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Curaçao

[National flag of the Netherlands]
1634 - 1807, From 4 Mar 1816
[Netherlands Antilles flag, 1959-1986]
15 Dec 1959 - 29 Nov 1982
[Curaçao flag 1982-1984]
29 Nov 1982 - 2 Jul 1984
[Curaçao flag]
Adopted 2 Jul 1984
Map of Curaçao Hear National Anthem
"Wilhelmous van Nassouwe"
(William of Nassau)
Hear Local Anthem
"Himno di Kòrsou"/
"Volkslied van Curaçao"
(Anthem of Curaçao)
Adopted 26 Jul 1978 		Constitution
(10 Oct 2010; in Dutch)
Capital: Willemstad
(Fort Amsterdam 1634-c.1674;
Santa Ana 1539-1634) 		Currency: Caribbean Guilder (XCG); Netherlands
Antillean Guilder (ANG)
1848-31 Mar 2025
 		National Holiday: 27 Apr (1967)
Koningsdag (King's Day)
---------------------------------------
Local Holiday: 2 Jul (1984)
Curaçao Dag (Curaçao Day) 		Population: 153,289 (2024)
GDP: $4.14 billion (2022) Exports: $2.05 billion (2022)
Imports: $2.9 billion (2022) 		Ethnic groups: Curaçaoan 75.4%, Dutch 6%, Dominican 3.6%,
 Colombian 3%, Bonairean, Sint Eustatian, Saban 1.5%,
Haitian 1.2%, Surinamese 1.2%, Venezuelan 1.1%, Aruban 1.1%, other 5%, unspecified 0.9% (2011)
Total Police Force: N/A
Defense is the Responsibility of The Netherlands
Merchant marine: 57 ships (2023) 		Religions: Roman Catholic 72.8%, Pentecostal 6.6%,
Protestant 3.2%, Adventist 3%, Jehovah's Witness 2%,
Evangelical 1.9%, other 3.8%, none 6%, unspecified 0.6% (2011)
International Organizations/Treaties: ACS (associate), AOSIS (observer), Caricom (associate), DLU (cooperation), FATF, ILO, IMF, Interpol, ITUC, LAP, UNESCO (associate), UNWTO (associate), UPU, WCO, WMO, WTO (observer)
Curaçao
 Index
Chronology

26 Jul 1499                Sighted and claimed for Spain by Alonso de Ojeda,
                             named Isla de los Gigantes (Island of the Giants).
1502 - 1634                Part of Nueva Andalucía (from 1538, Nueva Granada)
                             as Captaincy of Curaçao (incl. Aruba and Bonaire).
28 Jul 1634                Dutch invasion begun under Johannes van Walbeeck.
21 Aug 1634                Dutch colony.
21 Aug 1634 - 16 Mar 1792  Under Dutch West India Company administration.
1647 -  8 Sep 1664         Part of New Netherland colony (see New York).
30 Jan 1648                Spain recognizes Dutch possession of Curaçao, Aruba
                             and Bonaire. 
13 Mar 1673                Unsuccessful assault on Curaçao by French Antilles
                             governor Jean-Charles de Baas-Castelmore.
18 Feb 1713 - 27 Feb 1713  French pirate occupation.
 4 Sep 1799 - 22 Sep 1799  French attempted invasion.
13 Sep 1800 - 13 Jan 1803  British occupation.
 1 Jan 1807 -  4 Mar 1816  British occupation.
20 May 1828 - 29 Oct 1845  Curaçao, Aruba, Bonaire, Saba, Sint Eustatius, 
                             Sint Maarten and Dutch Guiana united as 
                             the Dutch West Indies; with the governor
                             of Dutch Guiana as the governor-general
                             (see Suriname).
29 Oct 1845                Suriname colony is separated from Curaçao and its
                              dependencies.
27 Jan 1848                Islands united under the name of Curaçao and
                             Dependencies (from 20 Sep 1948, renamed
                             Netherlands Antilles).
 8-9 Jun 1929              Venezuelan rebel Rafael Simón Urbina López (b. 1897
                             - d 1950) raids Curaçao and seizes Fort Amsterdam
                             taking the Dutch governor hostage.
 1 Apr 1937                First Constitution of Curaçao (of 1936) enacted.
13 May 1940 - 11 Feb 1942  Allied forces (French to 6 Jul 1940, then U.K.)
                             garrison Curaçao.
11 Feb 1942 -  3 Dec 1945  U.S. forces garrison Curaçao.
20 Sep 1948                Netherlands Antilles a coequal part of Netherlands
                             realm.
29 Dec 1954                Netherlands Antilles an autonomous part of The
                             Netherlands Kingdom (by charter of 15 Dec 1954),
                             end of colonial status.
30 May 1969 - 31 May 1969  Trinta di Mei uprising in Curaçao.
 1 Jan 1986                Aruba a separate dependency.
19 Nov 1993                In referendum Curaçao votes to remain within 
                             the Netherlands Antilles.
 8 Apr 2005                Referendum supports "status aparte" as a
                             separate entity within The Netherlands by 68%.
