Estonia  
 

15 Jun 1561 - 10 Oct 1710       10 Oct 1710 - 24 Feb 1918       24 Feb 1918 - 12 Apr 1918; 21 Nov 1918 - 21 Jul 1940 (temporary to 16 Jul 1922);  Dec 1941 - Sep 1944 semi-official 12 Apr 1918 - 11 Nov 1918 Proposed Baltic State/Duchy   29 Nov 1918 - 5 Jun 1919 Estonian Workers' Commune   6 Aug 1940 - Jul 1941; 22 Sep 1944 - 20 Aug 1991   Re-adopted 8 May 1990 Map of Estonia Hear National Anthem "Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm" (My Native Land, My Pride and Joy) Text of National Anthem Adopted 1920-1940, re-adopted 1990 Constitution  (28 Jun 1992) ------------------------- Constitution 1938 (1 Jan 1938-21 Jul 1940) Capital: Tallinn (Revel 1219-1918, 1941-1944; Tallinna 1918-c.1920) Currency: Euro (EUR); 1992 - 31 Dec 2010 Estonian Kroon (EEK); 1924-40 Estonian  Kroon (EEN); 1918-24 Estonian Marka (EEM); 1918-22 German Darlehenskasse Ost Mark (DEOM) National Holiday: 24 Feb (1918) Iseseisvuspäev (Independence Day) Population: 1,244,288 (2018) 1,117,361 (1934) GDP: $41.65 billion (2017) Exports: $13.4 billion (2017) Imports: $14.4 billion (2017) Ethnic groups: Estonian 68.7%, Russian 24.8%, Ukrainian 1.7%, Belarusian 1%, Finn 0.6%, other 1.6%, unspecified 1.6% (2011) Total Active Armed Forces: 15,516 (2010) Merchant marine: 78 ships (2017) (170 ships in 1937) Religions: Lutheran 9.9%, Orthodox 16.2%, other Christian  (including Methodist, Seventh-Day Adventist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal) 2.2%, other 0.9%, none 54.1%, unspecified 16.7% (2011) International Organizations/Treaties 1918-1941: BIS, ICRM, ILO, IOC, ITU, League of Nations, LORCS, PCIJ, UPU; From 1990: AG, ANT, APM (withdrawing), BA, BIS, BTWC, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN, CTBT, CWC, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ENMOD, ESA, ESCR, EU, Euratom, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MTCR (adherent), NATO, NIB, NPT, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OS, OSCE, OST, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UPU, WA, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Estonia Index Chronology   1030 - 1061                Russian occupation of Dorpat (Tartu). 1211                       Estonian Bishopric, also called Bishopric of Leal                              (Lihula) (after the nominal seat of the bishop)                              established by the Bishop of Riga (confirmed by                              the Holy See 31 Oct 1213), originally without                              any temporal authority. 1216                       Southern part of present-day Estonia invaded by                              the Swordbrothers Order (Fratres militiæ Christi                              Livoniae), who establish a standing presence there                             (occasional raids started from 1208, occupation of                              Estonian lands completed by Feb 1227). Jun 1219                   Danish rule (Estonian Duchy) in Reval (Tallinn)                               and northern part of present-day Estonia. Feb 1227                   Danish duchy of (N-) Estonia was conquered by                              Swordbrothers 21 Jul 1224                Estonian bishop takes temporal authority over the                              southern part of present-day Estonia as a                               sovereign prince-bishop of the Holy Roman Empire                              (formally from 6 Nov 1225), Bishop gives part of                              his possessions as a fief to the Swordbrothers                               Order, and cedes the western part of the                               Estonian mainland (including Leal) to the bishop                              of Riga (24 Jul 1224) and chooses Dorpat (Tartu)                              as his new capital (Aug 1224). The Estonian                              Bishopric thereafter renamed as Bishopric                              of Dorpat, but bishops continues to use                              the style of bishop of Leal to 8 Jan 1235. 12 May 1237                Swordbrothers Order incorporated into the Teutonic                              Order (Deutscher Orden) as a separate branch or                              province, informally known as the Livonian Order.  7 Jun 1238                After joining the Teutonic Order, lands of                              Revalia, Hargia (Harjumaa) and Wironia                               (Virumaa) were retroceded to Denmark, but                               "Gierwia" (a landlocked area in central                              Estonia, now Järvamaa) remained possession of                              the Teutonic Order until 29 Aug 1346. 1285                       City of Reval (Tallinn) becomes a member of the                              Hanseatic League and is later joined by 3 other                               cities in present-day Estonia: Dorpat (Tartu),                               Pernau (Pärnu), and Fellin (Viljandi).  1 Nov 1346                Estonian Duchy, having been sold by Denmark (on                               29 Aug 1346), is handed over to the Grand Master                              of Teutonic Order and by the later (on 7 Jun                              1347) given up in a pledge and administration                               to the Land-Master of the Livonian Order                             (Grand Master relinquishes rights 14 Jan 1525).  6 Jun 1561                City of Reval and vassals of the Order in                               (4 Jun 1561) make an oath to Sweden (on 15 Jun                               1561) these territories are annexed by Sweden,                               but annexation is not recognized by the Livonian                              Order or the Poland-Lithuania until 13 Dec 1570.                              This part of Estonia, controlled by Sweden                              until 1584) called Swedish Livonia.  5 Mar 1562                Territories of the Livonian Order become part of                              the Lithuanian principality of Livonia. 15 Jan 1582                Russia withdraws from Dorpat (occupied in 1558)                              and transfers it to the Poland-Lithuania.  20 Mar 1584                Territories annexed by Sweden are organized as the                              Duchy or Province of Estonia (Estland in Swedish                              and German), originally (to the 17th cent.)                               formally Estonian Duchy. The King of Sweden                               takes the style of "Duke of Estonia",                               originally "Estonian Duke" (Hertig af Esthen). 10 Oct 1710                Estonia is annexed by Russia and autonomous                              province or government of Revel (Russian:                               Namestichestvo Revel'skaya) is established                               (formally from in 8 Aug 1713). Estonia called                               thereafter in semi-official local use Duchy                              (rendered Principality in Russian) of Estonia                               (until 1783), the Russian Tsar uses the style                               of "Prince of Estonia" until 1917. 29 May 1719                Governorate of Revel (Revel'skaya guberniya). 10 Sep 1721                Duchy of Estonia formally ceded by Sweden                               to Russia by the Treaty of Nystad. 1775 - Nov 1917            Subordinated, with some interruptions, to                               governors-general, or other overall                               administrations, of the Baltic Provinces                              (see under Latvia). 14 Jul 1783                Province of Estonia (Provintsiya Estonii), local                              autonomy is abolished. 28 Nov 1796                Limited local autonomy for Estonia restored                               (confirmed by all successive Emperors of Russia                              on their accession before 1881, thereafter                              gradually extinguished). 26 Sep 1885                Russian made the official government language. 29 Oct 1905 - Dec 1905     Local rebellions part of Russian Revolution of 1905. 12 Apr 1917                Northern part of Governorate of Livonia is                              amalgamated with the Governorate of Estonia,                              (Estlyandskaya guberniya/Esthländisches                              Gouvernement) with autonomy. Nov 1917                   Bolshevik government abolishes autonomy. 28 Nov 1917                Estonian Provisional Provincial Assembly (Diet) is                              proclaimed to be the holder of high state                              authority, however it is prevented from holding                              more sessions by a military revolutionary                              committee in Tallinn, representing the Soviet                              Russian government. 17 Dec 1917 - 26 Feb 1918  Russian sailors on the Island of Nargen (Naissaar),                              northwest of Tallinn, declare a Soviet Republic of                              Sailors and Fortress-Builders of Nargen under the                              chairmanship of Stepan Maximovich Petrichenko                              (b. 1892 - d. 1947). 23 Feb 1918                Russian withdrawal from Tallinn, Estonian Salvation                              Committee (appointed on 19 Feb 1918) takes over                              temporary supreme authority.  24 Feb 1918                Republic of Estonia (Eesti Vabariik) is declared                              independent by the Estonian National Council in                              Tallinn (and in Pärnu on 23 Feb 1918). 25 Feb 1918 - 11 Nov 1918  Occupied by Germany (occupation of the islands of                              Hiiumaa, Muhu, and Saaremaa from 12 Oct 1917);                             (notionally part of a Baltic State [see Latvia]). 11 Nov 1918                Republic of Estonia (restored). 28 Nov 1918 - 19 Jan 1919  Soviet Russia occupies Narva; in Võru to 1 Feb 1919. 29 Nov 1918 -  1 Feb 1919  Estonian Workers' Commune (Eesti Nõukogude Vabariik                              - Eesti Töörahva Kommuuna, at Narva in Soviet                              Russia occupied Estonian territory [it moves to                              Võru on 19 Feb 1919 then Alūksne, Latvia 4 Feb                              1919 later Soviet Russia, dissolving 5 Jun 1919]) 17 Jun 1940                Occupied by the Soviet Union. 21 Jul 1940                Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (Eesti Nõukogude                              Sotsialistlik Vabariik).  6 Aug 1940                Incorporation into Soviet Union (not                               internationally recognized). 28 Aug 1941 - 17 Sep 1944  Tallinn occupied by Germany (on Hiiumaa, Muhu, and                              Saaremaa islands 20 Oct 1941 - 24 Nov 1944),                              remains under military administration to 5 Dec                              1941 (Tallinn from c.20 Sep 1941 part of Rear                              Army Area North).  5 Dec 1941 - 17 Sep 1944  Estonia is made a General District (Generalbezirk                              Estland), within the Reichskommissariat of                              Ostland (see under Latvia). 18 Sep 1944 - 22 Sep 1944  Brief restoration of the Estonian government,                              Republic of Estonia restored on 21 Sep 1944. 22 Sep 1944                Soviet re-occupation of Tallinn. 22 Sep 1944                Re-incorporation into the Soviet Union (not                              internationally recognized). 16 Nov 1988                Declaration of state sovereignty.  8 May 1990                Republic of Estonia (Eesti Vabariik). 20 Aug 1991                Independence declared (resolution of national                              legislature on restoration of statehood).  6 Sep 1991                Independence recognized by Soviet Union.  1 May 2004                Part of European Union. Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940-1990) Pro-Soviet Resistance (1941-1944) Republic in Exile (1940-1991)  Ösel Island (1228-1783) Dorpat (Tartu) (1211-1723) Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church Estonian Orthodox Church First Estonian Constitution (20 Dec 1920 - 24 Jan 1934) Historical Ma of Estonia

