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![[Mughal alam, imperial standard
c.1526-1858 (India)]](in-mugh.png "[Mughal
alam, imperial standard c.1526-1858
(India)]")
![[Flag of
the United Kingdom]](gb.gif "[Flag of
the United Kingdom]")
![[Star of India
flag of Viceroy of British India
c.1885-1947]](in-bu.gif "[Star of India
flag of Viceroy of British India
c.1885-1947]")
![[Civil
Ensign of British India 1928-1947]](in-bre.gif "[Civil Ensign of British
India 1928-1947]")
![[Flag of
India]](in.gif "[Flag of India]")
- Emperors (title Padshah, sometimes Padshah-i Hind - emperor of India)
- 31 Jul 1658 - 2 Mar 1707 Mohyi ad-Din Abu'l Mozaffar (b. 1618 - d. 1707)
- Mohammad Awrangzib Bahadur
- `Alamgir I Padshah-e Ghazi
- 14 Mar 1707 - 27 Apr 1707 Qotb ad-Din Abu'l Fayaz (b. 1653 - d. 1707)
- Mohammad A`zam Shah Padshah-e
- Ghazi
- (continues in rebellion to 18 Jun 1707)
- 27 Apr 1707 - 27 Feb 1712 Qotb ad-Din Abu'n Nasr Sayyed (b. 1643 - d. 1712)
- Mohammad Shah `Alam I Bahadur
- Shah Padshah-e Ghazi (b. 1643 - d. 1712)
- (retroactive to 23 Mar 1707)
- 27 Apr 1707 - 13 Jan 1709 Mohammad Kam Bakhsh-e Dinpanah
- ebn Awrangzib `Alamgir Padshah (b. 1666 - d. 1709)
- (in rebellion)
- 29 Feb 1712 - 17 Mar 1712 Mohammad `Azim ash-Shan ebn
- Bahadur Shah Padshah (b. 1664 - d. 1712)
- 29 Feb 1712 - 29 Mar 1712 Mohammad Rafi` ash-Shan ebn (b. 1671 - d. 1712)
- Bahadur Shah Padshah
- (in rebellion)
- 29 Feb 1712 - 30 Mar 1712 Jahan Shah ebn Bahadur Shah (b. 1673 - d. 1712)
- Padshah "Khojestan Akhtar"
- (in rebellion)
- 30 Mar 1712 - 11 Jan 1713 Mo`ezz ad-Din Abu'l Fath (b. 1661 - d. 1713)
- Mohammad Jahandar Shah Padshah
- 11 Jan 1713 - 1 Mar 1719 Mo`in ad-Din (or Jalal ad-Din) (b. 1687 - d. 1719)
- Abu'l Mozaffar Mohammad
- Farrokhsiyar Padshah
- 1 Mar 1719 - 7 Jun 1719 Shams ad-Din Abu'l Barakat (b. 1699 - d. 1719)
- Soltan Mohammad Rafi` ad-Darjat
- Padshah-e Ghazi
- 30 Mar 1719 - 13 Aug 1719 Mohammad Shah Nikusiyar (b. 1679 - d. 1723)
- (in rebellion)
- 8 Jun 1719 - 6 Sep 1719 Mohammad Shah Jahan II Sani (b. 1696 - d. 1719)
- Padshah (Mohammad Rafi` ad-Dawla)
- 28 Sep 1719 - 26 Apr 1748 Naser ad-Din Abu'l Fath (b. 1702 - d. 1748)
- (from 1722 Abu'l-Mozaffar)
- Mohammad Shah Padshah-e Ghazi
- "Rawshan Akhtar"
- 12 Oct 1720 - 19 Nov 1720 Zahir ad-Din Abu'l Fath Mohammad (d. 1720)
- Ebrahim Shah Padshah
- (in rebellion)
- 29 Apr 1748 - 3 Jun 1754 Mojahed ad-Din Abu'n Nasr Ahmad (b. 1725 - d. 1773)
- Shah Bahadur Padshah-e Ghazi
- 3 Jun 1754 - 29 Nov 1759 `Aziz ad-Din Abu'l-`Adl Mohammad (b. 1699 - d. 1759)
- `Alamgir II Padhsh-e Ghazi
- 11 Dec 1759 - 25 Dec 1759
Mohyi-e Millat (or Mohyi ad-Din)
- Shah Jahan III Sani ebn Mohyi-e
-
Sannat
Mohammad
(b. 1711 - d. 1772)
- 25 Dec 1759 - 1 Aug 1788 Jalal ad-Din Abu´l Mozaffar
- Mohammad Shah `Alam II Padshah
- "Ham-e Din" (1st time) (b. 1728 - d. 1806)
- 1 Aug 1788 - 9
Oct 1788 Mohammad Bidarbakht ebn Ahmad
(b. 1749? - d. 1790)
- Bahadur Jahan Shah IV
- 16 Oct 1788 - 10 Nov 1806 Jalal ad-Din Abu´l Mozaffar
- Mohammad Shah `Alam II Padshah
- "Ham-e Din" (2nd time) (s.a.)
