syria
(headquarters in Beirut, Lebanon)
Oct 1918 - Nov 1918
Robert Coulondre
(interim)
(b. 1885 - d. 1959)
High Commissioner of the French
Republic for Syria and Armenia (Cilicia)
(headquarters in Beirut, Lebanon)
Nov 1918 - 21 Nov 1919
François Marie Denis Georges-Picot (b. 1870 - d. 1951)
High Commissioners of French-mandated Syria and
Lebanon (headquarters in Beirut, Lebanon)
21 Nov 1919 - 23 Nov 1922
Henri Joseph Eugène
Gouraud (b.
1867 - d. 1946) Mil
23 Nov 1922 - 17 Apr 1923 Robert de Caix
(acting)
(b. 1869 - d. 1970)
17 Apr 1923 - 29 Nov 1924 Maxime
Weygand
(b. 1867 - d. 1965) Mil
29 Nov 1924 - 23 Dec 1925
Maurice Paul Emmanuel
Sarrail (b. 1856 - d.
1929)
23 Dec 1925 - 23 Jun 1926 Bertrand Henry
Léon Robert de (b. 1876 -
d. 1935)
Jouvenel des Ursins
Aug 1926 - Jul 1933
Auguste Henri
Ponsot
(b. 1877 - d. 1963)
16 Jul 1933 - Jan 1939
Damien de Martel, comte de Martel (b. 1878 - d.
1940)
Jan 1939 - Nov 1940
Gabriel
Puaux
(b. 1883 - d. 1970)
24 Nov 1940 - 27 Nov 1940 Jean Chiappe
(did not take office) (b. 1878 - d. 1940)
6 Dec 1940 - 14 Jun
1941 Henri Fernand
Dentz
(b. 1881 - d. 1945) Mil
Delegates-general and
Plenipotentiaries
24 Jun 1941 - 7 Jun 1943 Georges
Albert Julien Catroux (b.
1877 - d. 1969) Mil
(also chief of the Free French in
Levant States)
7 Jun 1943 - 23 Nov 1943
Jean
Helleu
(b. 1885 - d. 1955)
23 Nov 1943 - 23 Jan 1944 Yves
Chataigneau
(b. 1891 - d.
1961)
23 Jan 1944 - 1 Sep
1946 Étienne Paul Émile Marie
Beynet (b. 1883 - d. 1969) Mil
General Officers Commanding in Chief of British Forces
(from 21 Aug 1942, for Irag and Iran)
(subordinated to the Middle East
Command)
8 Jun 1941 - 18 Feb
1943 Sir Henry Maitland
Wilson
(b. 1881 - d. 1964) Mil
18 Feb 1943 - 18 Feb 1944 Sir Henry Royds
Pownall
(b. 1887 - d. 1961) Mil
18 Feb 1944 - 1 Mar 1946 Sir Arthur
Francis
Smith
(b. 1890 - d. 1977) Mil
British Resident Ministers to the Republics of
Syria and Lebanon
Jul 1941 - 15 Dec 1944
Edward Louis Spears
(b. 1886 - d. 1974)
Mil
(from Jan 1942, Sir Edward Louis Spears)
(head of U.K. mission, Syria and the Lebanon to
Jan 1942)
22 Dec 1944 - Aug 1946
Terence Allen Shone
(b. 1894 -
d. 1965)
¹full style of the ruler 8
Mar 1918 - 28 Jul 1920: Malik
Mamlakat Suriya al-Muttahida; in French:
Roi du Royaume-Uni de Syrie
("King of the United Kingdom of Syria").
Territorial Disputes: Golan Heights is
Israeli-controlled with the almost 1,000-strong UN
Disengagement Observer Force patrolling a buffer zone
since 1964; lacking a treaty or other documentation
describing the boundary, portions of the Lebanon-Syria
boundary are unclear with several sections in dispute;
since 2000, Lebanon has claimed Shab'a Farms in the
Golan Heights; 2004 Agreement and pending demarcation
settles border dispute with Jordan; Syria
recognized the sovereignty of Lebanon
on 14 Oct 2008; 2004 Agreement and pending
demarcation would settle border dispute with Jordan;
Syria did not surrender its
irredentist claim to Hatay in Turkey
until 2005; the Tomb of Suleyman Shah is
a sovereign exclave of Turkey situated within
Syria's Aleppo governorate (in accordance with
the Ankara Agreement of 20 Oct 1921), it is the burial
place of Suleyman Shah grandfather of Osman I the
founder of the Turkish Ottoman dynasty;
dispute with Turkey concerning the Turkish occupation of
parts of North Syria since Aug 2016; the
ongoing civil war has resulted in more than 5.6 million
registered Syrian refugees - dispersed in Egypt, Iraq,
Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey - as of Oct 2019.
Party abbreviations: Baath
= Hizb al-Ba'ath al-Arabi al-Ishtiraki (Arab
Socialist Rebirth Party [Syrian Baath Party],
neo-Ba'athism, authoritarian, socialist,
suspends work 11 Dec 2024, est.1947-1958, re-est.1966);
HTS = Hay'at Tahrir ash-Sham
(Organization for the Liberation of the Levant, Sunni
Islamist, nationalist, Salafist, est.28 Jan 2017); IRM
= Independent Revolutionary Movement;
NPF = al-Jabha
al-Wataniyyah at-Taqaddumiyyah (National
Progressive Front, Baath led coalition, est.1972 by
Baath, Arab Socialist Union Party, Arab Socialist Party,
Syrian Social Nationalist Party, Syrian Communist Party
[Yusuf Faisal group], Syrian Communist Party [Khalid
Bakdash group], Union Socialist Party, and Union
Socialist Democratic Party); SNC
= National Coalition for Syrian Revolution and
Opposition Forces (Coalition Nationale pour les Forces
Révolutionnaires et de l'Opposition Syrienne,
Syrian National Coalition, anti-Assad opposition, seeks
replacement of Bashar al-Assad government, est.11 Nov 2012);
SSG = Syrian Salvation
Government (split from SNC, est.2 Nov 2017); STM
= Suriye Türkmen Meclisi (Syrian Turkmen
Assembly, coalition of Syrian Turkmen parties,
affiliated with SNC, est.15 Dec 2012); Mil =
Military;
- Former parties: ALM
= Harakat al-Tahrir al-'Arabiy (Arab
Liberation Movement, authoritarian, nationalist, split
from SSNP, 1952-1963, only legal party Apr
1952-Feb 1954); DB =
Democratic Bloc; HI = Hizb
Istiqlal (Independence Party, Syrian independence
movement, forme by JAF, 5 Feb 1919-1928); HS
= Hizb ash-Sha'ab (People's Party, conservative
liberal, represented notables of Aleppo and
Homs, split from KW, 1948-1958, 1961-1963); IK
= al-Ittihad al-Kawmi (National Union, Arab nationalist,
Arab socialist, Nasserism, anti-communist, U.A.R.