Elders
- in Vironia (Virumaa), NE Estonia -
.... - 12..                Kyriavan
12.. - c.1221              Thabelin of Pudiviru (Tabelinus)   (d. c.1221)
- Sakala, SW Estonia -
1212                       Meme
1212? - 21 Sep 1217        Lembitu (in Leole/Lõhavere)        (d. 1217)
12.. - 21 Sep 1217         Wottele                            (d. 1217)
12.. - 21 Sep 1217         Maniwalde                          (d. 1217)
21 Sep 1217 - 12..         Unnepewe
Danish Governors (styled Capitaneus, Statsholdere, or Hauptmann)
1219 - 1221                Andreas Sunesen (Sunonis),         (b. c.1167 - d. 1228)
                             aerkebiskop af Lund
1233 – 1234                Johann Selig
                             (Swordbrothers commander)
1248 - 1249                Saxo Aginsun                       (d. c.1249)
1249                       Stigot Agison
1254 - 1257                Saxo
1259                       Jakob Ramessun
1262                       B. ....
1266                       Woghen Palissun
1270                       Siverith
1275 -  5 Mar 1279         Eilard von Oberch                  (d. 1279)
1279 - 1281                Odewart (Lode?)
c.1285                     Letgast
Mar 1287                   Friedrich Moltike
1287                       A. ....
1288                       Johann Sialanzfar
1296                       Nils Axelsson
1298                       Nikolaus Ubbison
1304                       Johann Saxesson
1310                       Johannes Canne (nuntius)
1312 - 1313                Ago Saxisson
1313 - 1314                Heinrich Bernauer
1323                       Johannes Kanna
1329                       Heinrich Spliit
1332 - 1335                Marquard Breide                    (d. 1335)
Jul 1340 - May 1343        Konrad Preen
May 1343                   Bertram von Parembeke (acting)     (d. 1343?) 
16 May 1343 - 1344         Goswin von Herike                  (d. 1359) 
                             (Livonian Stadholder)
1344 -  1 Nov 1346         Stigot Andersson
Teutonic Stadholder (title Provincialis)
Nov 1346 - Jun 1347        Burchard von Dreileben             (b. 129. - d. af.1366)
                             (Dreinlove, Dreyleven)
Livonian Commanders of Reval (also deputies of Livonian Land-masters for Estonia)
1348                       Hildebrand von Lenthe
1348 - 1349                Arnold von Vietinghoff             (d. 1364)
1352 - 1359                Dietrich von Warmsdorf
1361 - 1369                Helmich von Diepenbrock
1370                       Gottschalk von Wickede
1375 - 1379                Heinrich von Eppenhausen
1384                       Bruno von Hochstaden
1387 - 1397                Arnd von Altena
1397 - 1407                Dietrich von Weilburg
1407?/09 - 1411            Friedrich von Welda
1411 - 1417                Johann Wekebrot von Buederich
1418 - 1421                Dietrich Duecker
1422 - 1423                Albert Torck
1423 - 1424                Cisse von dem Rutenberg            (d. 1433)
1424 - 1429                Goswin von Velmede
1429 - 1432                Heinrich von Böckenförde, gen.     (d. 1437)
                             Schungel
1434 - 1436                Heinrich von der Vaerst
1436 - 1442                Wolter von Loe                     (d. af.1449)
1442 – 1450                Johann von Mengede, gen. Osthof    (b. bf.1421 - d. af.1469)
1450 - 1456                Ernst von Mengede, gen. Osthof
1456 - 1461                Gerhard von Mallinckrodt           (b. bf.1440 - d. c.1487)
1462 - 1468                Johann von Krieckenbeck, gen. Spor (d. 1470/71)
1468 - 1470                Johann Waldhaus von Heerse (Herse) (d. bf.1473)
1470                       Erwin von Bellersheim -Captain
                             (acting)
1470 - 1471                Dietrich von der Dorneburg, gen.
                             von der Lage
1472 - 1485                Johann Freitag von Loringhoven     (b. 143. - d. 1494)
                             (Loringhofe)
1485 - 1510                Johann von der Recke, gen.         (b. bf.1459 - d. af.1511)
                             Suemmern
1510 - 1516                Evert von Werminghausen
1516 - 1523                Simon Graf von Rietberg            (d. 1523)
1523 - 1525                Paul von Steinen                   (b. bf.1480 - d. 1525)
1525 - 1532                Dietrich Bock                      (d. 1532)
1533                       Johann von Witten
1534 - 1550                Remmert von Scharenberg            (d. 1550)
                             (Scharnberge)
1550 - 1552                Rolf von Benzenrade (Benzenrod)
1553 - 26 Jul 1558         Franz von Siegenhoven, gen. Anstel
26 Jul 1558 – Dec 1558     Christoph von Muenchhausen         (d. 1565)
                             (Danish Stadholder)
                             (self-proclaimed, left 27 Jul 1558)
27 Jul 1558 - Dec 1558     Heinrich von Uexkuell –Captain
                             (acting for Muenchhausen)
Dec 1558 - Jun 1561        Dietrich von der Steinkuhl -Captain(d. 1570)
                             (from Aug 1560 acting for Altenbockum)
Aug 1560 - Jun 1561        Casper von Oldenbockum –Stadholder (b. c.1535 - d. 1565)
                             (Jasper von Altenbockum)(did not arrive)
Swedish Governors 
 2 Aug 1561 - 27 Feb 1562  Lars Ivarsson Fleming zu Sundholm, (b. c.1520 - d. 1562)
                             friherre af Nynäs
Aug 1561 - Aug 1561        Klaus Christiern Horn friherre     (b. 1517 - d. 1566)
                             af Amyne (acting)
27 Feb 1562 - Jun 1562     Henrik Klasson Horn zu Kanas       (b. 1512 - d. 1595)
                             (1st time)
30 Jun 1562 - 27 Jul 1564  Svante Stenson Sture               (b. 1517 - d. 1567)
1564 - 1565                Hermann Pederson Fleming zu        (b. c.1520 - d. 1583)
                             Lechtis
30 Jan 1565 - 1568         Henrik Klasson Horn zu Kanas       (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
Nov 1568 - 1570            Gabriel Kistiernsson, friherre     (b. 1520 - d. 1585)
                             Oxenstierna af Mörby
 9 Oct 1570 - 1572         Hans Björnsson Lejon               (b. 1530 - d. 1572) 
 6 Nov 1572 - 1574         Claes Åkeson Tott                  (b. 1525 - d. 1590)
 4 Jun 1574 - Dec 1575     Pontus de la Gardie                (b. 1520 - d. 1585)
Jan 1576 - May 1578        Karl Henriksson Horn (1st time)    (b. c.1550 - d. 1601)
19 Apr 1576 - 1577         Hans Eriksson Finne till           (d. 1608)
                             Brinkala (acting)
 1 Aug 1577 - 1579         Göran Nilsson Boije af Gennäs      (b. 1540 - d. 1615) 
                             (1st time)                
1579 - 1581                Svante Eriksson Stålarm            (d. 1585/89)
25 Apr 1582 - 1583         Göran Nilsson Boije af Gennäs      (s.a.) 
                             (2nd time)                  
1583 -  5 Nov 1585         Pontus, friherre de la Gardie      (b. 1520 - d. 1585)
 8 Nov 1585 - 1588         Gustaf Gabrielsson Oxenstierna     (b. 1551 - d. 1597)
Jul 1588 - 13 Oct 1588     Hans Wachtmeister (acting)         (d. 1590)
13 Oct 1588 - 1590         Gustaf Axelson Banér zu Djurshom   (b. 1547 - d. 1600)
1590 - Jul 1592            Erik Gabrielsson Oxenstierna       (b. c.1546 - d. 1594)
1592 - Jun 1600            Göran Nilsson Boije af Gennäs      (s.a.) 
                             (3rd time)      
1600 - 30 Jan 1601         Karl Henriksson Horn (2nd time)    (s.a.)
                             (acting)
1601 - Oct 1602            Moritz Stensson Leijonhufvud       (b. 1559 - d. 1607) 
                             greve Raseborg
Oct 1602 - May 1605        Anders Larsson Botilast (1st time) (b. c.1545 - d. 1613)
                             (acting)
10 May 1605 - Jun 1605     Nils Turesson Bielke               (b. 1569 - d. 1639)
1605 - 1608                Axel Nilsson Ryning                (b. 1552 - d. 1620) 
1608 - 1611                Anders Larsson Botilast (2nd time) (s.a.)
                             (acting)
1611 - 1617                Gabriel Bengtsson Oxenstierna      (b. 1586 - d. 1656)
1617 - 1619                Anders Eriksson Hästehufvud        (b. 1577 - d. 1657)
Jul 1619 - 1622            Jakob Pontusson de la Gardie       (b. 1583 - d. 1652) 
1622 - 1626                Per Gustafsson Banér               (b. 1588 - d. 1644)
1626 - 1628                Johan de la Gardie                 (b. 1582 – d. 1642)
 3 Mar 1628 - 17 Jul 1642  Philipp von Scheiding              (b. 1578 - d. 1646)
26 Jul 1642 - 1646         Gustaf Gabrielsson Oxenstierna     (b. 1613 - d. 1648)
 9 Sep 1646 - 1653         Erik Axelsson Oxenstierna af       (b. 1624 - d. 1656)
                             Södermöre
May 1653 - 16 Aug 1653     Wilhelm Ulrich (1st time)(acting)  (b. c.1604 - d. 1661) 
16 Aug 1653 - 1655         Heinrich von Thurn-Valsassina      (b. 1628 - d. 1656)
1655 - Aug 1655            Wilhelm Ulrich (2nd time)(acting)  (s.a.) 
1655 - 1656                Bengt Skytte af Duderhof           (b. 1614 - d. 1683) 
1655 -  2 Aug 1656         Wilhelm Ulrich (3rd time)(acting)  (s.a.) 
 2 Aug 1656 - Nov 1674     Bengt Klasson Horn                 (b. 1623 - d. 1678)
1656 - 1659                Wilhelm Ulrich (4th time)          (s.a.)
                             (acting for Horn)      
1673                       Jakob Staël von Holstein           (b. 1628 – d. 1679)
                             (acting for Horn)
1674                       Johan Christoph Scheiding          (b. 1634 - d. 1685)
                             (acting for Horn)
Governors-general
1674 - 1681                Andreas Lennartson Torstensson     (b. 1641 - d. 1686) 
Apr 1681 - 1687            Robert Johannson Lichton           (b. 1631 - d. 1692)
20 Jan 1687 - 19 Apr 1687  Nils Thuresson Bielke              (b. 1644 - d. 1716)
1687 - Dec 1704            Axel Julius greve de la Gardie af  (b. 1637 - d. 1710)
                             Leckö
Dec 1704 -  6 Jul 1706     Wolmar Anton von Schlippenbach     (b. 1650 - d. 1739)
                             (governor)
 6 Jul 1706 - 23 Oct 1709  Nils Jönsson greve Strömberg af    (b. 1646 - d. 1723)
                             Clästorp
23 Oct 1709 - 10 Oct 1710  Carl Gustaf greve Nieroth          (b. 1650 - d. 1712)
Russian Governors-general
10 Oct 1710 - Mar 1711     Rudolf Felix Bauer (interim)       (b. 1667 - d. 1717)
                             (Rudol'f Feliks Bauer) 
 6 Mar 1711 - May 1719     Knyaz' Aleksandr Danilovich        (b. 1673 - d. 1729)
                             Menshikov 
May 1719 - 21 Nov 1728     Fyodor Matveyevich Graf Apraksin   (b. 1661 - d. 1728)
Governors
21 Nov 1728 - 25 Mar 1736  Friedrich Freiherr von Löwen zu    (b. 1654 - d. 1744)
                             Sever (Baron Fridrikh Leven)
                             (acting to Sep 1730)
