Sint Eustatius 
 

1636 - 1810, From 1 Feb 1816

15 Dec 1959 - 16 Nov 2004

Adopted 16 Nov 2004

Map of Sint Eustatius	Hear National Anthem "Wilhelmous van Nassouwe" (William of Nassau)	Local Anthem "Gouden Rots" (The Golden Rock) Adopted 29 Jul 2004 (confirmed 8 Oct 2010)	Constitution (1815, 17 Feb 1983)
Capital: Oranjestad (Fort Oranje 1636-....)	Currency: US Dollar (USD); Netherlands Antillean Guilder (ANG)(1952-1 Jan 2011)	National Holiday: 27 Apr (1967) Koningsdag (King's Day) --------------------------------- Local Holiday: 16 Nov (1776) Sint Eustatius ("Statia") Day	Population: 3,348 (2018)
GDP: $108 million (2017)	Exports: $2.46 million (2017) Imports: $54.7 million (2017)	Ethnic groups: Dutch 78%, Latin American 14%, American/Canadian 3%, others 5% (2017)
Total Police Force: N/A Defense is the Responsibility of The Netherlands Merchant marine: N/A		Religions: Methodist 28.6%, Roman Catholic 23.7%, Seventh-Day Adventist 17.8%, Pentecostal 7.2%, Anglican 2.6%, other 5.2%, no religion 14.9% (2018)
International Organizations/Treaties: ACS (associate), AOSIS (observer), DLU, UPU

Sint Eustatius	Chronology 13 Nov 1493                Discovered and claimed for Spain by Columbus,                              later named Isla de Santa Anastasia. Aug 1629                   French claim brief occupation. 25 Apr 1636                Dutch colony (first named Nieuw Zeeland, the later                              Sint Eustatius). Apr 1640 - 17 Jan 1803     Saba a dependency of Sint Eustatius. 23 Jul 1665 - 17 Nov 1666  English occupation (Estazia). 17 Nov 1666 - mid 1668     French occupation.  4 Jul 1672 - Apr 1681     English occupation. 1682 - 16 Mar 1792         Dutch West India Company administration (with                              interruptions).  6 Apr 1689 - 28 Jul 1690  French occupation (Saint-Eustache). 28 Jul 1690 - Apr 1696     English occupation (Saint Eustace). Jul 1703                   Failed French privateer invasion. 25 Nov 1709 -  1 Dec 1709  French privateers occupation. 24 Jan 1713 - 27 Jan 1713  French privateer occupation.  3 Feb 1781 - 26 Nov 1781  British occupation. 26 Nov 1781 -  7 Feb 1784  French occupation (Saint-Eustache). 14 Apr 1795 - 21 Apr 1801  French occupation (Saint-Eustache).  21 Apr 1801 - 21 Nov 1802  British occupation.  9 Jul 1810                Annexed along with Holland by France (not effected). 21 Feb 1810 -  1 Feb 1816  British occupation.  1 Feb 1816                Dutch colony (restored). 1816 - 15 Jan 1821         Saba, Sint Maarten subordinated to Sint Eustatius. 15 Jan 1821 - 20 May 1828  Sint Eustatius a dependency of Sint Maarten. 15 Jan 1821 - 1848         Saba subordinated to Sint Eustatius. 20 May 1828 - 29 Oct 1845  Sint Eustatius, Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba,                               Sint Maarten and Dutch Guiana united as                               the Dutch West Indies; with the governor                              of Dutch Guiana as the governor-general                              (see Suriname). 29 Oct 1845                Suriname colony is separated from Curaçao and its                              dependencies. 27 Jan 1848                Islands united under the name of Curaçao and                              Dependencies (from 20 Sep 1948, renamed                              Netherlands Antilles, see under Curaçao). 20 Sep 1948                Netherlands Antilles a coequal part of Netherlands                              realm. 29 Dec 1954                Netherlands Antilles an autonomous part of                               the Netherlands. 1919 -  1 Apr 1983         Sint Eustatius subordinated to Sint Maarten, as part                              of Netherlands Windward Islands Territory                              (Eilandgebied de Bovenwindse Eilanden).  8 Apr 2005                Referendum supports remaining part the                              Netherlands Antilles by 76.6%. 12 Oct 2006                Agreement with The Netherlands on becoming a                               municipality of The Netherlands. 10 Oct 2010                Sint Eustatius a public body (openbaar lichaam) of                              The Netherlands. 17 Dec 2014                Referendum supports a "status aparte" as a separate                              entity within The Netherlands over remaining as                              as a special municipality 65.5% to 32.8% (but                              low turnout invalidates the result).  7 Feb 2018 -              Direct rule by the Netherlands.