national party, 28 May 1957-1962, merged into
Arab Socialist Union); JAF
= Jam'iyat al-'Arabiya al-Fatat (Young Arab Society,
Arab nationalist, 14 Dec 1909-1920); KW
= al-Kutlah al-Wataniyah (National
Bloc, conservative liberal, Syrian nationalist, pro-independence,
anti-French, 1928-1958, 1961-1963); LNA
= 'Usbat al-'Amal al-Qawmi/Ligue d'Action Nationaliste
(League of National Action, nationalist,
1932-1939); RP = Republican
Party; SNP = Hizb al-Watani (National
Party, nationalist, conservative, represented notables
of Damascus, from 1946 named Syrian National Party,
1947-1958, 1961-1963); SSNP =
al-Hizb al-Suri al-Qawmi al-'Ijtima'i/Parti Social
Nationaliste Syrien (Syrian Socialist National
Party, center-left, secular nationalist, 1932-1955,
re-est.2005)
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Map
of Islamic State
|
Capital: Ar-Raqqah
(Jan 2014 - c.Apr 2017)
(Baqubah Apr 2013 -
Jan 2014; al-Mayadin
c.Apr - 14 Oct 2017;
al-Qa'im Oct-Nov 2017;
Rawa 8-17 Nov 2017; Hajin
Nov 2017 -14 Dec 2018;
al-Susah Dec 2018-15 Jan 2019; Marashidah Jan-7
Feb 2019; Bahuz Feb-23 Mar 2019)
|
Population: 8,000,000
(2014 est.)
|
13 Oct
2006
Declaration of an Islamic state in Iraq.
8 Apr
2013
Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (the Levant) declared
in
lands occupied in Iraq and Syria
(eventually claiming as
provinces: Iraq,
Syria, Libya, Sinai, Yemen, Algeria, Khorasan
[Afghanistan, Pakistan],
the Caucasus, Somalia, and West Africa).
Jan
2014
Seizes control of Ar-Raqqah, Jarablos,
and Manbij.
Jun 2014
Seizes control of Mosul, Fallujah, Tikrit, Tal Afar and
most of
western Iraq (and Ramadi 12 May - 28 Dec 2015).
29 Jun 2014
Caliphate declared, renamed Islamic
State.
18 May 2015 - 27 Mar 2016 Palmyra
occupied.
27 Mar 2016 - 11 Dec 2016 Syria
liberates Palmyra.
17 Apr
2016
Iraq re-occupies Tikrit (and Fallujah on 26 Jun 2016).
12 Aug 2016
Manbij liberated.
16 Oct
2016
Turkish-backed rebels capture the town of Dabiq.
11 Dec 2016 - 2 Mar 2017 Palmyra
re-occupied.
2 Mar
2017
Syrian re-liberates Palmyra.
c.May
2017
De facto capital moved to al-Mayadin.
12 May 2017
Syrian forces liberates Tabqa.
20 Jul
2017
Iraq liberates Mosul (begun 16 Oct 2016).
31 Aug
2017
Tal Afar liberated.
14 Oct
2017
Al-Mayadin is liberated.
17 Oct
2017
Ar-Raqqah is liberated (having begun 6 Jun 2017).
3 Nov
2017
Deir ez-Zor in Syria and al-Qa'im and Husaybah in Iraq
are
liberated.
10 Nov
2017
Abu Kamal is taken by Russian forces (briefly retaken by
ISIL
11-19 Nov 2017 then liberated by the Syrian Army).
17 Nov 2017
Iraqi forces recapture Rawa, the
last town held by ISIL in Iraq.
10 Dec
2017
Iraq's Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi says that Iraqi
forces had
driven the last remnants of Islamic State from Iraq.
17 Nov
2018
Syrian government retakes the southern area of Tulul
al-Safa.
14 Dec
2018
Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces forces seize Hajin.
15 Jan
2019
Al-Susah captured by Syrian Democratic Forces.
7 Feb 2019
Marashidah and
nearby areas captured by Syrian
Democratic Forces.
23 Mar
2019
Last ISIL bastion of Baghuz Fawqani, Syria is liberated
by
Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces.
26 Oct
2019
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi kills himself by
detonating a suicide vest
during a raid by U.S. special
forces in Syria's Idlib province.
Mar
2020
Syrian and Russian forces clear Jebel Bishri and its
environs,
including al-Kawm.
5 Sep
2020
Remote Doubayat gas field that formed ISIL's last
clearly-held
territory in Syria is captured by Syrian forces.
Amirs al-Mu'minin [Commanders of the Faithful]
of Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham (Levant)
13 Oct 2006 - 18 Apr 2010 Abu Omar
al-Qurashi al-Baghdadi (b. 1959 - d. 2010)
(= Hamid Dawud Muhammad Khalil al-Zawi)
16 May 2010 - 29 Jun 2014 Abu Bakr
al-Baghdadi
(b. 1971 - d. 2019)
(= Ibrahim Awad Ibrahim al-Badri)
Caliphs of the of Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham
(Levant)
29 Jun 2014 - 26 Oct 2019 Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
(s.a.)
31 Oct 2019 - 3 Feb 2022 Abu Ibrahim
al-Hashimi al-Qurashi (b. 1976 - d. 2022)
(=
Amir Muhammad Abdul Rahman al-Mawli al-Salbi)
4 Feb 2022 - 15 Oct 2022 Abu al-Hasan
al-Hashimi al-Qurashi (d. 2022)
(= Nour Karim al-Mutni Al-Obaidi Al-Rifai)
30 Nov 2022 - 29 Apr 2023 Abu al-Hussein
al-Husseini al- (b. 1979 - d. 2023)
Qurashi
3 Aug 2023
-
Abu Hafs al-Hashimi
al-Qurash
North and East Syria (Western Kurdistan)
Syrian Kurdish Flag in use from 2012
|
- North-East Syria Self-Administration
- Adopted 2018
|
Map
of Western Kurdistan
|
Capital:
Al-Qamishli (Qamişlo)
(Ayn-Issa 2018-2019)
|
Population:
4.5 million (2018)
|
Armed Forces: 60,000 (2015)
(People's Protection Units, from
2015 the main component of
Syrian Democratic Forces)
|
Interim
Constitution
(Social
Contract)
(28 Dec 2016)
----------------------------------
Former
Charter
(29 Jan 2014-28 Dec 2016)
|
Ethnic groups: mainly Kurds and
Arabs, also Syriac (Assyrians)
|
12 Jul 2012
Kurdish Supreme Committee formed by
Kurdish parties and
organizations (inactive from Nov 2013).