25 Mar 1736 -  6 Aug 1736  Graf Platon Ivanovich Musin-       (b. 1698 - d. 1742)
                             Pushkin 
11 Aug 1736 - Aug 1738     Ernst Sebastian von Manstein       (b. 1678 - d. 1747)
                             (Ernst Sebast'yan fon Manshteyn)
                             (acting)
11 Aug 1738 - 22 Mar 1740  Otto Gustaf greve Douglas auf      (b. 1687 - d. 1771)
                             Alp og Kuckofer
                             (Graf Otton Gustav Duglas)
Mar 1740 -  8 Nov 1743     Baron (from 1741, Graf) Woldemar   (b. 1700 - d. 1755)
                             von Löwendahl
                             (Vladimir Graf Levendal)
 8 Nov 1743 - Jul 1753     Peter August Friedrich Herzog von  (b. 1696 - d. 1775)
                             Holstein-Beck
                            (Pyotr Avgust Fridrikh Gertsog Golshteyn-Bek)
Aug 1753 - Jun 1758        Knyaz' Vladimir Petrovich          (b. 1696 - d. 1761)
                             Dolgorukiy 
Jun 1758 - 1762            Peter August Friedrich Herzog von  (s.a.)
                             Holstein-Beck 
Governors-general
1762 -  8 Mar 1775         Peter August Friedrich Herzog von  (s.a.)
                             Holstein-Beck
                            (Pyotr Avgust Fridrikh Gertsog Golshteyn-Bek)
1775 - 29 Sep 1792         George Graf Browne                 (b. 1698 - d. 1792)
                             (Georg Graf Braun)
Governors (1775-1876, 1905-1909, 1914-1917, subordinated to the Baltic provinces)
13 Jul 1783 - 11 Oct 1786  Georg Friedrich von Grotenhielm    (b. 1721 - d. 1798)
                             (Georg Fridrikh Grotengelm)
11 Oct 1786 - 20 Jan 1797  Heinrich Johann Freiherr von       (b. 1736 - d. 1813)
                             Wrangell (Baron Andrey fon Vrangel)
25 Jan 1797 - 14 Jun 1808  Andreas von Langell (Andrey Langel)(b. 1744 - d. 1808)
Governors-general
19 Aug 1808 - 30 Apr 1809  Peter Friedrich Georg von          (b. 1785 - d. 1812)
                             Holstein-Oldenburg
                            (Pyotr Fridrikh Georg fon Gol'shteyn-Ol'denburgskiy)
30 Apr 1809 -  2 Nov 1811  Vacant
 2 Nov 1811 - May 1816     Paul Friedrich August Grossherzog  (b. 1783 - d. 1853)
                             von Holstein-Oldenburg
                           (Avgust Pavel Fridrikh Gertsog Gol'shteyn-Ol'denburgskiy)
Governors
 9 Jul 1808 - 1819         Berend Johann von Uexküll          (b. 1762 - d. 1827)
                             (Baron Boris Ikskul)
 4 Jan 1819 - 10 Aug 1832  Gotthard Wilhelm Freiherr Budberg, (b. 1766 - d. 1832)
                             gen. von Bönninghausen
                             (Baron Bogdan Budberg)
20 Sep 1832 - 27 Oct 1833  Otto Wilhelm von Essen (Otto Essen)(b. 1761 - d. 1834)
 8 Nov 1833 - 14 Dec 1841  Paul Friedrich von Benckendorff    (b. 1784 - d. 1841)
                             (Pavel Benkendorf)
14 Jan 1842 -  3 Jan 1859  Johann Christoph Engelbrecht von   (b. 1796 - d. 1862)
                             Grünewaldt (Ivan Gryunevaldt)
 3 Jan 1859 - 23 Oct 1868  Wilhelm Otto Cornelius Alexander   (b. 1810 - d. 1891)
                             Ulrich (Vasily Ulrikh)
23 Oct 1868 -  7 Oct 1870  Mikhail Nikolayevich Galkin-       (b. 1834 - d. 1916)
                             Vraskoy
 7 Oct 1870 - 26 Mar 1875  Knyaz' Mikhail Valentinovich       (b. 1836 - d. 1892)
                             Shakhovskoy-Glebov-Streshnev
26 Mar 1875 -  4 Apr 1885  Viktor Petrovich Polivanov         (b. 1831 - d. 1889)
 4 Apr 1885 - 24 Oct 1894  Knyaz' Sergey Vladimirovich        (b. 1852 - d. 1894)
                             Shakhovskoy
24 Oct 1894 - 28 Dec 1894  Sokrat Nikolayevich Dirin          (b. 1849 - d. 1924)
                             (1st time) (acting)
28 Dec 1894 -  9 Apr 1902  Yefstafiy Nikolayevich Skalon      (b. 1845 - d. 1902) 
 9 Apr 1902 - 30 Jul 1902  Sokrat Nikolayevich Dirin          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (acting)
30 Jul 1902 - 14 Mar 1905  Aleksey Valeryanovich Belgard      (b. 1861 - d. 1942)
                             (Bellegarde) (acting to Apr 1904)
14 Mar 1905 - 20 Apr 1905  Aleksandr Nikolayevich Girs (Giers)(b. 1861 - d. af.1917)
                             (1st time) (acting)
20 Apr 1905 - Oct 1905     Aleksey Aleksandrovich Lopuhin     (b. 1864 - d. 1928)
Oct 1905 - 31 Dec 1905     Aleksandr Nikolayevich Girs        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (acting)
31 Dec 1905 -  3 Feb 1906  Nikolay Georgiyevich fon Byunting  (b. 1681 - d. 1917) 
                             (von Bünting)
 3 Feb 1906 - 12 Mar 1906  Aleksandr Nikolayevich Girs        (s.a.)
                             (3rd time) (acting)
12 Mar 1906 - 31 Jul 1907  Pyotr Petrovich Bashilov           (b. 1857 - d. 1919)
31 Jul 1907 - 24 Aug 1907  Aleksey Theodorovich Girs (Giers)  (b. 1871 - d. 1958)
                             (1st time) (acting)
24 Aug 1907 - 12 Dec 1908  Izmail Vladimirovich Korostovets   (b. 1863 - d. 1933)
                             (1st time)
12 Dec 1908 - 13 Jan 1909  Aleksey Theodorovich Girs          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (acting)
13 Jan 1909 - 28 Nov 1910  Izmail Vladimirovich Korostovets   (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
28 Nov 1910 - 11 Jan 1911  Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Yevreynov (b. 1873 - d. 1928)
                             (acting)
11 Jan 1911 - 25 Nov 1915  Izmail Vladimirovich Korostovets   (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
25 Nov 1915 -  3 Jan 1916  Sergey Aleksandrovich Shidlovskiy  (b. 1864 - d. 1922)
                             (acting)
 3 Jan 1916 - Mar 1917     Pyotr Vladimirovich Veryovkin      (b. 1862 - d. 1946) 
Government Commissars of the Russian Provisional Government
19 Mar 1917 -  9 Nov 1917  Jaan Poska (= Ivan Ivanovich Poska)(b. 1866 - d. 1920)  EDE
 9 Nov 1917 - 23 Feb 1918  ....
Chairmen of the Provisional Diet of Estland Governorate
14 Jul 1917 - 25 Oct 1917  Artur Vallner                      (b. 1887 - d. 1937)  RSDRP-B
                             (= Artur Gansovich Val'ner)
25 Oct 1917 - 28 Nov 1917  Otto August Strandman              (b. 1875 - d. 1941)  ETE   
28 Nov 1917 - 20 Nov 1918  forced dissolution
Heads of State
24 Feb 1918 - 25 Feb 1918  Estonian Salvation Committee
                           (as a resistance authority representing the
                           temporarily dissolved Provisional Diet;
                           appointed 19 Feb 1918)
                           - Konstantin Päts                  (b. 1874 - d. 1956)  EML
                           - Jüri Vilms (Wilms)               (b. 1889 - d. 1918)  ETE
                           - Konstantin Konik                 (b. 1873 - d. 1936)  ETE
German Military Governor (Kommandierender General Generalkommandos 68)
25 Feb 1918 - 11 Nov 1918  Franz Adolf Freiherr von           (b. 1857 - d. 1941)  Mil
                             Seckendorff (from 12 Oct 1917, on
                             Hiiumaa, Muhu and Saaremaa islands)
Chairmen of the Provisional Diet
11 Nov 1918 - 20 Nov 1918  Otto August Strandman              (s.a.)               ETE    
20 Nov 1918 - 27 Nov 1918  Jüri Jaakson (acting)              (b. 1870 - d. 1942)  EDE
27 Nov 1918 -  3 Feb 1919  Ado (Aadu) Birk                    (b. 1883 - d. 1942)  EDE
 3 Feb 1919 - 23 Apr 1919  Karl (Kaarel) Parts                (b. 1873 - d. 1940)  Non-party
Chairman of the Council of the Estonian Workers' Commune
29 Nov 1918 -  1 Feb 1919  Jaan Anvelt (in rebellion)         (b. 1884 - d. 1937)  RSDRP-B
                             (= Yan Yanovich Anvel't)
                             (at Narva to 19 Jan 1919, in Võru
                             19 Jan - 1 Feb 1919; in Alūksne, Latvia
                             from 4 Feb 1919, later in Russia exile)
Chairman of the Constituent Assembly
23 Apr 1919 - 20 Dec 1920  August Rei                         (b. 1886 - d. 1963)  ESDTP
State Elders (Riigivanem)
21 Dec 1920 - 25 Jan 1921  Ants (Hans) Piip                   (b. 1884 - d. 1942)  ETE
25 Jan 1921 - 21 Nov 1922  Konstantin Päts (1st time)         (s.a.)               PK
21 Nov 1922 -  2 Aug 1923  Juhan (Johannes) Kukk              (s.a.)               ETE
 2 Aug 1923 - 26 Mar 1924  Konstantin Päts (2nd time)         (s.a.)               PK
26 Mar 1924 - 16 Dec 1924  Friedrich Karl Akel                (b. 1871 - d. 1941)  KRE
16 Dec 1924 - 15 Dec 1925  Jüri Jaakson                       (s.a.)               ER
15 Dec 1925 -  9 Dec 1927  Jaan Teemant (1st time)            (b. 1872 - d. 1941)  PK
 9 Dec 1927 -  4 Dec 1928  Jaan Tõnisson (1st time)           (b. 1868 - d. 1941?) ER
 4 Dec 1928 -  9 Jul 1929  August Rei                         (s.a.)               ESTP
 9 Jul 1929 - 12 Feb 1931  Otto August Strandmann             (s.a.)               ETE
12 Feb 1931 - 19 Feb 1932  Konstantin Päts (3rd time)         (s.a.)               PK
19 Feb 1932 - 19 Jul 1932  Jaan Teemant (2nd time)            (s.a.)               PK
19 Jul 1932 -  7 Nov 1932  Karl August Einbund                (b. 1888 - d. 1942)  UPE
                             (from 22 Feb 1935, Kaarel August Eenpalu) 
 7 Nov 1932 - 18 May 1933  Konstantin Päts (4th time)         (s.a.)               Non-party
18 May 1933 - 21 Oct 1933  Jaan Tõnisson (2nd time)           (s.a.)               RKE
21 Oct 1933 -  3 Sep 1937  Konstantin Päts (5th time)         (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (acting from 24 Jan 1934)
State Protector (title Riigihoidja)
 3 Sep 1937 - 24 Apr 1938  Konstantin Päts                    (s.a.)               Non-part
Presidents
24 Apr 1938 - 23 Jul 1940  Konstantin Päts                    (s.a.)               Non-party
21 Jul 1940 - 25 Aug 1940  Johannes Vares-Barbarus            (b. 1889 - d. 1946)  EKP
                             (acting [for Päts to 23 Jul 1940])
Commander of the German Rear Army Area North (Heeresgebiet Nord)
28 Aug 1941 -  5 Dec 1941  Franz von Roques                   (b. 1877 - d. 1949)  Mil
Generalkommissar für Estland
 5 Dec 1941 - 17 Sep 1944  Karl-Siegmund Litzmann             (b. 1893 - d. 1945)  NSDAP
President
18 Sep 1944 - 22 Sep 1944  Jüri Uluots (acting)               (b. 1890 - d. 1945)  Non-party
                             (flees 20 Sep 1944)
Chairman of the Supreme Council
29 Mar 1990 -  5 Oct 1992  Arnold Rüütel                      (b. 1928 - d. 2024)  Non-party
Presidents 
 6 Oct 1992 -  8 Oct 2001  Lennart Georg Meri                 (b. 1929 - d. 2006)  EI
 8 Oct 2001 -  9 Oct 2006  Arnold Rüütel                      (s.a.)               ERL
 9 Oct 2006 - 10 Oct 2016  Toomas Hendrik Ilves               (b. 1953)            Non-party
10 Oct 2016 - 11 Oct 2021  Kersti Kaljulaid (f)               (b. 1969)            Non-party
11 Oct 2021 -              Alar Karis                         (b. 1958)            Non-party