Commanders
1635                       Pieter van Ree
25 Apr 1636 - 1639         Pieter van Corselles (Courcelles)
Feb 1639 - 1641            Pieter Gardijn
Jun 1641 - Aug 1643        Abraham Adriaensen (1st time)
Aug 1643 - 1645/47?        Pieter van de Woestijne
c.1648                     Abraham Adriaensen (2nd time)
c.1665                     Pieter Adriaensen (1st time)
Governors
Jul 1665 - Nov 1666        Thomas Edward Morgan               (b. c.1610 - d. 1665)
1665 - 1666?               Theodore Cary                      (b. 1624 - d. 1683) 
1666?                      William Brewer
Commanders
17 Nov 1666 - 1668         Rose (French commandant)
1668 - 1671                Pieter Adriaensen (2nd time)
Aug 1671 - Jun 1672        Lucas Jacobsen                     (d. 1686)
Jun 1672 - 1673            John Pogson (Pognon)               (d. 1686)
                             (English deputy governor)
1673                       Cornelis Evertsen, Jr.
1673                       Jacob Binckes                      (b. 1637 - d. 1677)
1674 - c.1680              Peter Batterie (Battery)
                             (English commander)
Apr 1682 -  6 Oct 1686     Louis Houtcooper (Houtkooper)      (d. 1686)
1686                       Johan Cuvilje (acting)
Dec 1686 -  6 Apr 1689     Lucas Schorer                      (b. 1657 - d. 1707?)
 6 Apr 1689 - 28 Jul 1690  Joseph d'Honon de Gallifet         (b. 16.. - d. 1706) 
                             (French commandant)
Governors
28 Jul 1690 - 1693         Sir Timothy Thornhill              (b. 1648? - d. 1693)
                             (English governor)
c.1693                     Jan Langmet
1693? - Apr? 1696          William Mussenden                  (b. 1642? - d. 1697)
Commanders (commandeurs)
1696                       Gilles Pietersz.
1696 - 10 Aug 1700         Johannes Salomonsz. (Salomonszoon) (b. 16.. - d. 1700)
10 Aug 1700 - 18 Jul 1701  Jan Simonsen Donker (1st time)     (b. 1654? - d. 1717)
                             (interim)
18 Jul 1701 - Jun 1704     Isaäc Lamont (1st time)            (d. 1709)
1704                       Johan Heyliger (1st time)(acting)  (d. 1736)
Nov 1704 - 15 Jul 1709     Jan Simonsen Donker (2nd time)     (s.a.)
15 Jul 1709 - 25 Nov 1709  Isaäc Lamont (2nd time)            (s.a.)
25 Nov 1709 -  1 Dec 1709  Philippe Plessis (French commander)
 1 Dec 1709 - Dec 1709     Isaäc Lamont (3nd time)            (s.a.)
Dec 1709 - 24 Jan 1713     Jan Simonsen Doncker (3rd time)    (s.a.)
24 Jan 1713 - 27 Jan 1713  Jean-Jacques Cassard               (b. 1679 - d. 1740)
                             (French commander)