1 Aug 2012
Syrian military
completes transfer to Kurdish control of half of
Al-Hasakah
governorate (including Al-Hasakah and Al-Qamishli)
and parts of Aleppo
governorate (Afrin and Ayn al-Arab [Kobanê]).
12 Nov 2013
Interim self-administration at
Western Kurdistan (Rojavayê
Kurdistanê) announced by a
component of the former Kurdish
Supreme Committee (not recognized by Syrian government or
Syrian
opposition).
29 Jan
2014
Cantons (from Jul 2017, Regions) of Cîzirê (Jazira),
Kobanê
(renamed Euphrates Jul 2017) and Efrîn
constituted to implement
the self-administration (these
entities and all the following
are not recognized by Syrian government or Syrian
opposition).
17 Mar 2016
Federal Democratic Rojava-Northern
Syria (Federaliya Demokratik A
Rojava - Bakure Suriya)
declared (the word "Rojava" is removed
28 Dec 2016) as part of "democratic federal
Syria."
18 Mar 2018
Turkey occupies the Afrin Region,
Kurdish forces withdraw.
6 Sep
2018
Renamed
Self-Administration in North and East Syria ("SANES");
incorporated new Regions of Deir ez-Zor (the city
itself under
Syrian government control), Manbij, Raqqa
(city taken by Kurds
on 17 Oct 2017) and Tabqa.
14/17 Oct 2019
Syrian government troops entered
western and northern part of the
Self-Administration controlled area, including Tabqa,
Manbij and
Kobane, to counter the Turkish advance of 9-17 Oct 2019.
Spokesman of Kurdish Supreme Committee
12 Jul 2012 - Nov
2013 Ehmed
Sileman
ENKS
Co-chairs of People's Council of Western
Kurdistan (in existence 2011-2016)
Nov 2013 - Jan 2014
Ebdelselam Ehmed
PYD
+ Sinem Mihemed (f)
PYD
Chief minister of Cîzirê Canton
21 Jan 2014 - Jul 2016
Ekrem
Hisso
(b.
1973)
PYD
Chief minister of Kobanê Canton
27 Jan 2014 - Jul 2016
Enver
Mislim
PYD
Chief minister of Efrîn Canton
29 Jan 2014 - Jul
2016 Hevi Ibrahim
Mistefa (f)
(b.
1951)
PYD
Co-chairs of Organizing Committee of North
Syria
17 Mar 2016 - 6 Sep 2018 Hediya Yusif
(f)
(b. 1954)
PYD
+ Mansur Selum
Co-chairs of Executive Council of North and
East Syria
6 Sep 2018 -
Berivan Xalid (f)
(b. 1988)
PYD
+ Abdul Hamid Mahbash
(b. 1973)
FSP
Party abbreviation: ENKS
= Encumena Nistimani ya Kurdi li Suriye (Kurdish National
Council, coalition of about 15 center-right Kurdish
parties, est.2011); FSP
= Future Syria Party (PYD allied, est.2018); PYD
= Partiya Yekitiya Demokrat (Democratic Union Party,
Kurdish socialist, autonomist, banned to 2012,
est.2003)
Aleppo
-
- 1 Dec 1920 - 1 Jan 1925
|
1516
Part of the Ottoman Empire (part of Damascus to 1534).
1534
Aleppo Eyalet (Eyalet-i
Haleb).
1864
Vilayet of Aleppo (Vilayet-i
Halep).
25 Oct
1918
Allied forces occupy Aleppo.
1 Sep 1920
Government of Aleppo (Gouvernement d'Alep;
also in official
use: État d'Alep
[State of Aleppo]).
28 Jun 1922 - 1 Jan 1925 Part of
Federation of Syrian States.
28 Jun
1922
State of Aleppo (Dawlat Halab = État d'Alep).
1 Jan 1925
Unification with Damascus as
State of Syria.
Sanjak Beys of Halab (Aleppo)
1516 -
1521
Ahmed Bey
1521
Kasim Bey
1521 -
1523
Ibrahim Pasha oglu Isa Bey
(1st time)
1523 - 1526
....
1526 -
1527
Ibrahim Pasha oglu Isa Bey
(2nd time)
1527 -
1531
Huseyin Bey (1st time)
1531 -
1534
Husrev Bey
1534 -
1535
Muhammad Bey
1535 -
1539
Huseyin Bey (2nd time)
1539 -
1540
Musa Bey
1540
Uzun Süleyman
1540 -
1543
Huseyin Bey (3rd time)
1543 -
1545
Mustafa Bey
1545 -
1547
Sinan Bey bin Abdullah
1547 - 1549
Ibrahim
Bey
Beylerbeys
1549 -
1550
Osman Pasha
1550 -
1553
Dukaginzade Mehmed Pasha
(d. 1557)
1554
Hizir Pasha
1554
Piri Pasha
1554 -
1557
Kubad Pasha
1557 -
1558
Ferhad Pasha
1558 - 15..
Haydar Pasha
15.. -
1563
Ali Pasha
1563
Mustafa Pasha (1st time)
1563 -
1564
Hizir Pasha
1564 -
1565
Mustafa Pasha (2nd time)
1565 -
1566
Ali Pasha
1566 - 1567
Sal Mahmud Pasha
Dec 1567 -
1568
Iskender Pasha
1568 -
1570
Derwish Pasha
1570 -
1571
Mehmed Pasha (1st time)
1571 -
1572
Kasim Pasha ben Hizir
1572 -
1573
Hasan Pasha ben Hizir
1573 -
1575
... (son of Mustafa Pasha)
1575 -
1576
Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)
1576
Mahmud Pasha
1576 -
1577
Ali Pasha
1580 -
1581
Behram Pasha
bf.1580
Nishanji Mehmed Pasha
1581 - 1582
Ahmed Pasha
c.1583
Behram Pasha
Mar 1582 -
1583
Kara Uveis Pasha
1583 -
1584
Hasan Pasha (1st time)
1584
Murad Pasha
1584
Hasan Pasha (2nd time)
1585
Ridwan Pasha
1585 -
1586
Okçuzade Mehmed Pasha
1586 -
1587
Hasan Aga
1588 - 158.
Ali Pasha
158. - 158.