- 18 Nov 1806 - 28 Sep 1837 Mo`in ad-Din Abu´n Nasr Mohammad (b. 1760 - d. 1837)
- Akbar Shah II Saheb Qiran-e Sani
- 29 Sep 1837 - 29 Mar 1858 Seraj ad-Din Abu´l Mozaffar (b. 1775 - d. 1862)
- Mohammad Bahadur Shah II Padshah
- (10 May 1857 - 22 Mar 1858, in
- in rebellion against British rule)
- Queen¹
- 1 Nov 1858 - 28 Apr 1876 the queen of United Kingdom
- Empress/Emperors¹
- 28 Apr 1876 - 22 Jun 1948 the
queen/kings of United
Kingdom
- Governors-general (of the British East India Company)
- 20 Oct 1774 - 1 Feb 1785 Warren Hastings (b. 1732 - d. 1818)
- 1 Feb 1785 - 12 Sep 1786 John Macpherson (acting) (b. 1745 - d. 1821)
- 12 Sep 1786 - 28 Oct 1793 Charles Mann Cornwallis, Earl (b. 1738 - d. 1805)
-
of
Cornwallis (from 8 Oct 1792,
Charles Mann Cornwallis, Marquess
Cornwallis)(1st time) - 28 Oct 1793 - 25 Mar 1798 Sir John Shore (b. 1751 - d. 1834)
- 25 Mar 1798 - 18 May 1798 Sir Alured Clarke (acting) (b. 1745 - d. 1832)
- 18 May 1798 - 30 Jul 1805 Richard Colley Wellesley, (b. 1760 - d. 1842)
-
Baron Wellesley (from 2 Dec 1799, Richard Colley
- Wellesley, Marquess Wellesley of Norragh)
- 30 Jul 1805 - 5 Oct 1805 Charles Cornwallis, Marquess (s.a.)