27 Jan 1713 - 21 Aug 1717  Jan Simonsen Doncker (4th time)    (s.a.)
May 1717 - 14 Oct 1717     Gerard de Mepsche (acting)
14 Oct 1717 - 17 Nov 1719  Johan Heyliger (2nd time)(interim)
17 Nov 1719 -  3 Nov 1720  Jacob Stalpert (acting)            (d. 1720)
 3 Nov 1720 -  8 Nov 1721  Johan Heyliger (3rd time)(interim)
 8 Nov 1721 - 18 Dec 1722  Jan Stevensen (Jacobus Steevens)   (d. 1722)
Dec 1722 -  8 Jul 1728     Johan Lindesay (interim)
                             (Johannes Lindesaij)
 8 Jul 1728 - 10 Feb 1733  Everardt Raecx (Raedts)            (b. 1688 - d. 1733)
10 Feb 1733 - 10 Mar 1736  Johan Heyliger (4th time)
                             (interim to 27 Feb 1734)
10 Mar 1736 - 24 Jun 1737  Johan "Jan" Markoe, Jr. (interim)  (b. c.1687 - d. 1750)
24 Jun 1737 -  6 Jul 1740  Isaäc Faesch                       (b. 1687 - d. 1758)
 8 Jul 1740 - 20 Aug 1741  Hendrik Coesvelt
20 Aug 1741 - 22 Jun 1743  Jasper Ellis (interim)
22 Jun 1743 - 21 Nov 1752  Johan Heyliger Pzn.                (b. 1710 - d. 1752)
21 Nov 1752 - 19 Jan 1775  Jan de Windt, Jr.                  (b. 1717 - d. 1775)
                             (interim to 24 Sep 1753)
19 Jan 1775 - 1776         Abraham Heyliger (interim)         (b. 1711 - d. 1785)
29 Apr 1776 -  3 Feb 1781  Johannes de Graaff                 (b. 1729 - d. 1813)
1778 - 1780                Pieter Runnels
                             (acting for de Graaff)
Governors
 3 Feb 1781 -  3 May 1781  George Bridges Rodney              (b. 1718 - d. 1792)
 3 May 1781 - 31 May 1781  David Ogilvy (Ogilvie)             (b. 1723 - d. 1781)
31 May 1781 - 25 Nov 1781  Sir James Cockburn                 (b. 1729 - d. 1804)
                             (military governor to Jun 1781)
Jun 1781 - 25 Nov 1781     Stafford (U.K. military governor)
 6 Sep 1781 -  7 Feb 1784  Thomas de Fitz-Maurice             (b. 1725 - d. af.1789)
                             (French military commander)
25 Nov 1781 -  7 Feb 1784  Charles André Chabert              (b. c.1740 - d. 1797)
                             (French civil governor)
 7 Feb 1784 -  3 Feb 1785  Olivier Oyen (Oijen)(acting)
 3 Feb 1785 - 20 Nov 1785  Abraham Heyliger                   (s.a.)
1785 - 29 Jun 1789         Johannes Runnels (1st time)(acting)
29 Jun 1789 -  3 Jun 1792  Pieter Anthony Godin               (b. 1726 - d ....)
 3 Jun 1792 - 12 Jul 1795  Johannes Runnels (2nd time)(acting)
1795                       Cotten
                             (commissioner of the French Republic)
Captain-Commandant (kapitein-commandant)
12 Jul 1795 - 21 Apr 1801  Daniël Rhoda (Roda) 
Commandants
21 Apr 1801 - 1802         Richard Blunt                      (b. 1770 - d. 1859)
1802                       Sir John Wardlaw                   (b. 1775 - d. 1848)      
1802 - 21 Nov 1802         Daniël Roda (interim)
Governors (gouverneurs)
21 Nov 1802 - Jul? 1809    Albert van Heyningen, Jr.          (d. 1809)
Aug 1809 - 21 Feb 1810     William Charles Mussenden (acting) (b. 1752 - d. 18..)
21 Feb 1810 -  1 Feb 1816  Thomas Barrow
                             (commandant to Nov 1812)
1810 - 1811                Scott (acting for Barrow)
 1 Feb 1816 -  2 Jun 1817  Reinier 't Hoen (acting)           (b. 1765 - d. 18..)
 2 Jun 1817 - 18 Jan 1822  Abraham de Veer                    (b. 1767 - d. 1838)
18 Jan 1822 -  6 Mar 1823  Diederik Johannes van Romondt      (b. 1781 - d. 1849)
                             (acting)
 6 Mar 1823 - Mar 1828     Willem Albert van Spengler         (b. 1770 - d. 1831)
Mar 1828 -  1 Apr 1828     Thomas Peter Richardson (interim)
Commander (commandeur)
 1 Apr 1828 - 20 Nov 1833  Willem Johan Leendert van Raders   (b. 1792 - d. 1836)
Lieutenant governors (gezaghebbers)