 2 Nov 2006                Sint Maarten and Curaçao sign agreement with The
                             Netherlands on "status aparte"
28 Nov 2006                Curaçao island council rejects "status aparte"
                             agreement.
 9 Jul 2007                Curaçao island council accepts "status aparte"
                             agreement.
15 May 2009                Referendum supports "status aparte" as a separate
                             entity within The Netherlands 52%-48%%.
10 Oct 2010                Curaçao an autonomous country of The Netherlands,
                             Country of Curaçao (Land Curaçao/Pais Kòrsou).
Netherlands Antilles
(1848-2010)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Encomendero and Factors
17 Nov 1526 -  8 Feb 1533  Juan Martínez de Ampués (Ampiés)   (d. 1533)
c.1538                     Pedro de San Martin (steward)
1539 - Sep? 1540           Lázaro de Bejarano                 (b. 1501 - d. 1575)
 4 Jul 1541 - ....         Manuel Mendéz (solicitor)
16.. - 1634                Juan Mateo (alcalde)
16.. - 21 Aug 1634         Alonso Lope de López de Morla
16.. - 21 Aug 1634         Nuñez Melian (governor)
Directors
21 Aug 1634 - 1638         Johannes van Walbeeck              (b. 1602 - d. af.1649)
1638 - 1641                Jacob Pietersz. Tolck
Mar 1641 - Dec 1641        Jan Claesz. van Campen             (d. 1641)
1642                       Heyndrick Gerritszoon (acting)                
1642 -  8 Sep 1664         Petrus Stuyvesant                  (b. c.1612 - d. 1672)
                             (in New Netherlands from 1647)
1644 - 1655                Lucas Rodenburch (Rodenburg)       (b. 1620 – d. 1655)
                             (vice-director)
                             (acting for Stuyvesant to 1647)
1655 - Nov 1668            Matthias Beck                      (d. 1688)
                             (vice-director to 1664)
1668 - 1669                Willem Beck (1st time)(acting)    
14 Sep 1669 - 29 Dec 1669  Ludovicus Boudewijns van Berlicum  (d. 1669)
 29 Dec 1669 -  5 Aug 1670  Willem Beck (2nd time)(acting)   
 5 Aug 1670 - 27 Apr 1673  Dirck Otterinck                    (d. 1673)
 27 Apr 1673 - 22 Jun 1679  Jan Doncker                        (d. c.1713)
                             (acting to 29 Jun 1673)
24 Dec 1679 -  1 Sep 1682  Nicolaas van Liebergen
1682 - 20 Jan 1683         Apero van der Houven (Hoeve)
                             (2nd time)(acting)
20 Jan 1683 - 14 Nov 1685  Joan van Erpecum                   (d. 1685)
 1685                       Apero van der Houven (Hoeve)
                             (1st time)(acting)
1685 - 1686                Willebrord van Engelen (acting)
25 Oct 1686 - 11 Jul 1692  Willem Kerckrinck                  (b. 1644 - d. 1692)
18 Jul 1692 - 1694         Gualtenus Schagen                  (d. 1694)
                           + Bastiaan Bernagie                (b. 1663 - d. 1700)
                           (acting)
1694 - 19 Apr 1700         Bastiaan Bernagie                  (s.a.)
19 Apr 1700 -  8 Apr 1704  Nicolaas van Beek                  (b. 1666 - d. 1715?)
                              (acting to 24 May 1701)
19 Oct 1700 - 23 Jan 1701  Coenraed Burgh, heer van Kortenhoef(b. 1656 - d. 1701)
                             (died on way to Curaçao)
1704                       Jeremias van Collen (1st time)     (b. c.1675 - d. 1715)
                              (acting)
1704                       Gerard Luls (acting)
 28 Jul 1704 - 24 Nov 1708  Jacob Beck                         (b. 1665? - d. 1709)
 1708                       Jeremias van Collen (2nd time)     (s.a.)
                              (acting)
24 Nov 1708 - 31 Oct 1710  Abraham Beck                       (b. 1667 - d. 1710)
 31 Oct 1710 - 18 Jan 1715  Jeremias van Collen (3rd time)     (s.a.)
                             (acting to 17 Dec 1711)
 18 Feb 1713 - 27 Feb 1713  Jean Jacques Cassard               (b. 1679 - d. 1740)
                             (French commander)
 18 Jan 1715 - 12 Dec 1719  Jonathan van Beuningen             (b. 1677 - d. 1724)
                             (from 1720, Jan van Beuningen,
                              vrijheer van Zuylenburgh,
                             heer Darthuysen)
                             (acting to 17 Oct 1716)
12 Dec 1719 - 18 Sep 1720  Jan van Beuningen                  (b. 1667 - d. 1720)
                             (acting to 8 Jul 1720)
1720 - 1721                Cornelis Anderman van der Burgh
                            + Juan Pedro van Collen (1st time) (b. 1696 - d. 1738)
                            + Frederik Eck
                            (interim administration)
 29 Dec 1721 -  5 Feb 1731  Jan Noach du Faij (Fay)            (b. 1683 - d. 1737) 
Feb 1731 - 20 May 1738     Juan Pedro van Collen (2nd time)   (s.a.)