- Cornwallis (2nd time)
- 10 Oct 1805 - 31 Jul 1807 Sir George Hilario Barlow (acting) (b. 1762 - d. 1846)
- 31 Jul 1807 - 4 Oct 1813 Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,
- Baron Minto (b. 1751 - d. 1814)
- 4 Oct 1813 - 9 Jan 1823 Francis Rawdon-Hastings, Earl (b. 1754 - d. 1826)
- of Moira (from 13 Feb 1817, Francis
- Rawdon-Hastings, Marquess of Hastings)
- 9 Jan 1823 - 1 Aug 1823 John Adam (acting) (b. 1779 - d. 1825)
- 1 Aug 1823 - 13 Mar 1828 William Pitt Amherst, Baron (b. 1773 - d. 1857)
-
Amherst (from 19 Dec 1826, William Pitt Amherst,
- Earl Amherst of Holmesdale in the County of Kent)
- 13 Mar 1828 - 4 Jul 1828 William Butterworth Bayley (b. 1782 - d. 1860)
- (acting)
- 4 Jul 1828 - 20 Mar 1835 William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, (b. 1774 - d. 1839)
- Lord Bentinck
- 20 Mar 1835 - 4 Mar 1836 Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalfe (b. 1785 - d. 1846)
- (acting)
- 4 Mar 1836 - 28 Feb 1842 George Eden, Baron Auckland (b. 1784 - d. 1849)
- (from 21 Dec 1839, George Eden, Earl of Auckland)
- 28 Feb 1842 - 15 Jun 1844 Edward Law, Baron Ellenborough (b. 1790 - d. 1871)
- 15 Jun 1844 - 23 Jul 1844 William Wilberforce Bird (acting) (b. 1784 - d. 1857)
- 23 Jul 1844 - 12 Jan 1848 Henry Hardinge, (from 2 May 1846) (b. 1785 - d. 1856)
- Viscount Hardinge
- 12 Jan 1848 - 28 Feb 1856 James Andrew Broun Ramsay (b. 1812 - d. 1860)
-
(from 4 Jun 1849, Marquess and)
-
Earl of Dalhousie
- 28 Feb 1856 - 1 Nov 1858 Charles John Canning, Viscount (b. 1812 - d. 1862)
-
Canning of Kilbraham
- Viceroys and Governors-general
- 1 Nov 1858 - 21 Mar 1862 Charles John Canning, Viscount (s.a.)
- Canning of Kilbraham (from 12 May 1859,
- Charles John Canning, Earl Canning)
- 21 Mar 1862 - 20 Nov 1863 James Bruce, Earl of Elgin and (b. 1811 - d. 1863)
- Kincardine
- 21 Nov 1863 - 2 Dec 1863 Sir Robert Cornelis Napier (b. 1810 - d. 1890)
- (acting)
- 2 Dec 1863 - 12 Jan 1864 Sir William Thomas Denison (b. 1804 - d. 1871)
- (acting)
- 12 Jan 1864 - 12 Jan 1869 Sir John Laird Mair Lawrence (b. 1811 - d. 1879)
- 12 Jan 1869 - 8 Feb 1872 Richard Southwell Bourke, Earl (b. 1822 - d. 1872)
- of the County of Mayo
- 9 Feb 1872 - 23 Feb 1872 Sir John Strachey (acting) (b. 1823 - d. 1907)
- 24 Feb 1872 - 3 May 1872 Francis Napier, Lord Napier of (b. 1819 - d. 1898)
- Merchistoun (acting)
- 3 May 1872 - 12 Apr 1876 Thomas George Baring, Baron (b. 1826 - d. 1904)
- Northbrook of Stratton
- 12 Apr 1876 - 8 Jun 1880 Robert Bulwer-Lytton, Baron Lytton (b. 1831 - d. 1891)
-
of Knebworth
- 8 Jun 1880 - 13 Dec 1884 George Frederick Samuel Robinson, (b. 1827 - d. 1909)
- Marquess of Ripon in the County of York
- 13 Dec 1884 - 10 Dec 1888 Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple- (b. 1826 - d. 1902)
- Blackwood, Earl of Dufferin
- 10 Dec 1888 - 11 Oct 1894 Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, Marquess (b. 1845 - d. 1927)
- of Lansdowne in the County of Somerset
- 11 Oct 1894 - 6 Jan 1899 Victor Alexander Bruce, Earl of (b. 1849 - d. 1917)
- Elgin and Kincardine
- 6 Jan 1899 - 18 Nov 1905 George Nathaniel Curzon, Baron (b. 1859 - d. 1925)
- Curzon of Kedleston
- 18 Nov 1905 - 23 Nov 1910 Gilbert John Elliot-Murray- (b. 1845 - d. 1914)
- Kynynmound, Earl of Minto
- 23 Nov 1910 - 4 Apr 1916 Charles Hardinge, Baron Hardinge (b. 1858 - d. 1944)
- of Penshurst
- 4 Apr 1916 - 2 Apr 1921 Frederic John Napier Thesiger, (b. 1868 - d. 1933)
- Baron Chelmsford
- 2 Apr 1921 - 3 Apr 1926 Rufus Daniel Isaacs, Baron (b. 1860 - d. 1935)
- Reading of Erleigh
- 10 Apr 1925 - 8 Aug 1925 Victor Alexander George Robert (b. 1876 - d. 1947)
- Bulwer-Lytton, Earl of Lytton
- (viceroy and acting governor-general)
- 3 Apr 1926 - 18 Apr 1931 Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, (b. 1881 - d. 1959)
- Baron Irwin
- 30 Jun 1929 - 25 Oct 1929 George Joachim Goschen, Viscount (b. 1866 - d. 1952)
-
Goschen of Hawkhurst in the County of Kent
- (viceroy and acting governor-general)
- 18 Apr 1931 - 18 Apr 1936 George Freeman Freeman-Thomas, (b. 1866 - d. 1941)
- Earl of Willingdon
- 18 Apr 1936 - 1 Apr 1937 Victor
Alexander John
Hope, (b.