Mehmedpashazade Hasan Pasha
1591/92 -
1592/93
Bostanci Ali Pasha
1592/93
Hadim Osman Pasha
1593
Öküz Mehmed Pasha
1593/94
Haydar Pasha
1593/94 -
1595/96
Mahmud Pasha
1595/96
Kuyucu Murad Pasha
1596 - 1599
Ahmed Pasha bin Mahmud Beg al-Jundi (d. 1599)
bf.1598
Ali Pasha
1596/97
Kurd Mehmed Pasha
1597/98
Raziya Hatunzade Mustafa Pasha
af.1598
Dalgiç
Ahmed Pasha
Walis (Governors)
1599 -
1600
El Haj Ibrahim Pasha
1600 -
1601
Ali Pasha
1601
Beshir Pasha
1601
Sherif Pasha
1601 -
1602
Hasan Pasha
1602 -
1603
Nasuh Pasha
1603/4 -
1605
Canbulatoglu Huseyin Pasha
1605 - 1606
Canbuladoğlu Ali
Pasha
(d. 1610)
7 Jan 1606 - 1606?
Shems Pasha
Mar 1606 - May
1606? Kaçar Mehmed
Pasha
1606 - 1607
Deli Ferhad Pasha
10 Oct 1607 -
1608
Dizlink Huseyin Pasha
1608
Emin Mehmed Pasha
(d. 1611)
1608 -
1609
Yusuf Pasha
1609 -
1610
Kücük Pasha
1610 -
1613
Mahmud Pasha
1613 - 1618?
Ekmekci-zade Ahmed Pasha
1618
Ferhad Pasha
1618 - 1619
Abaza Mehmed Pasha
24 Dec 1619 -
1620
Ökuz Mehmed Pasha
4 Dec 1620 - 162.
Yusuf Pasha
23 Jul 1622 -
162.
Tayyar Mehmed Pasha
1623 - 162.
Hamidli Mustafa Pasha
(d. 1624/25)
162. -
1624?
Murad Pasha
1625 - 1625/26?
Mustafa Pasha
1625/26? -
1631
Nogay Murtaza Pasha
3 Oct 1631 - 1632
Suleyman Pasha
1632 - 27 Dec
1633
Nogay Pasha
Dec 1633 -
1636
Silihtar Ahmed Pasha
23 Oct 1636 - Oct 1637
Hasan Pasha
Oct 1637 - 1641?
Kurshuncu Mehmed Pasha
11 Nov 1641 - 1642?
Nasuh Pasha oglu Huseyin Pasha
1642 -
1643?
Boynuegri Durak Mehmed Pasha
1643
Çiftelerli Osman Pasha
(d. 1647)
1643 - 1644
Siyawush Pasha
17 Jul 1644 - 1644
Haydar
Agazade Mehmed Pasha
1 Aug 1644 - 1644
Ibrahim Pasha
9 Oct 1644 - 1645
Dervish
Mehmed Pasha
Oct 1645 - 1645
Gürcu Mehmed Pasha
19 Dec 1645 - 1647
Ibrahim Pasha
21 Oct 1647 - 1647
Mehmed Pasha
1647 -
1648
Acem Hasan Pasha
Jan 1648 - Aug 1648
Debbag Ahmed Pasha
1648 - 16..
Vesir Ibshir Mustafa Pasha
(1st time)
1651
Firari Kara Mustafa Pasha (1st time)
1653 -
165.
Firari Kara Mustafa Pasha (2nd time)
165. -
1654
Vesir Ibshir Mustafa Pasha
(2nd time)
1654
Tayyarzade Mustafa Pasha
1655
Kara Mustafa Pasha
1655
Seydi Ahmed Pasha
1655
Murtaza Pasha
1656 - 1657
Abaza Hasan
Pasha
(d. 1659)
(in opposition to 17 Feb 1659)
1657/58 -
1658/1659
Sökhte Mahmud Pasha
1658/59 -
1659
Konakci Ali Pasha
Aug/Sep 1659 -
1660 Khassiki
Mehmed Pasha
1660 -
1661
Mehmed Pasha
Jul 1661 - 166.
Ahmed Pasha
166. - 166.
Yusuf Pasha
Nov 1662 - Oct
1664 Gürcu
Mehmed Pasha
20 Oct 1664 - 166.
Sari Hüseyin
Pasha
1666 -
1667
Damad Hüseyin Pasha
1668 - 1669
Ibrahim Pasha
1669 -
1670
Silahdar Huseyin Pasha
Jan 1670 - 167.
Kiayia Pasha
Apr 1672 -
c.1672
Kaplan Mustafa Pasha
1674 - 167.
Ibrahim Pasha
1676 - 1678
Kara
Mehmed Pasha
1678 - 16..
Huseyin Pasha
1681 - 168.
Deli Ebûbekir Pasha
1682
Mahmud Pasha
1682 -
1683
Kara Bekir Pasha
1684
Mustafa Pasha
1684
Cerkes
Ahmed Pasha
1684
Tekfurdagli Bekri
Pasha
1684 - Dec 1685
Seytan Ibrahim Pasha
(d. 1685)
1685
Arnavut Abdi Pasha
Dec 1685 - 1686
(Sarhosh) Bosnak Ahmed Pasha
1686
Abaza Siyavus Pasha
1686 - 1687
Hazinedar Hasan Pasha
1687
Yegen Osman Pasha
1687
Hazinedar Hasan
1687 - 1688
Yegen Osman
1688 - 1689
Arap Receb Pasha
1689 - 1690/91
Arnavut Koca Halil Pasha
1691
Topal Huseyin Pasha
1692
Büyük Çafer
(1st time)
1694
Dursun Mehmed Pasha
1695
Büyük Çafer
(2nd time)
1696
Cerkes Osman Pasha
1696/1697
Kanicali Osman
1697
Morali
Hasan Pasha
1698
Eyüplu Hasan Pasha
1699
Beyzade Ali
Pasha
1700 - 170.
Cerkes Mehmed Pasha (1st time)
1702 - 170.
Cetrefiloglu Yusuf Pasha
1702/03
Arap Ömer Pasha
1703
Çorlulu Ali Pasha
1703 -
1704
Cerkes Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)
Mar 1704 - Dec
1704? Hacikiran
Hasan Pasha
Dec 1704 -
1705/6
Abaza Süleyman Pasha
Jan 1705 - 1705/06
Silahtar Sül
Pasha
1705/06 - 1707
Damad Ibrahim Pasha
May 1707 - Jan
1709? Arnavut Abdi
Pasha
1709 -
1710
Baltaci Mehmed
Pasha
(b. 1660 - d. 1712)
Oct 1710 - 171.
Damad Ibrahim Pasha
end 1711 - 1712?
Kethüda Ismail Pasha
1712 -
1713
Cerkes Mehmed Pasha
1713 -
1714
Topal Yusuf Pasha
1714 - Dec 1714
Asci Ibrahim Pasha
1715
Divrikli Abdullah Pasha
1715 -
1716?
Koca Mustafa Pasha
1716
Maktulzade Ali Pasha
Dec 1716 - Mar
1717 Asci
Ibrahim Pasha
Mar/Apr 1717 -
1717 Cerkes
Mehmed Pasha
1717 - 1719
....
Jan/Feb 1719 - 1719?