Ritterschaftshauptleute
 1 Apr 1710 - Feb 1711     Fromhold Johann von Taube          (b. 1661 - d. 1711)
12 Feb 1711 - 23 Feb 1713  Berend Johann von Wrangell         (b. 1662 - d. 1731)
23 Feb 1713 - 19 Feb 1715  Berend Johann von Schulmann        (b. 1660 - d. 1746)
19 Feb 1715 - 18 Jan 1720  Erich Dietrich von Rosen           (b. 1689 - d. 1735)
18 Jan 1720 - 17 Feb 1723  Hans Heinrich von Fersen           (d. 1724)
17 Feb 1723 - 17 Feb 1724  Gustav Magnus von Rehbinder        (b. 1673 - d. 1734) 
                             Freiherr von Uddrich
17 Feb 1724 - 20 Jan 1725  Jakob Johann von Tiesenhausen      (b. 1686 - d. 1784)
                             Freiherr zu Erlaa
20 Jan 1725 - 16 Jan 1728  Jakob Heinrich von Ulrich          (d. 1743)
16 Jan 1728 -  1 Feb 1731  Hans Heinrich von Tiesenhausen     (b. 1685 - d. 1736) 
                             Freiherr zu Erlaa
 1 Feb 1731 -  1 Feb 1734  Otto Heinrich von Rehbinder        (b. 1686 - d. 1753) 
                             Freiherr von Uddrich
 1 Feb 1734 - 24 Jan 1737  Gustav Reinhold von Löwen          (b. 1690 – d. 1766)
24 Jan 1737 - 22 Jan 1740  Christoph Engelbrecht von Kursell  (b. 1685 - d. 1756)
22 Jan 1740 - 21 Jun 1741  Adam Friedrich Freiherr von        (b. 1703 - d. 1768)
                             Stackelberg
21 Jun 1741 -  5 Feb 1744  Berend Heinrich von Tiesenhausen   (b. 1703 - d. 1789)
                             Freiherr zu Erlaa (1st time)
 5 Feb 1744 - 25 Jan 1747  Magnus Wilhelm von Nieroth         (b. 1663 - d. 1770)
25 Jan 1747 - 15 Feb 1753  Otto Magnus von Stackelberg        (b. 1704 - d. 1765)
15 Feb 1753 - Mar 1770     Friedrich Johann von Ulrich        (b. 1717 - d. 1770)
26 Mar 1770 - 24 Mar 1771  Gustav von Ulrich (acting)
24 Mar 1771 - 24 Mar 1772  Fabian Ernst Staël von Holstein    (b. 1727 - d. 1772)
25 Mar 1772 -  6 Apr 1774  Berend Heinrich Graf von           (s.a.) 
                             Tiesenhausen Freiherr zu Erlaa
                             (2nd time)(acting)
 6 Apr 1774 -  5 Feb 1777  Ernst Johann von Fock              (b. 1721 - d. 1782)
 5 Feb 1777 -  7 Feb 1780  Otto Wilhelm Freiherr von Budberg  (b. 1730 - d. 1793)
                             gen. Bönninghausen
 7 Feb 1780 -  4 Feb 1783  Gustav Friedrich von Engelhardt    (b. 1732 - d. 1798)
 4 Feb 1783 - 22 Oct 1783  Moritz Engelbrecht von Kursell     (b. 1744 - d. 1799)
Chairmen of the Provincial Government
 4 Aug 1917 - 25 Oct 1917  Jaan Raamot                        (b. 1873 - d. 1927)  EML
                             (= Ivan Matveyevich Ramot)
25 Oct 1917 -  9 Nov 1917  Konstantin Päts                    (s.a.)               EML
 9 Nov 1917 - 24 Feb 1918  ...
Chairmen of the Estonian Provisional Government
24 Feb 1918 - 25 Feb 1918  Konstantin Päts (2nd time)         (s.a.)               EML
                             (German prisoner 11 Jun - 20 Nov 1918)
25 Feb 1918 - 11 Nov 1918  German occupation
11 Nov 1918 - 12 Nov 1918  Konstantin Päts (2nd time)         (s.a.)               EML
11 Nov 1918 - 12 Nov 1918  Jaan Poska (acting for Päts)       (s.a.)               EDE
Minister-presidents of the Estonian Provisional Government
12 Nov 1918 -  8 May 1919  Konstantin Päts (provisional)      (s.a.)               EML
12 Nov 1918 - 20 Nov 1918  Jaan Poska (acting for Päts)       (s.a.)               EDE 
 8 May 1919 - 18 Nov 1919  Otto August Strandmann             (s.a.)               ETE
Chairman of the Council of the Estonian Workers' Commune
29 Nov 1918 -  1 Feb 1919  Jaan Anvelt (in rebellion)         (s.a.)               RSDRP-B
                             (at Narva to 19 Jan 1919, in Võru 19 Jan - 1 Feb 1919)
Minister-presidents (Prime ministers)
18 Nov 1919 - 28 Jul 1920  Jaan Tõnisson (1st time)           (s.a.)               ER
28 Jul 1920 - 30 Jul 1920  Aadu (Ado) Birk                    (s.a.)               ER
30 Jul 1920 - 26 Oct 1920  Jaan Tõnisson (2nd time)           (s.a.)               ER
26 Oct 1920 - 21 Dec 1920  Ants (Hans) Piip                   (s.a.)               ETE
21 Dec 1920 - 24 Jan 1934  the State Elders
24 Jan 1934 -  3 Sep 1937  Konstantin Päts                    (s.a.)               Non-party
 3 Sep 1937 - 21 Apr 1938  the State Elders
21 Apr 1938 - 12 Oct 1939  Kaarel August Eenpalu              (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (acting to 9 May 1938)
12 Oct 1939 - 21 Jun 1940  Jüri Uluots (1st time)             (s.a.)               Non-party
21 Jun 1940 - 25 Aug 1940  Johannes Vares-Barbarus            (s.a.)               EKP
Leader of the Estonian Self-Administration (Leiter der Estnischen Selbstverwaltung)
 5 Dec 1941 - 17 Sep 1944  Hjalmar Mäe                        (b. 1901 - d. 1978)  Non-party
                             (in Germany exile to 5 Jan 1945)
Minister-president
18 Sep 1944 - 22 Sep 1944  Jüri Uluots (2nd time)             (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (flees country 20 Sep 1944)
18 Sep 1944 - 22 Sep 1944  Otto Tief (acting for Uluots)      (b. 1889 - d. 1976)  Non-party
Chairmen of the Government (Prime ministers)
 3 Apr 1990 - 30 Jan 1992  Edgar Savisaar                     (b. 1950 - d. 2022)  ERR
23 Jan 1992 - 30 Jan 1992  Jaak Leimann (acting for Savisaar) (b. 1941)            Non-party
30 Jan 1992 - 22 Oct 1992  Tiit Vähi (1st time)               (b. 1947)            Non-party
Minister-presidents (Prime ministers)
22 Oct 1992 -  8 Nov 1994  Mart Laar (1st time)               (b. 1960)            RKI
 8 Nov 1994 - 17 Apr 1995  Andres Tarand                      (b. 1940)            Non-party
17 Apr 1995 - 17 Mar 1997  Tiit Vähi (2nd time)               (s.a.)               EK
17 Mar 1997 - 25 Mar 1999  Mart Siimann                       (b. 1946)            EK
25 Mar 1999 - 28 Jan 2002  Mart Laar (2nd time)               (s.a.)               EI
28 Jan 2002 - 10 Apr 2003  Siim Kallas                        (b. 1948)            ERK
10 Apr 2003 - 13 Apr 2005  Juhan Parts                        (b. 1966)            ERP
13 Apr 2005 - 26 Mar 2014  Andrus Ansip                       (b. 1956)            ERK
26 Mar 2014 - 23 Nov 2016  Taavi Rõivas                       (b. 1979)            ERK
23 Nov 2016 - 26 Jan 2021  Jüri Ratas                         (b. 1978)            EKE
26 Jan 2021 - 23 Jul 2024  Kaja Kallas (f)                    (b. 1977)            ERKE
23 Jul 2024 -              Kirsten Michal                     (b. 1975)            ERKE