16 Sep 1738 - 18 Jul 1740  Jan Gales 
18 Jul 1740 - 13 Oct 1758  Isaäc Faesch                       (b. 1687 - d. 1758)
14 Oct 1758 - 11 Mar 1761  Jean Isaïe Claris Rodier de la     (b. 1713 - d. 1782)
                              Brugière (1st time)(acting)
12 Mar 1761 - 29 Jul 1762  Jacob van Bosveld                  (d. 1762)
 30 Jul 1762 - 31 Jul 1782  Jean Isaïe Claris Rodier de la     (s.a.)
                              Brugière (2nd time)
                             (acting to 11 Sep 1764)
 29 Jun 1782 - 15 Aug 1782  Jan Lixraaven (lieutenant director)(b. 1724 - d. 1792)
 16 Aug 1782 - 10 Aug 1796  Johannes de Veer                   (b. 1738 - d. 1796)
 10 Aug 1796 -  6 Dec 1796  Jan Jacob Beaujon (acting)         (b. 1756 - d. 1836)
 6 Dec 1796 - 13 Jan 1803  Johan Rudolph Lauffer              (b. 1752 - d. 1833)
                              (acting to 14 Feb 1799, civil governor from 1800)
 23 Oct 1800 -  7 Dec 1800  Lord Hugh Seymour                  (b. 1759 - d. 1801)
                             (British military commander)
 7 Dec 1800 -  9 Oct 1801  Walter Tremenheere                 (b. 1761 - d. 1855)
                             (British military commander)
Governors
 1 Jun 1801 - Oct 1801     William Carlyon Hughes (1st time)  (b. 1752 - d. 1808)
Oct 1801 - Aug 1802        Arthur Whetham                     (b. 1753 - d. 1813)
Aug 1802 - 13 Jan 1803     William Carlyon Hughes (2nd time)  (s.a.)
13 Jan 1803 - Feb 1803     Cornelius Hubertus Buschman        (b. 1765 - d. 1803)
                             (acting)
Feb 1803 -  9 Feb 1803     Cornelius Berch (acting)           (b. 17.. - d. 1810)
 9 Feb 1803 - 27 Aug 1804  Abraham de Veer                    (b. 1767 - d. 1838)
10 Sep 1804 -  1 Jan 1807  Pierre Jean Changuion              (b. 1763 - d. 1820)
 1 Jan 1807 -  9 Jan 1807  Sir Charles Brisbane (1st time)    (b. 1769 - d. 1829)
 9 Jan 1807 - 27 Jan 1807  William Henry Bolton (acting)      (b. 1767? - d. 1817)
                             (commander H.M.S. Fisgard)
27 Jan 1807 - 28 Feb 1807  Sir Charles Brisbane (2nd time)    (s.a.)
28 Feb 1807 - 10 Jul 1807  David Baillie
1807                       David van Guericke                 (b. 1748 - d. 1816)
                             (governor-general; did not take office)
10 Jul 1807 -  3 Sep 1807  Sir Charles Brisbane (3rd time)    (s.a.)
 3 Sep 1807 - 1807         Micaiah (Micajah) Malbon (acting)  (b. bf.1763 - d. 1813)
                             (commander H.M.S. Hebe)
1807 -  5 Jan 1808         Sir Charles Brisbane (4th time)    (s.a.)
 5 Jan 1808 - 1808         Robert Nicholas (acting)           (b. 17.. - d. 1814)
                              (commander H.M.S. Lark)
  9 Jun 1808 - 20 May 1809  Sir James Cockburn                 (b. 1771 - d. 1852)
 20 May 1809 - 18 Jun 1811  John John Thomas Layard            (b. 1753 - d. 1828)
18 Jun 1811 - 15 Sep 1814  John Studholme Hodgson             (b. 1757 - d. 1846)
11 Sep 1813 - 15 Sep 1813  John Burges Haffey                 (b. 1773 - d. 1814)
                             (acting for Hodgson)
15 Sep 1814 -  4 Mar 1816  John Le Couteur                    (b. 1760 - d. 1835)
Governors-general
 4 Mar 1816 - 18 Dec 1819  Albert Kikkert                     (b. 1761 - d. 1819)
19 Dec 1819 - 20 Jul 1820  Petrus Bernardus van Starckenborgh (b. 1755 - d. 1820)
                             (acting)
 20 Jul 1820 - 16 Nov 1820  Isaäc Johannes Rammelman Elsevier  (b. 1770 - d. 1841)
                             (acting)
 Governor
16 Nov 1820 - May 1828     Paulus Roeloff Cantz'laar          (b. 1771 - d. 1831)
20 May 1848 - 29 Oct 1845  the governors-general of the Dutch
                           West Indian Possessions (see Suriname)
Director
 1 Mar 1828 - 15 Apr 1833  Isaäc Johannes Rammelman Elsevier  (s.a.)
Lieutenant governors (gezaghebber)