Arnavut Recep Pasha (1st
time)
1719 - 1719/20
Morali Ali
Pasha
(d. 1735)
1720
Arifi
Ahmed Pasha
1720 -
1721
Hasanoglu Ahmed Pasha
1721 - 1724?
Arnavut Recep Pasha
(2nd time)
c.Sep 1724
Kürt Ibrahim Pasha
1724 –
1725
Hekimoglu Ali Pasha (1st time)
(b. 1689 - d. 1758)
Oct 1725 - Jan 1727
Bosnak Mehmed Pasha
Jan 1727 - 1728
Arifi Ahmed Pasha
1728/29 -
1730/31?
Genç Ali Pasha
1730/31
Kabakulak
Ibrahim Pasha
22 Jan 1731 - Mar 1733
Silahtar Mehmed Pasha
1731/2 - Oct
1732
Arifi Ahmed Pasha
(d. 1732)
1733/34
Aydinli Abdullah Pasha
1734 -
1735
Hasanoglu Ahmed Pasha (2nd time)
1736/7 -
1737/38
Silahtar Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)
1737/38 -
1740?
Uthman Pasha?
c.1740
Kazikçi(?) Hüseyin Pasha
Jun 1740 - 1743
Ya'kub Pasha
1744 - Apr 1745
Sehla Ahmed Pasha (1st time)
(d. 1753)
Sep 1745 –
174.
Hekimoglu Ali Pasha (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Dec 1745 - Nov/Dec 1746 Sehla Ahmed
Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
1747
Sehla Ahmed
Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
Jun 1747 - 1747
Kazikçi Hüseyin Pasha
1747 -
17..
Kur Vesir Pasha
1750 -
1751
Ismail Pasha
Dec 1750 - 1751
Azmzade
Sa'deddin Pasha
(d. 1762)
Sep/Oct 1751 - Jun? 1752 Seyyid Emir
Ahmed Pasha
1752
Sari Abdurrahman Pasha
(d. 1752)
1752 - Feb 1753?
Sehla Ahmed Pasha (4th time)
(s.a.)
27 Jul 1755 –
1756
Koca Mehmed Raghib Pasha
(d. 1763)
Mar/Apr 1757 - 1757
Haci Ali Zishtovili Pasha
Aug/Sep 1757-Oct/Nov 1757 Ceteci Abdullah
Pasha
Apr 1758 - Jul
1758
Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha
Jun 1759 - Jan 1760
Kücük/Sinek Mustafa
Pasha
Jan 1760 - Mar 1760
Boynuegri Abdullah Pasha
(d. 1760)
1760 - Dec 1761
Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha
1762
Abdullah Pasha al-Farari
1763
Kusta Mustafa Bakir Pasha
Dec 1763 -
1764
Azmzade Mehmed Pasha
Apr 1764 - 176.
Köprülüzade Hafiz Ahmed Pasha
Apr 1765 - 1765
Melek Ahmed Pasha
1765
Sunbatzade Mehmed Pasha
1765 –
1767
Ahmed Pasha
1767
Mehmed Pasha
1767
Kul Ahmed Pashazade Ali Pasha
Apr 1767 -
1768
Silahdar Hamza Pasha
Mar 1768 - Jul 1768
Yaglikçizade Emin Mehmed Pasha
1768/69 - May 1769?
Halebli Recep Pasha
1769
Topal Osmanzade
Mehmed Pasha
Dec 1769 - Apr 1770?
Asaf Mehmed Pasha
1770 - 1771
Abdarrahman Pasha
177.
Çatalcali Ali
Pasha
Mar 1773 - Jul 1774
Uthman Pasha al Wakil?
1774 -
1775
Ibrahim Pashazade Mehmed Pasha
1775
Osman Pashazâde Mehmed Pasha
1775 - Dec 1775
Ali Pasha
1776 – Jun
1778?
Ahmed Izzet Pasha (1st time)
1778 -
1779?
Asaf Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)
c.1778
Çerkes Hasan Pasha
1779 -
1780
Ahmed Izzet Pasha (2nd time)
1780 - Mar
1781
Koca Abdi Pasha
Mar 1781 - 178.
Azmzade Yusuf Pasha
178. - 178.
Çelik Mustafa Pasha
1781 –
178.
Osman Pasha
1782
Hazinedar Sahin Ali Pasha (1st time)
Dec 1782 -
1783
Seyyid Mustafa Pasha
1784
Ohrili Ahmed Pasha
Jun/Jul 1784 -
1785 Keki Abdi
Pasha (1st time)
(d. 1789)
(de facto to 1784)
1784 -
1785
Muhammad Taha Zadah
+ Genj Ahmad Hummusa
(de facto)
13 Feb 1785 - 30 Mar 1785 Hazinedar Sahin
Ali Pasha (2nd time)
1785
Abdülcelilzade Süleyman Pasha
1785
Haci Mustafa Pasha
1786 –
178.
Hüseyin Battal Pasha
1787
Uthman Pasha (did not take office)
1787 - 1789
Mikdad Ahmed Pasha
1789 - Mar/Apr 1789
Keki Abdi Pasha (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1790? - 179.
Apci Ibrahim Pasha
179. –
1791
Bayrakli Kusa Mustafa Pasha
1791
Süleyman Fayzi Pasha (1st time) (d. 1794)
1792
Qilici Osman Pasha
1792
Osman Pasha
1792
Ibrahim Aga Kara Agazi
1793 –
1794
Süleyman Fayzi Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
1794 – 1795
Abdullah
Pasha al-Azm
(d. 1810)
1795/6 - 1797?
Mîrialem Ebu Bekir Pasha
1797
Ellüki Hasan Pasha
end 1797 - 1798?
Tashrali Mustafa Pasha
1798 -
....
Sherif Mehmed Pasha
1800/01 - 180.
Azmzâde Nasuh Pasha
(d. 1814)
1801/02 - 1803/04
Kataragasi Ibrahim Pasha (1st time)
180. -
1804
Ibrahim Pasha Qattar Agisi
1804 -
1805
Yasin Agha
+ Hasan bin al-Khallas
1805 –
180.
Alaeddin Pasha
180. -
c.1806
Müftizâde Ahmed Pasha
1807 - 1808
Kataragasi Ibrahim Pasha (2nd time)
1808 –
1809
Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin
Pasha
(d. 1819)
1811/12 -
1813
Shemli Raghib Mehmed Pasha
Jan 1813 -
1816
Capan-odjlu Celaleddin Mehmed Pasha
1816 - 181.
Laz Ahmed Pasha
1817 - 1818
Müftizade
Ahmed Pasha
1818 -
1820
Hurshid Ahmed Pasha
1820/21 - 1822
Beylanli Mustafa Pasha
1822 - Feb
1823
Behram Mehmed Pasha
Feb 1823 - Apr
1823 Seyyid
Hasan Riza Pasha
May/Jun 1823 - 1824?