1887 - d. 1952)
Marquess of Linlithgow in the
County of Linlithgow - Viceroys, Governors-general and Crown
Representatives
- 1 Apr 1937 - 1 Oct 1943
Victor Alexander John
Hope, (s.a.)
Marquess of Linlithgow in the
County of Linlithgow
- 25 Jun 1938 - 24 Oct 1938 Michael Herbert
Rudolph
(b. 1895 - d. 1939)
Knatchbull-Hugessen, Baron
Brabourne
- (viceroy and acting governor-general)
- 1 Oct 1943 - 23 Mar 1947 Archibald Percival Wavell, (b. 1883 - d. 1950)
-
Viscount Wavell of Cyrenaica and of
-
Winchester in the County of Southampton
- 24 Mar 1947 - 14 Aug 1947 Louis Francis Mountbatten, (b. 1900 - d. 1979)
- Viscount Mountbatten of Burma
- Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)
- 15 Aug 1947 - 21 Jun 1948 Louis Francis Mountbatten, (s.a.)
-
Viscount Mountbatten of Burma
- (from 28 Oct 1947, Earl Mountbatten of Burma,
- Baron Romsey, in the County of Southampton)
- 21 Jun 1948 - 25 Jan 1950 Chakravarti Rajagopalachari (b. 1878 - d. 1972)
- Presidents
- 26 Jan 1950 - 13 May 1962 Rajendra Prasad (b. 1884 - d. 1963)INC/Non-party
- 13 May 1962 - 13 May 1967 Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (b. 1888 - d. 1975) Non-party
- 13 May 1967 - 3 May 1969 Zakir Husain (b. 1897 - d. 1969) Non-party
- 3 May 1969 - 20 Jul 1969 Varahagiri Venkata Giri (1st time) (b. 1894 - d. 1980) Non-party
- (acting)
- 20 Jul 1969 - 24 Aug 1969 Muhammad Hidayatullah (b. 1905 - d. 1992) Non-party
- 24 Aug 1969 - 24 Aug 1974 Varahagiri Venkata Giri (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
- 24 Aug 1974 - 11 Feb 1977 Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (b. 1905 - d. 1977)INC/Non-party
- 11 Feb 1977 - 25 Jul 1977 Basappa Danappa Jatti (acting) (b. 1912 - d. 2002) Non-party
- 25 Jul 1977 - 25 Jul 1982 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (b. 1913 - d. 1996)INC/Non-party
- 25 Jul 1982 - 25 Jul 1987 Giani Zail Singh (b. 1916 - d. 1994)INC/Non-party
- 25 Jul 1987 - 25 Jul 1992 Ramaswamy Venkataraman (b. 1910 - d. 2009)INC/Non-party
- 25 Jul 1992 - 25 Jul 1997 Shankar Dayal Sharma (b. 1918 - d. 1999)INC/Non-party
- 25 Jul 1997 - 25 Jul 2002 Kocheril Raman (K.R.) Narayanan (b. 1920 - d. 2005) Non-party
- 25 Jul 2002 - 25 Jul 2007 Aavul
Pakkiri Jainulabidin (A.P.J.)(b. 1931 - d. 2015)
Non-party
(A.P.J.) Abdul Kalam
25 Jul 2007 - 25 Jul 2012 Pratibha Devisingh Patil (f) (b. 1934) INC/Non-party