15 Apr 1833 - 1836         Isaäc Johannes Rammelman Elsevier  (s.a.)
10 Dec 1836 - Apr 1845     Reinier Frederik, baron van Raders (b. 1794 - d. 1868)
 6 Jul 1842 -  1 Mar 1844  Caspar Lodewijk van Uytrecht       (b. 1790 - d. 1846)
                              (acting for baron van Raders)
19 Jul 1845 - 29 Oct 1845  Rutgers Hermanus Esser             (b. 1800 - d. 1864)
Governors
29 Oct 1845 - 20 May 1848  Rutgers Hermanus Esser             (s.a.)
20 May 1848 - 15 Apr 1951  the governors-general of the Netherlands Antilles
Lieutenant governors (gezaghebber)
15 Apr 1951 -  1 Mar 1967  Michaël Peter Gorsira              (b. 1913 - d. 1994)
 1 Mar 1967 -  1 Jun 1968  Willem George Shon Weis de Haseth  (b. 1915 - d. 1994)
                              (acting)
 1 Jun 1968 - 22 Apr 1969  Otto Rudolf Anthon Beaujon         (b. 1915 - d. 1984)
22 Apr 1969 -  1 Aug 1970  Elias José Morkos                  (b. 1919 - d. 1982)
 1 Aug 1970 -  1 Aug 1976  Anno Elígio Kibbelaar              (b. 1929 - d. 2005)  
 1 Aug 1976 -  1 Aug 1982  Ornelio "Kees" Martina             (b. 1930 - d. 1996)
 1 Aug 1982 -  1 Oct 1982  Faroe Metry (acting)               (b. 1943)            DP
 1 Oct 1982 -  1 Oct 1988  Ronald "Ronnie" Anthony Casseres   (b. 1939 - d. 1988)
 1 Oct 1988 -  1 Oct 1994  Elmer Raynold "Kadé" Wilsoe        (b. 1943)
 1 Oct 1994 -  1 Oct 2000  Stanley Mario Betrian              (b. 1951)
 1 Oct 2000 - 10 Oct 2010  Lizanne Marie Richards-Dindial (f) (b. 1957)
 Governors
 10 Oct 2010 - 24 Nov 2012  Frits Martinus de los Santos       (b. 1951) 
                             Goedgedrag 
27 Sep 2012 - 22 Oct 2012  Adèle van der Pluijm-Vrede (f)     (b. 1952)
                             (acting for Goedgedrag)
 24 Nov 2012 -  4 Nov 2013  Adèle van der Pluijm-Vrede (f)     (s.a.)
                             (acting)
 4 Nov 2013 -              Lucille George-Wout (f)            (b. 1950)
Leaders of the government (unofficial post)
1951 - 10 Oct 2010         ....
Prime ministers
10 Oct 2010 - 29 Sep 2012  Gerrit Fransisco Schotte           (b. 1974)            MFK
29 Sep 2012 - 31 Dec 2012  Stanley Mario Betrian (interim)    (s.a.)               Non-party
31 Dec 2012 -  7 Jun 2013  Daniel Hodge                       (b. 1959)            Non-party
 7 Jun 2013 -  1 Sep 2015  Ivar Onno Odwin Asjes              (b. 1970)            PS
 1 Sep 2015 - 23 Dec 2016  Bernard Whiteman                   (b. 1954)            PS
23 Dec 2016 - 24 Mar 2017  Hensley Felix Koeiman              (b. 1956)            MAN
24 Mar 2017 - 29 May 2017  Gilmar Simon "Pik" Pisas (1st time)(b. 1971)            MFK
29 May 2017 - 14 Jun 2021  Eugene Rhuggenaath                 (b. 1970)            PAR
14 Jun 2021 -              Gilmar Simon "Pik" Pisas (2nd time)(s.a.)               MFK
 

Party abbreviations: MAN = Movementu Antia Nobo/Beweging voor een Nieuwe Antillen (Movement for a New Antilles, from 2005 Partido MAN [Movementu Alsa Nashon/Beweging Verhef de Natie/Movement Raise the Nation], social-democratic, center-left, Curaçao regionalist, est.6 Feb 1971); MFK = Movementu Futuro Kòrsou/Beweging voor de Toekomst van Curaçao (Movement for the Future of Curaçao, centrist, pro-independence, Curaçao regionalist, est.9 Jul 2010); PAR = Partido Alternativa Real/Echte Alternatieve Partij (Real Alternative Party, liberal, centrist, Curaçao regionalist, 1993-2016 named Partido Antiá Restrukturá/Partij voor Geherstructureerde Antillen [Party for Restructuring the Antilles], est.14 Dec 1993); PNP = Partido Nashonal di Pueblo/Nationale Volkspartij (National People's Party, christian-democratic, centrist, Curaçao regionalist, est.19 Apr 1948);
- Former parties: DP = Demokratische Partij/Partido Democraat (Democratic Party, liberal, centrist, Curaçao regionalist, est.1944); FOL = Partido Frente Obrero Liberashon 30 Di Mei/Arbeiders Bevrijdingsfront van 30 Mei (Party Workers' Liberation Front of 30th of May, social-democratic, populist, est.5 Jun 1969); PLKP = Partido Laboral Krusada Popular/Partij van de Arbeid en de Volksstrijd (Labour Party People's Crusade, social democratic, center-left, Curaçao regionalist,  est.1 May 1997); PS = Pueblo Soberano/Souverein Volk (Sovereign People, pro-independence, nationalist, left-wing, Curaçao regionalist, est.1 Apr 2005)


Netherlands Antilles
 
[National flag of the Netherlands]
1634 - 15 Dec 1959
[Netherlands Antilles flag, 1959-1986]