Beylanli Mehmed Pasha
1824 – 1826/27
Mehmed Wahid Pasha
1826/27 - Aug
1827? Yusuf
Muhlis Pasha
Aug 1827 - 1828
Mehemet Emin Rauf Pasha
Aug 1828 - 1828/29
Behram Mehmed
Pasha
1828/29 -
1829/30?
Ispartali Ibrahim Pasha
1829/30 -
1830?
Ahmed Bey
1830 – 1830/31
Trabzonlu Ali Pasha
1830/31 - Nov 1831?
Bendereli Selim Mehmed Pasha
27 May 1832 - 10 Oct 1840 Ismail Bey -Egyptian
governor
Jul 1840 - Aug
1842 Ayasli
Esad Mehemet Muhlis Pasha
Aug 1842 - Jan
1845 Yozgatli
Mehemet Vecihi Pasha
Feb 1845 - Jun
1846
Dellalzade Osman Pasha
Jul 1846 - Aug
1848 Musrafa
Mazhar Pasha
(d. 1852)
Aug 1848 - Sep
1848 Halil
Kamil Pasha
Aug 1849 - Oct
1850 Mustafa
Zarif Pasha
(d. 1863)
Oct 1850 - Sep
1851 Kibrisli
Mehmed Pasha
(b. 1813 - d. 1865)
Sep 1851 - Nov
1852 Osman
Nuri Pasha
Nov 1852 - Dec
1854 Arnavut
Süleyman Pasha Re'fet (b.
1807 - d. 1864)
Jan 1855 - Dec
1855
Tepedenlizade Ismail Rahmi Pasha
Dec 1855 - Jan
1857 Nasuhzade
Mehemet Hamdi Pasha
Jan 1857 - Aug
1857 Mustafa
Sherifi Pasha
Aug 1857 - Aug
1858 Mühendis
Mehmed Kamil Pasha
Aug 1858 - May
1860
Bostançibashizade Mehemet Reshid (d.
1876)
Pasha
May 1860 - Dec
1860
Sehsuvarzade Ismail Hakki Pasha
Dec 1860 - Feb
1863
Ramazanoglu Mehemet Ismet Pasha
Feb 1863 - Jan
1866 Mustafa
Süreyya Pasha (1st time) (b. 1825 - d. 1879)
Jan 1866 - Feb
1868 Ahmed
Çevdet Pasha
(b. 1822 – d. 1895)
May 1868 – Jan
1869 Rashid
Nashid Pasha
Jan 1869 - Jan
1872 Lofçali
Ibrahim Dervish Pasha (b. 1822 - d.
1896)
Jan 1872 - Jun
1872 Mustafa
Süreyya Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
Jun 1872 - May
1873 Haci Ali
Pasha Kütahyali
May 1873 - Jun
1874 Babanli
Ahmed Pasha
Dec 1874 - Mar
1875 Hasan
Samih Pasha
Mar 1875 – Jun
1876 Sakizli
Esad Muhlis
Pasha
(d. 1876)
Jun 1876 - Feb
1878 Kartalli
Mehmed Emin Pasha (b.
1840 - d. 1892)
Feb 1878 - Mar
1879 Kibrizli
Mehemet Kamil Pasha (b. 1832 - d.
1913)
Mar 1879 - Sep
1879 Abdullah
Ghâlib
Pasha
(b. 1829 – d. 1905)
Sep 1879 - Jan
1881 Ingiliz
Mehemet Said Pasha (b. 1830
- d. 1896)
Jan 1881 - Dec
1886 Çemil
Huseyin Pasha
(d. 1890)
Dec 1886 - Oct
1887 Topal
Osman Nuri Pasha (1st time)
Oct 1887 - Mar
1890 Hasan
Haqqi Pasha (1st
time) (b. 1826 - d.
1896)
Mar 1890 - Dec
1892
Yenisehirli Arif Pasha
Dec 1892 - Jun 1894
Topal Osman Nuri Pasha (2nd time)
Jun 1894 – Nov
1895 Hasan
Haqqi Pasha (2nd
time) (s.a.)
Nov 1895 - Jan 1896
Mustafa Zihni
Pasha
(b. 1838 - d. 1912)
Jan 1896 - Jul
1900 Köseraif
Mehemet Raif Pasha
(b. 1836 - d. 1911)
Jul 1900 - Sep
1902 Enis
Pasha
Sep 1902 – Aug
1904 Mecid
Efendi (acting)
Aug 1904 – Aug 1905
Osman Kazim
Pasha
Aug 1905 - Sep 1906
Mehemet Nazim Pasha
(b.
1870 - d. 1926)
Sep 1908 - Sep 1909
Ahmed Reshid Pasha
(b. 1870 - d. 1955)
Sep 1909 - Aug
1910 Fahri
Pasha
Aug 1910 - Jul
1911 Kadri Huseyin
Kazim Bey (b.
1870 - d. 1934)
Jul 1911 - Jun 1912
Ali Mazhar Bey
Jun 1912 - Aug 1912
Ali Galib Bey
(b. 1849
- d. 1919)
Aug 1912 – Dec 1912
Mustafa Vefiq Pasha
(b. 18.. - d. 1912)
Jan 1913 - Jun
1913 Ali Münif
Bey
(b. 1874 - d. 1951)
Jul 1913 - Jun
1915 Mehemet
Celal
Bey
(b. 1863 - d. 1926)
Oct 1915 - Apr 1917
Renda Mustafa
Abdulhalik Bey (b. 1881 - d.
1957)
(1st time)
Apr 1917 - Apr
1918 Tevfik
Bey
Jun 1918 - Sep
1918 Bayindir
Mustafa Atif Bey (b.
1883 - d. 1977)
Sep 1918 - Oct 1918
Renda Mustafa Abdulhalik
Bey (s.a.)
(2nd time)
Governors General of the State of Aleppo
4 Oct 1920 - 5 Mar
1923 Muhammad Kamil Basha
al-Kudsi (b. 1845 - d.
1926)
(Kamil Pasha al-Qudsi)
5 Mar 1923 - 17 Jan 1924 Mustafa Bey
Barmada
(b. 1883 – d. 1953)
18 Jan 1924 - 1 Jan 1925 Mar'i Basha
al-Mallah
(b. 1856 – d. 1930)
French Delegates of the High Commissioner
1920 -
1922
Marie Clément Maurice de Lamothe (b. 1866 - d.
1929) Mil
1922 - 1924
Gaston Henri Gustave Billotte
(b. 1875 – d. 1940)
Mil
1925
Jacques Reclus
(b. 1879 - d. 1960)
Zor (Deir ez-Zor)
1516
Part of the Ottoman Empire.