20 Nov 1833 - 11 Jan 1836  Willem Johan Leendert van Raders   (s.a.)
11 Jan 1836 - 15 Jul 1837  Theophilus George Groebe (interim) (b. 178. - d. 18..)
15 Jul 1837 -  5 May 1854  Johannes de Veer                   (b. 1789 - d. 1872)
 5 May 1854 - 1860         Willem Hendrik Johan van Idsinga   (b. 1822 - d. 1896)
26 Oct 1860 - 1870         Nicolaas Albertus Rost van         (b. 1819 - d. 1878)
                             Tonningen
15 Jun 1865 - 11 Jul 1866  Melville Wood Cruger               (b. 1803 - d. 1884)
                             (acting for Rost van Tonningen)
1870 -  1 Jan 1877         Melville Wood Cruger               (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1877 - 1885         Theophilus Georg Groebe (1st time) (b. 1838 - d. 1919)
16 Nov 1885 - 1888         Jacques Joseph Jonckheer           (b. 1851 - d. 1912)
1888 -  2 Jul 1894         Paul Faarup                        (b. 1853 - d. 1903)
1892 -  1 Jun 1893         Theophilus Georg Groebe (2nd time) (s.a.)
                             (acting for Faarup)
 6 Apr 1894 - 10 Jul 1894  Theophilus Georg Groebe (3rd time) (s.a.)
                             (acting [for Faarup to 2 Jul 1894])
10 Jul 1894 - Jan 1902     Abraham Jan Cornelis Brouwer       (b. 1858 - d. 1919)
                             (acting to 25 Oct 1894)
29 Jan 1902 - 21 Mar 1902  Theophilus Georg Groebe (4th time) (s.a.)
21 Mar 1902 - 12 Jul 1919  Gerrit Johan van Grol              (b. 1867 - d. 1950)
24 Mar 1906 - 28 Sep 1907  Theophilus Georg Groebe (5th time) (s.a.)
                             (acting for Grol)
17 Feb 1914 - 22 Sep 1914  Pieter Lourens Gorsira             (b. 1877 - d. 1949)
                             (acting for Grol)
Representatives of the Lieutenant governors (plaatsvervangend gezaghebber)
12 Jul 1919 - 11 Dec 1924  Benjamin Irving Mussenden          (b. 1893 - d. 1961)
                             (ontvanger [receiver of revenue] interim to 6 Jan 1920)
11 Dec 1924 -  1 Sep 1926  Rudolph Frederik Baaij (Baay)      (b. 1902 - d. 1982)
                             (ontvanger [receiver of revenue])
22 Apr 1925 -  4 Jul 1927  Eduard Douwes van Exel             (b. 1893 - d. 1984)
 4 Jul 1927 - 25 Jan 1930  Evert Stephanus Johannes Kruythoff (b. 1893 - d. 1967)
25 Jan 1930 - 22 Feb 1933  Xavier Henri Charles Marie Krugers (b. 1896 - d. 1986)
22 Feb 1933 - 23 Apr 1935  Arnoldus Marinus Schütte           (b. 1897 - d. 1960)
23 Apr 1935 -  5 Feb 1937  Antonie Jacobus van Werkhoven      (b. 1907 - d. 1989)
Vice-Lieutenant governors (onder-gezaghebber)
 5 Feb 1937 - 11 May 1939  Antonie Jacobus van Werkhoven      (s.a.)
11 May 1939 -  7 Sep 1943  Maria Michel Bernard Joseph Erens  (b. 1897 - d. 1970)
 7 Sep 1943 - 30 Jul 1949  Charles Ernest Wilfred Voges       (b. 1908 - d. 1973)
19 Aug 1946 - 23 Dec 1948  Walter Granville Buncamper         (b. 1908 - d. 1978)
                             (acting for Voges)
30 Jul 1949 - 13 Mar 1951  Amand Joseph Marie Poppe
Administrators (administrateur)
13 Mar 1951 - 18 Mar 1953  Amand Joseph Marie Poppe
18 Mar 1953 -  7 Aug 1956  C.M. Vlaun
 9 Mar 1956 -  7 Aug 1956  Pieter Abraham van den Heuvel
                             (1st time)(acting for Vlaun)
 7 Aug 1956 - 11 Aug 1957  Axel Herding (acting)
 9 Mar 1957 - 16 Oct 1957  Pieter Abraham van den Heuvel
                             (2nd time)(acting)
16 Oct 1957 - 15 Apr 1958  Carl Godfrey Buncamper (1st time)  (b. 1906 - d. 1989)
15 Apr 1958 - 19 Apr 1961  Reinier Oswald van Delden          (b. 1928 - d. 2011)
                             (1st time)  