15 Dec 1959 - 1 Jan 1986
[Netherlands Antilles flag 1986-2010]
1 Jan 1986 - 10 Oct 2010
Map of the Netherlands
Antilles
Hear National Anthem
"Wilhelmous van Nassouwe"
(William of Nassau)
Hear Local Anthem
Untitled (2000 - 10 Oct 2010)
--------------------------------
Former Local Anthem
"Tera di Solo y Suave Biento"
(Land of the Sun and Soft Breeze)
(1964 - 2000)(without lyrics)
Constitution
(29 Dec 1954 - 10 Oct 2010;
in Dutch)
Capital: Willemstad
(Paramaribo 20 May 1828 -
29 Oct 1845)
Currency: 1848-2010
Netherlands Antillean
 Guilder (ANG); 1828-1848
Dutch Guilder (NLG)
National Holiday: 30 Apr (1938)
Koninginnedag (Queen's Day)
----------------------------------------
Local Holiday: 1954-95, 2008:
 15 Dec (1954)
Koninkrijksdag
(Kingdom Charter Day)
---------------------------------------
1995-2007: 21 Oct (1975)
Antillendag (Antillean Day)
Population: 227,049 (2010)
GDP: $3.34 billion (2006)
Exports: $3.71 billion (2006)
Imports: $15.7 billion (2006)
Ethnic groups: mixed black/Antillean Creole 81.1%, Dutch 5.3%,
Surinamese 2.9%, East Asian and other 10.7% (2000)
Total Active Dutch Armed Forces: 1,000 (2005)
Defense is the Responsibility of the Netherlands
Merchant marine: 120 ships (2010)
Religions: Roman Catholic 72%, Pentecostal 4.9%,
Protestant 3.5%, Seventh-Day Adventist 3.1%, Methodist 2.9%,
Jehovah's Witnesses 1.7%, other Christian 4.2%,
Jewish 1.3%, other or unspecified 1.2%, none 5.2% (2001) 
International Organizations/Treaties (1948-2010): ACS (associate), AOSIS (observer), Caricom (observer), DLU (candidate), ILO, Interpol, IOC, ITUC, LAP, UNCLOS, UNESCO (associate), UNWTO (associate), UPU, WCO, WMO
Netherlands
Antilles Index
Chronology

1513                       Spanish name the Lesser Antilles Islas Inútiles
                             ("Useless Islands"). 
29 Jul 1634                Curaçao a Dutch possession.
 9 Feb 1635                Bonaire a Dutch possession.
10 May 1636                Aruba a Dutch possession.
20 May 1828 - 29 Oct 1845  Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, 
                             Sint Maarten, and Dutch Guiana united as 
                             the Dutch West Indies; with the governor
                              of Dutch Guiana (see Suriname) as governor-
                              general.
29 Oct 1845                Suriname colony is separated from Curaçao and its
                              dependencies.
27 Jan 1848                Dutch Antilles islands united under the name of
                             Curaçao and Dependencies.
 8-9 Jun 1929              Venezuelan rebel Rafael Simón Urbina López (b. 1897
                             - d 1950) raids Curaçao and seizes Fort Amsterdam
                             taking the governor hostage.
13 May 1940 - 11 Feb 1942  Allied forces (French to 6 Jul 1940, then U.K.)
                             garrison the Netherlands Antilles.
11 Feb 1942 -  3 Dec 1945  U.S. forces garrison the  Netherlands Antilles.
 20 Sep 1948                Renamed Netherlands Antilles a coequal part of
                             the Netherlands realm.
 29 Dec 1954                Autonomous part of The Netherlands kingdom (by
                             charter of 15 Dec 1954), end of colonial status.
  1 Jan 1986                Aruba separated
19 Nov 1993                In referendum Curaçao votes to remain within 
                             the Netherlands Antilles.
2000/2004/2005             Referendums in Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba and Sint
                              Maarten support a redefined status within The
                             Netherlands, only Sint Eustatius supports
                              remaining within the Netherlands Antilles.
10 Oct 2010                Netherlands Antilles federation dissolved into
                             autonomous Curaçao and St. Maarten, the islands of
                             Bonaire, Saba and St. Eustatius become public
                             bodies (openbaar lichaam) of The Netherlands.

Netherlands
Antilles Islands
Aruba
(to 1986)
Bonaire
Curaçao
Saba
Sint Eustatius
 Sint Maarten
 
  
 


Governors
27 Jan 1848 - 20 Dec 1848  Rutgers Hermanus Esser              (b. 1800 - d. 1864]
 20 Dec 1848 - 28 Apr 1854  Jonkheer Isaäc Johannes Rammelman   (b. 1802 - d. 1877)
                             Elsevier, Jr.