Estonian Representatives in Exile

Envoy
17 Jun 1940 - 12 Mar 1971  August Torma (in London exile)    (b. 1895 - d. 1971)  Non-party
Consul-general in Charge of Legation
12 Mar 1971 - 20 Aug 1991  Ernst Jaakson                     (b. 1905 - d. 1998)  Non-party 
                             (in Washington, DC exile)

Republic of Estonia in Exile: alternative administration (not internationally recognized)

President
21 Jun 1940 - 18 Jan 1956  Konstantin Päts                    (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (from 30 Jul 1940, Soviet prisoner)
Prime ministers acting as Presidents
21 Jun 1940 -  9 Jan 1945  Jüri Uluots                        (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (from 20 Sep 1944 in Stockholm, Sweden)
 9 Jan 1945 - 29 Mar 1963  August Rei                         (s.a.)               ESTP
                            (in Stockholm, Sweden; from 12 Jan 1953 in Oslo, Norway;
                             then in Lund, Sweden; from 1 Jan 1962 in Stockholm)
 3 Mar 1953 - 20 Sep 1954  Alfred Maurer                      (b. 1888 - d. 1954)  
                             (in dissidence; in Germany, later Stockholm, Sweden)
29 Mar 1963 - 23 Dec 1970  Aleksander Warma                   (b. 1890 - d. 1970)  Non-party
23 Dec 1970 -  1 Mar 1990  Tõnis Kint                         (b. 1896 - d. 1991)  EKL
 1 Mar 1990 -  8 Oct 1992  Heinrich Mark                      (b. 1911 - d. 2004)
15 Sep 1992¹- 28 Nov 2003  Mihkel Mathiesen                   (b. 1918 - d. 2003)  EKKE 
                             (in Enebyberg, Sweden)
28 Nov 2003 -              Kalev Ots (in Nõmme, Estonia)      (b. 1949)            EKKE
 