1832 - 1840
Egyptian occupation (as part of
Aleppo).
1864
Sanjak
of Zor (Deyr-i-Zor sancağı) at
Deir Ez-Zor as a
district (kaymakam) of Aleppo.
1877/78
Zor sanjak
split from Aleppo, directly dependent on
Istanbul.
6 Nov 1918
Ottoman
administration departs.
6 Nov 1918 - 1 Dec
1918 Under local administration.
1 Dec 1918
Part of Syria.
11 Jan 1919 - 27 Dec 1919 Occupied by
British forces from Iraq.
24 Jul 1920 - 23 Nov 1920 Under local
administration.
6 Nov 1921
ez-Zor, Raqqa, and Hasakah annexed to the Government
of Aleppo
(follows Aleppo from this era).
Kaymakam (district administrator)
1864 - 1865 (6 months)
Omar Pasha
1865 -
1866
Khalil Bey
1866 (6
months)
Ahmed
Helmy Effendi
1866 - 1868
Osman Effendi
1868
Hosni Pasha
1868 - 1871
Arslan Pasha
1871 - 1874
Omar Pash
1874 -
1876
Qasim Pasha
1876 -
1877
Hussein Pasha al-Halabi
Mutesarrifs
1877 - 1879
Ali Pasha al-Sharif
1879 - 1881
Hassan Pasha al-Fariq
1881 - 1883
Muhammad Rashid Pasha
1883
Yusef Tala Pasha
1883 - 1885
Ibrahim Pasha
1885 - 1889
Ahmed Tawfiq Pasha
1889
Hafez Pasha
1889 - 1893
Salih Pasha
1893
Mustafa
Rifki Pasha
1893 - 1897
Ismail Zuhdi Bey
1897 - 1900
Ahmed Shukri Pasha
1900 - 1902
Ahmed Rashid Pasha
1902 - 1903
Hussein Muharram Bey
1903 - 1908
Rashid Pasha
1908 - 1910
Jamal Bey
1910 - 1912
Jalal Bey
1912 - 1916
Ali
Saeaduh Bey
1916 - 1917
Zkai Bey
1917 - 1918
Abdul Qadir Bey
1918 - 6 Nov 1918
Hilmi Bey
Mayor
6 Nov 1918 - 1 Dec 1918 Haji
Fadel Abboud al-Hassan
(b. 1872 - d. 1936)
(1st time)
24 Jul 1920 - 23 Nov 1920 Haji Fadel
Abboud al-Hassan
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
Damascus
-
- 1 Dec 1920 - 28 Jun 1922
|
1 Dec
1920
State of Damascus (Dawlat
Dimashq = État de Damas).
28 Jun 1922
Incorporated into Syria.
Governor of the State of Damascus
20 Dec 1920 - 28 Jun 1922 Haqqi Bey bin
Abdul Qadir al-Azm (b. 1864 - d. 1955)
Delegates of the High Commissioner
Aug 1920 - Dec 1922
Georges Albert Julien
Catroux (b. 1877 - d.
1969) Mil
Dec 1922 - Dec 1924
Ernest Marie Hubert
Schoeffler (b. 1877 - d. 1952)
Alawite
Territory (Latakia)
-
- 1 Sep 1920 - 5 Dec 1936
|
-
- Variant
|
1 Sep
1920
Territory of Alawites (Bilad al-'Alawiyyun =
Territoire des
Alaouites).
28 Jun 1922 - 1 Jan 1925 Part of
the Federation of Syrian States.
12 Jul
1922
Renamed
State of Alawites (Dawlat al-'Alawiyyun =
État des
Alaouites).
1 Jan
1925
Constituted an independent state.
14 May
1930
Latakia (al-Ladhiqiyya = Lattaquié),
an autonomous state.
5
Dec
1936
Incorporated into Syria.
4 Feb
1937
Delegate of the High Commissioner in
Latakia ceased to exercise
the functions of Governor of Latakia (retroactively
effective
from 11 Jan 1937).
Administrators
3 Nov 1918 - 1919
Minault
1919 - Sep 1920
de la Roche
Administrators of the
Territory of Alawites
20 Sep 1920 - 20? Sep 1921 Marie
Joseph Émile Niéger
(b. 1874 - d. 1951) Mil
20? Sep 1921 - 12 Jul 1922 Gaston Henri
Gustave Billotte (b. 1875 - d.
1940) Mil
Governors of the State of Alawites
12 Jul 1922 - Nov 1922 Gaston
Henri Gustave Billotte (s.a.)
Mil
17 Nov 1922 - Jan 1923 Desclaux
(acting)
1 Jan 1923 - 16 Jul
1925 Léon Henri Charles Cayla
(b. 1881 - d. 1965)
4 May 1923 - Sep 1923
René Victor Eugène Fauconnier
(b. 1877 - d. 1925)
(acting for Cayla)
Jan 1925 - 16 Jul 1925 Privat-Antoine
Aubouard (b.
1874 - d. 1934) Mil
(acting for Cayla)
16 Jul 1925 - 4 Feb 1937 Ernest
Marie Hubert Schoeffler (b. 1877
- d. 1952)
17 Jun 1932 - Sep 1932 Pierre
Lafond
(acting for Schoeffler)
Delegates of the High Commissioner
4 Feb 1937 - Oct 1938
Eugène Paul Aimé Joseph
Cahour (b. 1885 - d. 1954)
1 Oct 1938 - Dec 1939
Pierre Bart
(b. 1889 - d. 1964)
7 Dec 1939 - Dec 1940
François Malartre, comte romain
(b. 1865 - d. 1951)
10 Dec 1940 - Oct 1941 Jean
Janvier Vital Jourdan
27 Oct 1941 - Oct 1942 Raoul
Charles Magrin-Vernerey
(b. 1892 - d. 1964) Mil
25 Oct 1942 - 1945
Robert Léonce Marcel des Essars
(b. 1898 - d. 1967) Mil
Alexandretta (Hatay): see under Turkey
Great Lebanon: see Lebanon
Jebel
Druze
-
- May 1921 - 1924 State Flag
|
-
- 1924 - 2 Dec 1936 State Flag
|
-
- 1921 - 2 Dec 1936 Civil Flag
|
1 May
1921
Autonomous
24 Oct
1922
Jebel Druze (Jabal
al-Duruz = Djébel Druze) organized
as a
self-governing territory.
2 Dec
1936
Incorporated into Syria.
Governors
1 May 1921 - 15 Sep
1923 Amir Salim Basha bin Ismali
(b. 18.. - d. 1923)
al-Atrash
Jan 1923 - Jul 1923
Trenga (acting for al-Atrash)
(b. 1881 - d. 1971)
(French adviser May 1921 - Jul 1923)
Sep 1923 - 6 Mar 1924
Trenga (interim)
(s.a.)