                             (acting to 14 May 1849)
 28 Apr 1854 - 25 Feb 1856  Jacob Bennebroek Gravenhorst        (b. 1802 - d. 1859)
                             (acting)
28 Feb 1856 - 13 Jul 1859  Reinhart Frans van Lansberge        (b. 1804 - d. 1873)
13 Jul 1859 - 16 Apr 1866  Johannes Didericus Crol             (b. 1806 - d. 1870)
16 Apr 1866 - 24 Nov 1870  Abraham Mathieu de Rouville         (b. 1813 - d. 1881)
24 Nov 1870 -  1 May 1877  Herman François Gerardus Wagner     (b. 1822 - d. 1904)
                             (acting to 5 Apr 1871)
  1 May 1877 -  1 Oct 1880  Hendrik Bernardus Kip               (b. 1823 - d. 1897)
10 Oct 1880 - 18 Oct 1882  Johannes Herbert August Willem,     (b. 1829 - d. 1893)
                             baron van Heerdt tot Eversberg
18 Oct 1882 -  6 May 1890  Nicolaas van den Brandhof           (b. 1834 - d. 1904)
 8 May 1890 - 24 Aug 1901  Charles Augustinus Henry Barge      (b. 1844 - d. 1919)
24 Aug 1901 - 11 Sep 1901  Theodorus Isaak Andreas Nuyens      (b. 1859 - d. 1923)
                             (1st time)(acting)
11 Sep 1901 - 16 Oct 1909  Jonkheer Jan Olpbert de Jong van    (b. 1863 - d. 1935)
                             Beeken Donk
23 Jul 1904 - 16 Oct 1904  Caspar Statius Muller               (b. 1862 - d. 1936)
                              (acting for de Jong)
 16 Oct 1909 - 26 Mar 1919  Theodorus Isaak Andreas Nuyens      (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) 
27 Mar 1919 - 10 Jun 1919  John Brown Gorsira (1st time)       (b. 1865 - d. 1927)
                             (acting)
 10 Jun 1919 - 24 Jun 1921  Oscar Louis Helfrich                (b. 1860 - d. 1958)
24 Jun 1921 - 13 Oct 1921  John Brown Gorsira (2nd time)       (s.a.)
                             (acting)
13 Oct 1921 - 31 Aug 1928  Nikolaas Johannes Laurentius        (b. 1874 - d. 1948)
                             Brantjes
 3 Aug 1924 -  9 Nov 1924  John Brown Gorsira (3rd time)       (s.a.)
                              (acting for Brantjes)
 26 May 1927 - 30 Nov 1927  Herman Bernard Cornelis Schotborgh  (b. 1883 - d. 1950)
                              (1st time)(acting for Brantjes)
 31 Aug 1928 - 30 Jan 1929  Marinus van Dijk (acting)           (b. 1896 - d. 1971)
 30 Jan 1929 -  3 Oct 1929  Leonard Albert Fruytier             (b. 1882 - d. 1972)
                             (hostage of Rafael Simón Urbina 8-9 Jun 1929)
 3 Oct 1929 - 20 Feb 1930  Herman Bernard Cornelis Schotborgh  (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(acting)
 20 Feb 1930 - 22 Jun 1936  Bartholomeus Wouther Theodorus      (b. 1882 - d. 1956)
                             van Slobbe (acting to 11 Mar 1930)
 7 Aug 1933 - 21 Dec 1933  Herman Bernard Cornelis Schotborgh  (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)(acting for van Slobbe)
 22 Jun 1936 - 13 Jul 1936  Frans Adrianus Jas, Jr. (1st time)
                             (acting)
13 Jul 1936 - 15 Jul 1942  Gielliam Johannes Josephus Wouters  (b. 1883 - d. 1973)
15 Jul 1942 -  1 Jul 1948  Petrus "Piet" Albertus Kasteel      (b. 1901 - d. 2003)
30 Oct 1946 - 14 Dec 1946  Frans Adrianus Jas, Jr. (2nd time)
                              (acting for Kasteel)
 1 Jul 1948 -  4 Aug 1948  Cornelius Süthoff (acting)          (b. 1877 - d. 1961)
  4 Aug 1948 - 30 Mar 1951  Leonard Antoon Hubert Peters        (b. 1900 - d. 1984)
30 Mar 1951 -  7 Jun 1951  Frans Adrianus Jas, Jr. (3rd time)
                             (acting)
 7 Jun 1951 - 27 Oct 1956  Antoon "Teun" Struiken              (b. 1906 - d. 1977)
                             (from 16 Jun 1953, Antoon "Teun" Struycken) 
27 Oct 1956 - 24 Apr 1957  Frans E.J. van der Valk (acting)
24 Apr 1957 -  1 Jun 1961  Antonius Bernardus Speekenbrink     (b. 1905 - d. 1978)
 1 Jun 1961 - 11 Aug 1962  Christiaan Winkel (acting)          (b. 1899 - d. 1962)
11 Aug 1962 - 10 Sep 1962  Aldert Pieter Jan van Bruggen       (b. 1925 - d. 1980)
                             (acting)
10 Sep 1962 -  1 Jun 1970  Nicolaas "Cola" Debrot              (b. 1902 - d. 1981)
24 Feb 1970 - 15 Apr 1970  Willem Frederik Meinhardt Lampe     (b. 1896 - d. 1973)
                             (acting for Debrot)