Acting Prime ministers
21 Jun 1940 - 15 Jun 1942  August Jürima                      (b. 1887 - d. 1942)  PK
                             (Soviet prisoner from 5 Oct 1940)
15 Jun 1942 –  1 Oct 1942  Ants (Hans) Piip                   (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (acting; Soviet prisoner)
 1 Oct 1942 – 21 Apr 1944  Paul Kogerman                      (b. 1891 – d. 1951)  Non-party
                             (acting; Soviet prisoner)
21 Apr 1944 - 18 Sep 1944  Alfred Maurer                      (s.a.)              
18 Sep 1944 - 12 Jan 1953  Otto Tief                          (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (Soviet captive from 10 Oct 1944)
12 Jan 1953 - 22 Aug 1960  Johannes Sikkar                    (b. 1897 - d. 1960)
 3 Mar 1953 -  8 Aug 1978  Johan Holberg                      (b. 1893 - d. 1978)  PK 
                             (in dissidence; in Germany to 1948 then Canada, from 1953 U.S.)
22 Aug 1960 -  1 Jan 1962  Tõnis Kint (1st time)              (s.a.)               EKL      
 1 Jan 1962 - 29 Mar 1963  Aleksander Warma                   (s.a.)               Non-party
29 Mar 1963 - 23 Dec 1970  Tõnis Kint (2nd time)              (s.a.)               EKL    
                             (acting to 2 Apr 1963)
23 Dec 1970 –  8 May 1971  August Koern (acting)              (b. 1900 – d. 1989)  Non-party
                             (in Copenhagen, Denmark)
 8 May 1971 -  1 Mar 1990  Heinrich Mark                      (s.a.)
 1 Mar 1990 -  7 Oct 1992  Enno Penno                         (b. 1930 - d. 2016)  EDU
15 Sep 1992¹- 28 Nov 2003  Kalev Ots (in Nõmme, Estonia)      (s.a.)               EKKE
28 Nov 2003 –  7 Dec 2003  Hando Kruuv (acting)               (b. 1937)            PK
                             (in Tartu, Estonia)
 7 Dec 2003 -              Ahti Mänd (in Nõmme, Estonia)      (b. 1958)            EKKE

Russian Occupation 1918-1919

Commanders of Russian Red (7th) Army (at Narva 28 Nov 1918 - 19 Jan 1919,
then 19 Jan - 1 Feb 1919 at Võru)             
22 Nov 1918 -  5 Dec 1918  Yevgeniy Matveyevich Golubintsev   (b. 1883 - d. 1958)  Mil
 5 Dec 1918 - 27 Jan 1919  Nikolay Vladimirovich Khenrikson   (b. 1871 - d. 1941)  Mil
27 Jan 1919 -  1 Feb 1919  Aleksandr Kondratyevich Remezov    (b. 1869 - d.af.1923)Mil

 ¹The government set up on 15 Sep 1992 declared its intent to "continue to preserve constitutional continuity until the actual end of the occupation," referring to the large number of Russians living in Estonia. Russian troops were present in Estonia until 31 Aug 1994. The former exile government gave its mandate to the constitutionally elected government in Tallinn. The new exile government set up on 15 Sep 1992 is not recognized by any nation.

Noble titles: Greve/Graf = Count; Friherre/Freiherr = Baron; Herzog = Duke; Grossherzog/Velikiy Knyaz' = Grand Duke; Knyaz' = Prince.

Territorial Disputes: Russia and Estonia in May 2005 signed a technical border agreement, but Russia in Jun 2005 recalled its signature after the Estonian parliament added to its domestic ratification act a historical preamble referencing the Soviet occupation and Estonia's pre-war borders under the 1920 Treaty of Tartu; Russia contends that the preamble allows Estonia to make territorial claims on Russia in the future, while Estonian officials deny that the preamble has any legal impact on the treaty text; Russia demands better treatment of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Estonia implements strict Schengen border rules with Russia.
 

Party abbreviations: EKE = Eesti Keskerakond (Estonian Centre Party, centrist, populist, social liberal, est.12 Oct 1991); EKR = Eesti Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond (Conservative People's Party of Estonia, conservative, nationalist, Eurosceptic, est.24 Mar 2012); ERKE = Eesti Reformierakond (Reform Party of Estonia, liberal, center-right, est.18 Nov 1994); PK = Põllumeeste Kogud (Farmers Union [Farmers' Assemblies], agrarian, 1919/20-5 Mar 1935, part of UPE, re-est.1992); Mil = Military; 
- Former parties: EDE = Eesti Demokraatlik Erakond (Estonian Democratic Party, 1917-1919); EDU = Eesti Demokraatlik Unioon (Estonian Democratic Union, 1945-1994); EI = Erakond Isamaaliit (Fatherland [Pro Patria] Union, christian-democratic, 2 Dec 1995-4 Jun 2006, merged into Isamaa ja Res Publica Liit [Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica] IRL); EK = Eesti Koonderakond (Coalition Party of Estonia, liberal, 8 Dec 1991-Nov 2002); EKKE = Eesti Kodanike Keskerakond (Center Party of Estonian Citizens, claims complete restitution of pre-WWII Republic, based on citizens in 1938 and their descendants, opposes post-1991 Estonian government, 19 Oct 1991-1994?); EKL = Eesti Konservatiivide Liidu (Estonian Conservative Union); EKP = Eestimaa Kommunistlik Partei (Estonian Communist Party, communist, 1940-24 Feb 1990 state party, 1920-26 Mar 1990 part of CPSU, 5 Nov 1920-22 Aug 1991); EML = Eesti Maarahva Liitt (Rural Union of Estonia, agrarian, conservative, 1917-1919/20, replaced by PK); ER = Eesti Rahvaerakond (People's Party of Estonia, center-right, split from EDE, 1919-Jan 1932, merged into RKE); ERL = Eestimaa Rahvaliit (Estonian People's Union, conservative, 18 Oct 1999-24 Mar 2012, merged into EKRE); ERP = Erakond Res Publica (Party Res Publica, formerly Ühendus Vabariigi Eest – Res Publica [For the Republic-Res Publica], center-right, populist, 8 Dec 2001-4 Jun 2006, merged into IRL); ERR = Eestimaa Rahvarinne (Estonian People's Front, pro-Perestroika, democratic, 13 Apr 1988-13 Nov 1993); ESDTP = Eesti Sotsiaaldemokraatlik Tööliste Partei (Social Democratic Workers Party of Estonia, Oct 1917-Dec 1925, merged into ESTP); ESTP = Eesti Sotsialistlik Tööliste Partei (Socialist Workers Party of Estonia, social-democratic, split from ESDTP, 1918/19-5 Mar 1935); ETE = Eesti Tööerakond (Labour Party of Estonia, center-left, 6 May 1917-Jan 1932, merged into RKE); Ism = Isamaaliit (Fatherland Union [Patriotic League] "Pro Patria", Estonian nationalist, only legal party 1935-1940); KRE = Kristlik Rahvaerakond (Christian People's Party, christian-democratic, 1919-1931, merged into ER); MS = Moderata Samlingspartiet (Swedish Moderate Coalition Party, conservative); NSDAP = Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party, Nazi fascist, authoritarian, German nationalist, only legal party 1941-1944); PKK = Põllumeestekogude ja Põllumeeste - Asunikkude ning Väikemaapidajate Koondis (Farmers Union - Association of Settlers, State's Leaseholders and Little-farmers, agrarian, center-left, 1932-1933, renamed UPE); RKE = Rahvuslik Keskerakond (National Centre Party, centrist, Jan 1932-5 Mar 1935); RKI = Rahvuslik Koonderakond "Isamaa" (National Coalition Party "Pro Patria", christian-democratic, Sep 1992-2 Dec 1995, renamed EI); RSDRP-B = Rossiyskaya Sotsial-demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)/Venemaa Sotsiaaldemokraatlik Tööliste (Bolševike) Partei (Russian Social Democratic Worker's Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist communist, 1 Mar 1898-8 Mar 1918, renamed Russian Communist Party); UPE = Ühinenud Põllumeeste Erakond (United Farmers Party, agrarian, center-left, merger of PK & PKK, 29 Feb 1932-c.1934)