6 Mar 1924 - 14 Oct 1925
Gabriel Marie Victor
Carbillet (b. 1884 - d. 1940)
(interim to 1 Oct 1924)
28 May 1925 - 6 Jul 1925 Antoine
Raynaud
(acting for Carbillet)
6 Jul 1925 - 14 Oct 1925
Tommy Martin (acting for Carbillet)
18 Jul 1925 - 1 Jun 1927 Amir
Sultan Basha bin Badhuqan (b. 1885 -
d. 1982)
al-Atrash
(Head of the State of Syria Sep 1925 - 1927, in
rebellion)
14 Oct 1925 -
1927
Charles Andréa
(b. 1871 - d. 1954)
1927
Marie Joseph Léon Augustin Henry (b. 1870 -
d. 1942)
1927 -
1932
Abel Jean Ernest Clément-Grandcourt(b. 1873 - d.
1948) Mil
3 Feb 1932 - 28 Jan
1934 Claude Gabriel Renaud Massiet
(b. 1877 - d. 1947) Mil
1934 - Feb
1935
Justin Antoine Devicq
5 Feb 1935 - 4
Feb 1937 Pierre Joseph François Tarrit
(b. 1881 - d. 1965) Mil
1937 - 1941
Paul Bouvier
(b. 1885 - d. 1972)
1941
Raoul Charles
Magrin-Vernerey (b. 1892 - d.
1964) Mil
"Monclar"
1941 – Jul/Sep 1943
François Fernand Michel Olive dit (b. 1891 - d.
1949) Mil
Oliva-Roget
Prefects
1936 - 1937
Nasib al-Bakri
(b.
1888 - d. 1966)
1937 - 1938
Bahig al-Hatib (acting)
17 Feb 1938 - 1939
Hasan al-Atrash
(b. 1905 - d.
1977)
Golan
Heights (UNDOF)
29 Sep 1918
British
occupation of Quneitra (Kuneitra).
23 Dec
1920
Franco-British Convention places the bulk of
the Golan Heights
in the French Mandate of Syria.
22 Dec 1943
Golan Heights part of independent Syria.
20 Jul
1949
Israeli-Syrian armistice. Demilitarized zones in El Auja
on Israeli side and near Sea of Galilee are established
under UN
Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO)
protection.
21 Sep
1956
El Auja demilitarized zone occupied by Israel.
31 Aug 1964
Quneitra governorate
declared by splitting it from the Rif
Dimashq governorate by Syria (not fully effected).
9/10 Jun
1967
Israel occupies the entire Golan Heights.
6-8 Oct
1973
Partial Syrian re-occupation.
1 Jun
1974
United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)
established.
6 Jun
1974
Israeli forces withdraw from Quneitra.
14 Dec
1981
Golan Heights annexed by Israel
(not internationally recognized,
except by the U.S. from 25 Mar
2019).
Commanders of United Nations Disengagement
Observer Force (UNDOF)
3 Jun 1974 - 14 Dec
1974 Gonzalo Briceño Zevallos (Peru)
(b. 1923 - d. 2012)
(interim)
15 Dec 1974 - 21 Apr 1979 Johann "Hannes"
Philipp (Austria) (b. 1930 - d. 2024)
(officer in charge to 7 Jul 1975)
22 Apr 1979 - 25 Feb 1981 Günther G.
Greindl (Austria) (b.
1939)
(officer in charge to 30 Nov 1979)
28 Feb 1981 - 19 Feb 1982 Erkki Rainer
Kaira (Finland) (b. 1926 -
d. 1991)
19 Feb 1982 - 31 May 1982 Walter Schmitt
(Austria)
(acting)
1 Jun 1982 - 31 May 1985
Carl-Gustav Ståhl (Sweden)
(b. 1920 - d. 2016)
1 Jun 1985 - 31 May 1986
Johan Edvin Birger Gustav Hägglund (b. 1938)
(Finland)
31 May 1986 - 30 Jun 1986 William Allan
Douglas Yuill (Canada) (b. 1929 - d. 2016)
(acting)
1 Jul 1986 - 10 Sep 1988
Gustaf A. Welin (Swedish)
(b. 1930 - d. 2008)
10 Sep 1988 - Sep 1991
Adolf Radauer
(Austria)
(b. 1935 - d. 2017)
Sep 1991 - 30 Nov 1994
Roman Misztal (Poland)
(b. 1932 - d. 2017)
6 Jan 1995 - 31 May
1997 Johannes C. Kosters (Netherlands)
(b. 1940 - d. 2006)
1 Jun 1997 - 31 Aug
1998 David "Dave" Stapleton
(Ireland) (b. 1937 - d. 2016)
Sep 1998 - 30 Jun 2000
Hugh Cameron Ross (Canada)
(b. 1949)
1 Aug 2000 - 13 Aug
2003 Bo Lennart Wranker (Sweden)
(b. 1946)
13 Aug 2003 - 16 Jan 2004 Franciszek
Gągor
(Poland)
(b. 1951 - d. 2010)
16 Jan 2004 - 17 Jan 2007 Bala Nanda
Sharma
(Nepal)
(b. 1949)
23 Jan 2007 - 1 Mar 2010 Wolfgang
Jilke (Austria)
(b. 1949)
1 Mar 2010 - 13 Aug 2012 Natalio C.
Ecarma III (Philippines) (b. 1955)
14 Aug 2012 - 2 Jan 2015 Iqbal Singh
Singha (India) (b.
1956)
2 Jan 2015 - 8 Feb 2015
Anthony Hanlon (Ireland) (acting)
8 Feb 2015 - 7 Feb 2016 Purna
Chandra Thapa (Nepal)
(b. 1960)
7 Feb 2016 - 30 Sep 2017 Jai Shanker
Menon (India)
(b. 1959)
1 Oct 2017 - 13 Oct 2017 Mauri
Tapani Koskela (Finland) (b. 1960)
(acting)
13 Oct 2017 - 19 Apr 2019 Francis
Vib-Sanziri
(Ghana)
(b. 1957 - d. 2019)
20 Apr 2019 - 9 Jun 2019 Kuldip
Pattok (India)(acting)
9 Jun 2019 - 18 Oct
2019 Shivaram Kharel (Nepal) (acting)
(b. 1963)
18 Oct 2019 - 26 Jul 2020 Maureen O'Brien
(f)(Ireland)(acting) (b. 1965)
26 Jul 2020 - Jul 2022 Ishwar
Hamal (Nepal)
Jul 2022 - 15 Sep 2022 Anita Asmah
(f)(Ghana) (acting)
15 Sep 2022 -
Nirmal Kumar Thapa (Nepal)
© Ben Cahoon
|