 1 Jun 1970 - 16 May 1983  Bernadito "Ben" M. Leito            (b. 1923 - d. 1996)
16 May 1983 - 24 Oct 1983  Julius Richard Lope Beaujon (acting)(b. 1914 - d. 2004)
 24 Oct 1983 - 15 Jan 1990  René Antonio Römer                  (b. 1929 - d. 2003)
 8 Jan 1990 - 15 Jan 1990  Rosemarie de Paula (f)
                             (acting for Römer)
15 Jan 1990 -  1 Jul 2002  Jaime Mercelino Saleh               (b. 1941)
 1 Jul 2002 - 10 Oct 2010  Frits Martinus de los Santos        (b. 1951) 
                             Goedgedrag

Chairmen of the College of General Administration
21 Aug 1948 - 10 May 1949  August George Statius Muller        (b. 1873 - d. 1950)
 10 May 1949 - 14 Jul 1949  Moises Frumencio da Costa Gomez     (b. 1907 - d. 1966)  NVP-PNP
 14 Jul 1949 - 17 Aug 1950  Lindoro Cristoffel Kwartsz          (b. 1873 - d. 1959)  NVP-PNP
 17 Aug 1950 - 18 Apr 1951  Nicolaas "Cola" Debrot              (s.a.)               NVP-PNP
 Chairmen of the Council of Government
 18 Apr 1951 -  8 Dec 1954  Moises Frumencio da Costa Gomez     (s.a.)               NVP-PNP
 8 Dec 1954 - 15 Dec 1954  Efraïn Jonckheer                    (b. 1917 - d. 1987)  DP
 Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (Prime ministers)
 15 Dec 1954 - 14 Feb 1968  Efraïn Jonckheer                    (s.a.)               DP
14 Feb 1968 - Sep 1969     Ciro Domenico Kroon                 (b. 1916 - d. 2001)  NVP-PNP
Sep 1969 - Dec 1969        Gerald Cornelis Sprockel (interim)  (b. 1919 - d. 1999) 
Dec 1969 - Feb 1971        Ernesto Otilio Petronia             (b. 1916 - d. 1992)  PPA
Feb 1971 - Jun 1971        Ramez "Ronchi" Jorge Isa (1st time) (b. 1917 - d. 2005)  DP
Jun 1971 - Oct 1972        Otto Rudolf Anthony Beaujon         (b. 1915 - d. 1984)  NVP-PNP
Oct 1972 - Dec 1973        Ramez "Ronchi" Jorge Isa (2nd time) (s.a.)               DP
20 Dec 1973 - 30 Sep 1977  Juan Miguel Gregorio Evertsz        (b. 1923 - d. 2008)  NVP-PNP
30 Sep 1977 -  4 Oct 1977  Leo Alphons Ignatius Chance         (b. 1932)            WIPM
 4 Oct 1977 - 14 Oct 1977  Lucina da Costa Gomez-Matheeuws (f) (b. 1929 - d. 2017)  NVP-PNP
14 Oct 1977 -  6 Jul 1979  Sylvius "Silvio" Gerard Marie       (b. 1928 - d. 2003)  DP
                             Rozendal 
 6 Jul 1979 - Dec 1979     Miguel Arcangel Pourier (1st time)  (b. 1938 - d. 2013)  UPB
Dec 1979 - 18 Sep 1984     Dominico "Don" Felipe Martina       (b. 1935 - d. 2024)  MAN
                             (1st time)
 18 Sep 1984 -  1 Jan 1986  Maria Liberia-Peters (f) (1st time) (b. 1941)            NVP-PNP
  1 Jan 1986 - 17 May 1988  Dominico "Don" Felipe Martina       (s.a.)               MAN
                             (2nd time)
 17 May 1988 - 25 Nov 1993  Maria Liberia-Peters (f) (2nd time) (s.a.)               NVP-PNP
25 Nov 1993 - 28 Dec 1993  Susanne "Suzy" Fransisca Coromoto   (b. 1959)            NVP-PNP
                              Camelia-Römer (f) (1st time) 
28 Dec 1993 - 31 Mar 1994  Alejandro "Jandi" Felippe Paula     (b. 1937 - d. 2018)  NVP-PNP
31 Mar 1994 - 14 May 1998  Miguel Arcangel Pourier (2nd time)  (s.a.)               PAR
14 May 1998 -  8 Nov 1999  Susanne "Suzy" Fransisca Coromoto   (s.a.)               NVP-PNP
                             Camelia-Römer (f) (2nd time) 
 8 Nov 1999 -  3 Jun 2002  Miguel Arcangel Pourier (3rd time)  (s.a.)               PAR
 3 Jun 2002 - 22 Jul 2003  Etienne Ys (1st time)               (b. 1962)            PAR 
22 Jul 2003 - 11 Aug 2003  Bernhard "Ben" Maximiliaan Johan    (b. 1942 - d. 2004)  FOL 
                             Komproe
 11 Aug 2003 -  3 Jun 2004  Mirna Louisa-Godett (f)             (b. 1954)            FOL
 3 Jun 2004  (hours)       Errol Antonio Cova                  (b. 1943)            PLKP
                             (acting for Godett) 
 3 Jun 2004 - 26 Mar 2006  Etienne Ys (2nd time)               (s.a.)               PAR
26 Mar 2006 - 10 Oct 2010  Emily Saïdy de Jongh-Elhage (f)     (b. 1946)            PAR

Commanders of Allied Forces, Netherlands Antilles
- in Aruba and Sint Maarten - 
12 May 1940 - 15 May 1940  Pierre Frédéric Henri Goybet        (b. 1887 - d. 1963)
                             (France)(captain of cruiser Primauguet)