Bishops of Leal
 1 Mar 1211 - 15 Jun 1219  Theodoric (= Dietrich I)               (d. 1219?)
10 Apr 1220 - 21 Jul 1224  Hermann von Buxhöwden (Bekeshoveden)   (b. 1163 - d. af.1248) 
Prince-Bishops of Dorpat
21 Jul 1224 - 1247         Hermann I von Buxhöwden                (s.a.) 
                            (approved on 18 Apr 1220)
1247 - 26 Jul 1251         Vacant
26 Jul 1251 - 10 Sep 1263  Bernhard I                             (d. 1263)
10 Sep 1263 - 18 Feb 1268  Alexander                              (d. 1268)
1268 -  4 Dec 1288         Friedrich von Haseldorf (Haseldorpe)   (b. c.1220 - d. 1288)
1289 - 1302?               Bernhard II
1303 - 1312                Dietrich II Vyshusen (Vischhusen)      (d. 1312)
14 Jan 1313 - 1323         Nikolaus (acting)                      (d. 1323)
26 Nov 1323 - 17 Aug 1342  Engelbert von Dolen (Dahlen)           (d. 1347)
27 Sep 1342 - 1344         Wescelus (Wessel)                      (d. 1344)
18 Oct 1355 - 1357?        Heinrich I
10 Jun 1357 - 1373         Johannes I Funfhausen (Vyffhusen)      (d. 1373)
 5 Sep 1373 - 1378         Heinrich II von der Velde              (d. 1378)
21 Dec 1378 -  2 Jul 1400  Dietrich III Damerow (Damerau)         (d. af.1408/12)
15 Dec 1400 - 1410         Heinrich III von Wrangell              (d. 1410)
 7 Jan 1411 -  4 Mar 1413  Bernhard III Bulowe (von Bülow)        (d. 1413)
14 Apr 1413 - Mar 1441     Dietrich IV Resler (Retzler)           (b. c.1365 - d. 1441)
17 Mar 1442 - 1459         Bartholomäus Sawijerwe                 (d. 1461)
22 Dec 1459 - 23 Mar 1468  Helmich von Mallinkrodt (Malingrode)   (d. af.1485)
 5 Dec 1468 - Feb 1473     Andreas Peper (Piperi)                 (d. 1473)
 6 Jun 1473 - Feb 1485     Johannes II Bertkow                    (d. 1485)
18 Jul 1485 - 1498         Dietrich V Hake                        (d. 1498)
20 Mar 1499 - 1505         Johannes III Buxhoevden von Roppa      (d. 1505)
22 Dec 1505 - 1514         Gerhard Schrove (Schwut)               (d. 1514)
15 May 1514 - Sep 1514     Johannes IV Duisburg (Seborg)          (d. 1514)
                             (approved before 4 May 1514)
1514                       Bernhard IV
30 Oct 1514 - 15 Apr 1518  Christian Bomhower (Bornhower)         (b. c.1469 - d. 1518)
29 Jul 1518 -  9 Sep 1527  Johannes V Blankenfeld                 (b. 1470 - d. 1527)
                             (from 29 Jun 1527, also Archbishop of Riga)
15 Aug 1528 - 1533         Johannes VI Bey
 4 Jul 1533 -  9 Mar 1543  Johannes VII Gellingshausen            (d. 1543)
                             (Dellenkusen)
1543 - 1545                Hermann II Bey
 5 Feb 1545 - 1552         Jodokus von der Recke (Jobst von Recke)(d. 1567)
                             (abanoned Dorpat 18 Apr 1551, in
                             opposition to 22 Oct 1553)
17 Oct 1552 - 16 Jul 1558  Hermann III Weiland (Wessall)          (d. 1563) 
                             (Papal confirmation 25 Jun 1554;
                             deported to Russia 23 Aug 1558)
Swedish Stadholder of Dorpat Economy (the Northern/Estonian part of Livonia)
1690 – 1710                Gustaf Adolf Johansson Stroemfelt      (b. 1640 – d. 1717)
                             (in Pernau [Pärnu] from 1704)  
Russian Supreme Commandant of Dorpat
1704 – 1710                 Kirill Alekseyevich Naryshkin         (b. c.1670 - d. 1723)
Landmarschälle of the Dorpat District
Jun 1715 - Oct 1720         Berend Dietrich von Bock              (b. 1670 – d. 1737)
1720 - 1723                 Woldemar Johann Freiherr von          (b. 1684 – d. 1741)
                              Ungern-Sternberg

Bishop of Osel Banner to 1567
Map of Ösel Island	Capital: Arensburg (Kuressaare) (Leal to c.1251; Perona c.1251-c.1263; Hapsal c.1263- c.1381)	Population: 20,000 (1782 est.)

 

Aug 1228                   Bishopric of Ösel (later Ösel-Wiek) (Ecclesia Osiliensis)

                             established, covering the islands of Ösel (Saaremaa), Dagö

                             (Hiiumaa) and Moon (Muhu), and Wiek (Läänemaa) western part of

                             the Estonian mainland, as a sovereign principality (prince-

                             bishopric) of the Holy Roman Empire (formally from 1 Oct 1228).

                             Some parts of bishop's possessions (on the islands and mainland)

                             given as a fief to the Swordbrothers Order (later Livonian Order)

                             (approved by Holy See 8 Jan 1235).

1229 - 1234                Ruled by the Bishop of Riga and the Swordbrothers Order.

1241 - 1343                Ösel (Saaremaa) Island an autonomous part of Ösel-Wiek (autonomy

                             renewed 27 Aug 1255).

15 Apr 1560                Bishopric, sold by the last prince-bishop to Denmark, given as an

                             appanage to the brother of the King of Denmark, Magnus Herzog von

                             Holstein (elected to bishop 13 May 1560).

 5 Mar 1562                Territories of the Livonian Order a part of the Lithuanian 

                             principality of Livonia. 

1563                       Sweden occupies Wiek and the island of Dagö (not recognized by

                             Denmark). Denmark cedes Wiek to Lithuania in exchange for the

                             Livonian territories on the islands, including Soneburg.

13 Dec 1570                Denmark and the Poland-Lithuania recognize Swedish sovereignty

                             over Wiek and the island of Dagö (made part of the Swedish

                             Duchy of Estonia on 1584).

 9 May 1572                Former prince-bishopric, now covering only the islands of Ösel

                             and Moon, is transferred to direct administration of Denmark as 

                             a Danish fiefdom.

13 Sep 1572                Holy Roman Empire recognized Danish rule of Ösel. Denmark

                             reciprocally recognized the suzerainty of Empire over the island,

                             which thus remained a nominal part of Empire.

23 Aug 1645                Ösel ceded by Denmark to Sweden and subordinated to the Swedish 

                             governors-general of Livonia. The King of Sweden adopts the 

                             style of "Prince of Ösel."

26 Sep 1710                City of Arensburg (Kuressaare), the capital of Ösel, surrenders 

                             to Russian forces. Occupation of Ösel (Saaremaa) is

                             completed (formally ceded by Sweden to Russia 10 Sep 1721).

 8 Aug 1713                An autonomous part of the province of Livonia, directly

                             administered by the governor-general of Livonia to 1781.

14 Jul 1783                Autonomy abolished, remains part of Livonia to 12 Apr 1917.

28 Nov 1796                Limited local autonomy for Ösel restored (confirmed by all

                             successive Emperors of Russia on their accession before 1881,

                             thereafter gradually extinguished).

17 Sep 1944 – 24 Nov 1944  German occupation of islands continues after evacuation of Tallinn.

Ritterschaftshauptmänner
1655 – 1661                Friedrich von Sasse                    (d. 1689)
1661 - 1666                Odert von Poll "der Ältere"            (d. c.1677)
1670                       Christian von Poll                     (b. 1618 - d. 1693)
Landschaftshauptmänner
1699 – 1707                Johann von Vietinghoff                 (b. 1649 - d. 1707)
1707                       Carl Adam von Stackelberg              (b. 1669 - d. 1749)
                             (ritterschaftshauptmann)
1716                       Wolmar Freiherr von Stackelberg        (b. 1680 - d. 1744)
1725                       Friedrich Johann von Lode              (b. 1683 - d. 1753)
Ritterschaftshauptmänner
1739                       Nicolas von Krämer                     (b. 1693 - d. 1739)
1740                       Otto Friedrich Freiherr von Vietinghoff(b. 1692 - d. 1777)
1748                       Christian Friedrich von Poll           (b. 1672 - d. 1748)
Landmarschälle
1753 - 1760                Reinhold Gustav Freiherr von Nolcken   (b. c.1700 - d. 1762)
1760 - 1765                Hermann Gustav von Weymarn             (b. 1717 - d. 1771)
1762 - 1772                Carl Gustav von Güldenstubbe           (b. 1739 - d. 1814)
1772 - 1780                Otto Frommhold von Buhrmeister,        (d. 1782)
                             Herr auf Saltack     
1780 - 1783                Johann Christoph von Nolcken -Assessor (d. 1808)
1797 - 1800                Karl Johann Gustav von Ekesparre       (b. 1746 - d. 1806)
1800 - 1806                Georg Friedrich von Sass, Herr auf     (b. 1751 - d. 1810)
                             Kasty
1806 - 1808                Otto Frommhold von Buhrmeister
1808 - 1813                Otto Magnus von Buxhoeveden, Herr auf  (b. 1770 - d. 1830)
                             Padel
1813 - 1816                Reinhold Friedrich Pilar von Pilchau   (b. 1781 - d. 1860)
1816 - 1818                Peter Anton von Sass                   (b. 1782 - d. 1832)
1818 - 26 Jun 1841         Peter Wilhelm von Buxhoeveden, Herr    (b. 1787 - d. 1841)
                             auf Kuiwast und Ropaka  
1841 - 1841                Alexander von Nolcken (acting)         (b. 1804 - d. 1867)
1841 - 1843                Karl von Güldenstubbe (acting)         (b. 1798 - d. 1867)
1843 - 1849                Georg Wilhelm von Ditmar, Herr auf     (b. 1789 - d. 1852)
                             Clausholm  
1849 - 22 Mar 1862         Karl Friedrich von Güldenstubbe        (b. 1816 - d. 1862)
1862 - 1864                Johann Gustav Ernst Freiherr von       (b. 1809 - d. 1891)
                             Nolcken (acting)(1st time) 
1864 - 1865                Karl Wilhelm Ottokar von Aderkas       (b. 1806 - d. 1869)
1865 - 1867                Johann Gustav Ernst Freiherr von       (s.a.)
                             Nolcken (acting)(2nd time)
1867 - 1876                Karl Johann Baron Freytagh-Loringhoven (b. 1816 - d. 1887)
1876 - 1906                Oskar Arkadius Otto von Ekesparre-     (b. 1839 - d. 1925)
                             Olbrück
1906 - 16 Feb 1919         Alexander "Axel" Peter Eduard Baron    (b. 1856 - d. 1919)
                             von Buxhoeveden