16 Jun 1961 - 29 Jan 1962  Mario José Boekhoudt               (b. 1927)
29 Jan 1962 - 30 Sep 1962  Carl Godfrey Buncamper (2nd time)  (s.a.)
 1 Oct 1962 - 1964         Jannes van Faassen
1964 - 1966                Laurens Rosema (1st time)          (b. 1923 - d. 2015)
1966 - 1969                Jan Lens (1st time)                (b. 1919 - d. 1989)
1969                       Gerardus van der Wal (acting)
1969 - 1971                Jan Lens (2nd time)                (s.a.)
1971                       Laurens Rosema (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
1971                       Jan Lens (3rd time)                (s.a.)
Aug 1971 - Dec 1971        Wilfred Ernestor Fortin            (b. 1941 - d. 2023)
1971 - 1973                Carl D.M.P. Hassell
1973                       Jan Lens (4th time) (acting)       (s.a.)
1973 - 1974                Alberto A. Matthew
1974 - 1975                Jan Lens (5th time)                (s.a.)
 1 Oct 1975 - 26 Jan 1976  Charles Austin Woodley (1st time)  (b. 1924 - d. 1980)
                             (acting)
23 Jan 1976 - 23 Jul 1976  Reinier Oswald van Delden          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)  
23 Jul 1976 - 23 Aug 1976  Charles Austin Woodley (2nd time)  (s.a.)
                             (acting)
23 Aug 1976 - 1981         Oswald G. Bell
1981                       Cedrick C. Lijfrock (acting)
1981 - 1983                Vacquelin M.W. Connor
Lieutenant governors (gezaghebber)
 1 Apr 1983 - Nov 1983     Jan Lens (acting)                  (s.a.)
Nov 1983 -  1 Nov 1989     George R. Sleeswijk
 1 Nov 1989 -  1 Nov 1995  Irvin E. Temmer                    (b. 1948)
1996 -  1 Aug 1997         Etienne R. Locadia                 (b. 1950?)
 1 Aug 1997 -  1 Oct 1997  .... (acting)
 1 Oct 1997 -  1 Oct 2003  Eugène Robert Abdul                (b. 1949)
 1 Jan 2004 -  1 Jan 2010  Hyden C.I. Gittens                 (b. 1961)
 1 Jan 2010 -  1 Apr 2016  Gerald Berkel                      (b. 1969)
                             (acting to 1 Apr 2010)
 1 Apr 2016 -  7 Feb 2018  Julian Carlyle A. Woodley (acting) (b. 1952?)            DP-SE
Government commissioners (regeringscommissaris)
 7 Feb 2018 - 15 Feb 2020  Marcolino "Mike" Cerbinio          (b. 1959)             PAIS
                             Ferdinand Franco
15 Feb 2020 - 18 Apr 2021  Marnix Leonard Alexander van Rij   (b. 1960)             CDA
18 Apr 2021 -              Alida Francis (f)                  (b. 1965?)            Non-party
                             (acting to 22 Jun 2021)

Leaders of the government (unofficial post)
1951 - 1982                part of Windward Islands Council
                            (see under Sint Maarten)       
1982 - 1999                ....
1999 - 2003                Ingrid Whitfield-Houtman (f)                             SEA 
2007 - 2011                Julian Carlyle A. Woodley          (s.a.)                DP-SE
Deputy Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee of the Island Council
2011 - 2013                Reginald C. Zaandam                                      UPC
2013 - 13 Feb 2018         Reuben E. Merkman                                     UPC;8-2016 Ind
13 Feb 2018 - 30 Oct 2020  dissolved by Dutch government
30 Oct 2020 -              Rechelline Leerdam (f)                                   PLP