15 May 1940 - 1940         Henri Jean-Baptiste Gizard (France) (b. 1895 - d. 19..)
                             (captain of cruiser Barfleur)
1940 -  6 Jul 1940         Michel Marie Maurice Charles        (b. 1896 - d. 1983)
                             Paul Noël (France)
                             (captain of cruiser Esterel)
- in Curaçao (and from 6 Jul 1940, Aruba) -
12 May 1940 -  3 Sep 1940  Reginald Barry Lovaine Persse (U.K.)(b. 1896 - d. 1985)
 3 Sep 1940 -  6 Feb 1941  Colin Muir Barber (U.K.)            (b. 1897 - d. 1964)
 6 Feb 1941 - 11 Feb 1941  Norton Montresor Hughes-Hallett     (b. 1895 - d. 1985)
                             (U.K.)
11 Feb 1941 -  2 Mar 1942  Peter C. Bullard (U.S.)             (b. 1892 – d. 1972)
Allied Commanders of All Forces Aruba-Curaçao Area (CAFAC)(Willemstad, Curaçao; all from U.S.)
 2 Mar 1942 –  6 Jun 1942  Jesse Bartlett Oldendorf            (b. 1887 – d. 1974)
 6 Jun 1942 – 27 Apr 1943  Arthur Granville Robinson           (b. 1892 – d. 1967)
28 Apr 1943 – 25 Jul 1944  Theodore Edson Chandler             (b. 1894 – d. 1945)
25 Jul 1944 – 13 May 1945  Frank Edmund Beatty                 (b. 1894 – d. 1976)
13 May 1945 –  3 Dec 1945  Leroy White Busbey, Jr.             (b. 1897 - d. 1952)

Party abbreviations: DP = Democratische Partij/Partido Democraat (Democratic Party, centrist, liberal, Curaçao regionalist, est.1944); FOL = Partido Frente Obrero Liberashon 30 Di Mei/Arbeiders Bevrijdingsfront van 30 Mei (Party Workers' Liberation Front of 30th of May, social-democratic, populist, est.5 Jun 1969); MAN = Movementu Antia Nobo/Beweging voor een Nieuwe Antillen (Movement for a New Antilles, from 2005 Partido MAN [Movementu Alsa Nashon/Beweging Verhef de Natie/Movement Raise the Nation], social-democratic, center-left, Curaçao regionalist, est.6 Feb 1971); NVP-PNP = Nationale Volkspartij/Partido Nashonal di Pueblo (National People's Party, christian-democratic, Curaçao, 19 Apr 1948); PAR = Partido Antiá Restrukturá/Partij voor Geherstructureerde Antillen (Party for Restructuring the Antilles, liberal, centrist, Curaçao based, 14 Dec 1993-2016, renamed Partido Alternativa Real/Echte Alternatieve Partij [Real Alternative Party]); PDB = Partido Demokrátiko Boneriano/Democratische Partij Bonaire (Bonerian Democratic Party, social-democratic, center-left, Bonaire regionalist, est.10 Aug 1954); PLKP = Partido Laboral Krusada Popular/Partij van de Arbeid en de Volksstrijd (Labour Party People's Crusade, social democratic, center-left, Curaçao regionalist, est.1 May 1997); PPA = Partido Patriótico Arubano/Patriottische Partij Aruba (Patriotic Party of Aruba, social-democratic, anti-Aruban/Neth. Antilles independence, est.23 Oct 1949); UPB = Union Patritiko Boneiriano/Union Patriótiko Boneriano/Patriottische Unie van Bonaire (Bonaire Patriotic Union, christian democratic, centrist, Bonaire regionalist, 1969-1979 named Partido Patriótiko Boneriano [Bonerian Patriotic Party], est.1969); WIPM = Windward Islands People's Movement/Volksbeweging van de Benedenwindse Eilanden (center-right, christian-democrat, Saba regionalist, formerly West Indian People's Movement, est.1970)






 © Ben Cahoon