First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Estonian Communist (Bolshevik) Party
(from 13 Oct 1952, Estonian Communist Party)
28 Aug 1940 -  3 Sep 1941  Karl Säre (Karl Yanovich Syare)    (b. 1903 - d. 1945)
                             (German prisoner from 3 Sep 1941)
 3 Sep 1941 - 26 Mar 1950  Nikolai Karotamm                   (b. 1901 - d. 1969)
                             (Nikolay Georgiyevich Karotamm)
                             (acting [nominally for Säre to 1943?] to 28 Sep 1944)
                             (in Russian SFSR exile to 22 Sep 1944)
26 Mar 1950 - 26 Jul 1978  Johannes Käbin                     (b. 1905 - d. 1999)
                             (Ivan Gustavovich Kebin)
26 Jul 1978 - 16 Jun 1988  Karl Vaino                         (b. 1923 - d. 2022)
                             (Karl Genrikhovich Vayno)
16 Jun 1988 - 22 Aug 1991  Vaino Väljas                       (b. 1931 - d. 2024)
                             (Vayno Iosifovich Vyalyas)
                             (from 25 Mar 1990, chairman)  
25 Mar 1990 - 22 Aug 1991  Enn-Arno Sillari (first secretary) (b. 1944)
                             (Enn-Arno Augustovich Sillari)
Dec 1990 - 22 Aug 1991     Lembit Annus                       (b. 1941 - d. 2018)
                             (Lembit Elmarovich Annus)
                             (Communist Party on CPSU Platform)
                           ("leading role" of the party abolished 24 Feb 1990)  

Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
25 Aug 1940 - 29 Nov 1946  Johannes Vares-Barbarus            (b. 1889 - d. 1946)  EKP-B
                             (Yokhannes Yanovich Vares-Barbarus)
                             (in Russian SFSR exile 28 Aug 1941 - 22 Sep 1944)
29 Nov 1946 -  5 Mar 1947  Nigol Andresen (acting)            (b. 1899 - d. 1985)  EKP-B
                             (Nigol' [Nikolay] Gustavovich Andrezen)
 5 Mar 1947 -  4 Jul 1950  Eduard Päll                        (b. 1903 - d. 1989)  EKP-B
                             (Eduard Nikolayevich Pyall')
 4 Jul 1950 -  4 Feb 1958  August Jakobson                    (b. 1904 - d. 1963)  EKP-B;1952
                             (Avgust Mikhkelevich Yakobson)                        EKP
 4 Feb 1958 - 12 Oct 1961  Johan Gansovich Eichfeld           (b. 1893 - d. 1989)  EKP
                             (Iogan Gansovich Eykhfel'd)
12 Oct 1961 -  7 Oct 1970  Aleksei Müürisepp                  (b. 1902 - d. 1970)  EKP
                             (Aleksey Aleksandrovich Myurisep)
 7 Oct 1970 - 22 Dec 1970  Aleksander Ansberg                 (b. 1909 - d. 1975)  EKP
                             (Aleksander Yanovich Ansberg)
                           + Arnold Rüütel (1st time)         (b. 1928 - d. 2024)  EKP
                             (Arnol'd Fyodorovich Ryuytel')
                           (acting)
22 Dec 1970 - 25 May 1978  Artur Vader (Artur Pavlovich Vader)(b. 1920 - d. 1978)  EKP
25 May 1978 - 26 Jul 1978  Meta Vannas (f)                    (b. 1924 - d. 2002)  EKP
                             (Meta Villemovna Vannas)
                           + Arnold Rüütel (2nd time)         (s.a.)               EKP
                           (acting)
26 Jul 1978 -  8 Apr 1983  Johannes Käbin                     (s.a.)               EKP
                             (Ivan Gustavovich Kebin)
 8 Apr 1983 - 29 Mar 1990  Arnold Rüütel                      (s.a.)               EKP
                             (Arnol'd Fyodorovich Ryuytel')
Chairman of the Supreme Council
29 Mar 1990 -  8 May 1990  Arnold Rüütel                      (s.a.)               Non-party

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
25 Aug 1940 - 28 Aug 1941  Johannes Lauristin                 (b. 1899 - d. 1941)  EKP-B
                             (Yokhannes Ansovich Lauristin)
28 Aug 1941 - 26 Sep 1944  Oskar Sepre (acting)               (b. 1900 - d. 1965)  EKP-B
                             (Oskar Adovich Sepre)
                             (in Russian SFSR exile to 22 Sep 1944)
26 Sep 1944 - 25 Mar 1946  Arnold Veimer                      (b. 1903 - d. 1977)  EKP-B
                             (Arnol'd Tynuvich Veymer)  
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
25 Mar 1946 - 29 Mar 1951  Arnold Veimer                      (s.a.)               EKP-B
29 Mar 1951 - 12 Oct 1961  Aleksei Müürisepp                  (s.a.)            EKP-B;1952 EKP
12 Oct 1961 - 18 Jan 1984  Valter Klauson                     (b. 1914 - d. 1988)  EKP
                             (Val'ter Ivanovich Klauson)         
18 Jan 1984 - 16 Nov 1988  Bruno Saul                         (b. 1932 - d. 2022)  EKP 
                             (Bruno Eduardovich Saul')
16 Nov 1988 - 25 Dec 1989  Indrek Toome                       (b. 1943 - d. 2023)  EKP
                             (Indrek Kherbertovich Toome)  
Chairmen of the Government (Prime Minister)
25 Dec 1989 -  3 Apr 1990  Indrek Toome                       (s.a.)               EKP

Pro-Soviet Resistance to German occupation 1942-1944

Note: Soviet resistance, consisting mainly of straggling party-members and soldiers, organized into partisan units subordinated to the Central Staff of the Partisan Units in Moscow.

Commander, Estonian Partisan Units
 3 Nov 1942 - 28 Sep 1944   Nikolai Karotamm                  (s.a.)              Mil/EKP-B
                             (Nikolay Georgiyevich Karotamm)               

Party abbreviations: EKP = Eestimaa Kommunistlik Partei/Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Estonii (Estonian Communist Party, communist, 1940-24 Feb 1990 state party, 1940-52 named EKP-B, 1920-26 Mar 1990 part of CPSU, 5 Nov 1920-22 Aug 1991); EKP-B = Eestimaa Kommunistliku (Bolševike) Partei/Estonskaya Kommunisticheskaya (Bol'shevikov)(Estonian Communist [Bolsheviks] Party, communist, state party, former EKP, 28 Aug 1940-13 Oct 1952, renamed EKP)

Estonian SSR Oblasti 1952-1953

Pärnu

10 May 1952 - 28 Apr 1953  Pärnu oblast (Pärnu oblast), within Estonian S.S.R.

First Secretary of the Regional Committee
May 1952 - May 1953        Otto Merimaa                       (b. 1920 – d. 2001)
                             (Otto Ottovich Merimaa)

Chairman of the Executive Committee
17 Jun 1952 - May 1953     Richard Niinepuu                                        EKP
                             (Rikhard Martinovich Ninepu)

Tallinn

10 May 1952 - 28 Apr 1953  Tallinn oblast (Tallinna oblast), within Estonian S.S.R.

First Secretary of the Regional Committee
May 1952 - May 1953        Ernst Ristmägi                     (b. 1907 – d. 1976)
                             (Ernst Vil'gel'movich Ristmyagi)

Chairman of the Executive Committee
17 Jun 1952 - May 1953     Aleksander Ansberg                 (b. 1909 – d. 1975)  EKP
                             (Aleksandr Yanovich Ansberg)

Tartu

10 May 1952 - 28 Apr 1953  Tartu oblast (Tartu oblast), within Estonian S.S.R.

First Secretary of the Regional Committee
May 1952 – May 1953       Heinrich Ajo                        (b. 1906 – d. 1953)
                            (Genrikh Yakovich Ayo)

Chairman of the Executive Committee
17 Jun 1952 – May 1953    Rudolf Meijel                       (b. 1914 – d. 2006)  EKP
                            (Rudol'f Yakobovich Meyel')

Tallinn city

10 May 1952 - 28 Apr 1953  Tallinn city (Tallinna linn) remains a "city of republican
                             subordination" (economically, but not administratively separated                                from Tallinn oblast), within Estonian S.S.R.

First Secretary of the City Committee
May 1952 - Jun 1961        Valter Ani                         (b. 1914 - d. 1990)
                             (Val'ter Fritsevich Ani)

Chairman of the Executive Committee
17 Sep 1945 - 29 Mar 1961  Aleksander Hendrikson              (b. 1895 - d. 1977)  EKP
                             (Aleksandr Antonovich Gendrikson)

Party abbreviation: EKP = Eestimaa Kommunistlik Partei/Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Estonii (Estonian Communist Party, communist, 1940-24 Feb 1990 state party, 5 Nov 1920-22 Aug 1991)