25 Jul 2012 - 25 Jul 2017 Pranab Kumar Mukherjee (b. 1935 - d. 2020)INC/Non-party
25 Jul 2017 - 25 Jul 2022 Ram Nath Kovind (b. 1945) BJP/Non-party
25 Jul 2022 - Draupadi Murmu (f) (b. 1958) BJP/Non-party
- Grand Viziers (title Wazir
ul-Malik-i Hindustan)
1645 - Apr
1656
Sa'adullah
Khan
(b. c.1591 - d. 1656) - Presidents of the Board of
Commissioners for the Affairs of India
("Board of Control") (in London)
3 Sep 1784 - 12 Mar 1790 Thomas Townshend, Baron Sydney (b. 1733 - d. 1800)
12 Mar 1790 - 28 Jun 1793 William Wyndham Grenville, (b. 1759 - d. 1834)
Baron Grenville of Wotton-
under-Bernewood
28 Jun 1793 - 19 May 1801 Henry Dundas (b. 1742 - d. 1811)
19 May 1801 - 12 Jul 1802 George Legge, Earl of Dartmouth (b. 1755 - d. 1810)
12 Jul 1802 - 12 Feb 1806 Robert Stewart, Viscount (b. 1769 - d. 1822)
Castlereagh
12 Feb 1806 - 16 Jul 1806 Gilbert Elliot (b. 1751 - d. 1814)
16 Jul 1806 - 1 Oct 1806 Thomas Grenville (b. 1755 - d. 1846)
1 Oct 1806 - 6 Apr 1807 George Tierney (b. 1761 - d. 1830)
6 Apr 1807 - 17 Jul 1809 Robert Saunders-Dundas (1st time) (b. 1771 - d. 1851)
17 Jul 1809 - 13 Nov 1809 Dudley Ryder, Earl of Harrowby (b. 1762 - d. 1847)
13 Nov 1809 - 7 Apr 1812 Robert Saunders-Dundas, (s.a.)
Viscount Melville (2nd time)
7 Apr 1812 - 20 Jun 1816 Robert Hobart, Earl of (b. 1760 - d. 1816)
Buckinghamshire
20 Jun 1816 - 16 Jan 1821 George Canning (b. 1770 - d. 1827)
16 Jan 1821 - 8 Feb 1822 Charles Bragge Bathurst (b. 1751 - d. 1831)
8 Feb 1822 - 31 Jul 1828 Charles Watkin Williams Wynn (b. 1775 - d. 1850)
31 Jul 1828 - 24 Sep 1828 Robert Saunders-Dundas, (s.a.)
Viscount Melville (3rd time)
24 Sep 1828 - 1 Dec 1830 Edward Law, Lord Ellenborough (b. 1790 - d. 1871)
(1st time)
1 Dec 1830 - 18 Dec 1834 Charles Grant (b. 1778 - d. 1866)
18 Dec 1834 - 23 Apr 1835 Edward Law, Lord Ellenborough (s.a.)
(2nd time)
23 Apr 1835 - 4 Sep 1841 Sir John Cam Hobhouse (1st time) (b. 1786 - d. 1869)
4 Sep 1841 - 23 Oct 1841 Edward Law, Lord Ellenborough (s.a.)
(3rd time)
23 Oct 1841 - 17 May 1843 William Vesey-FitzGerald, (b. 1783 - d. 1857)
Baron FitzGerald, of Desmond and of
Clan Gibbon in the County of Cork
17 May 1843 - 8 Jul 1846 Frederick John Robinson, Earl (b. 1782 - d. 1859)
of Ripon
8 Jul 1846 - 5 Feb 1852 Sir John Cam Hobhouse (2nd time) (s.a.)
5 Feb 1852 - 28 Feb 1852 Fox Maule-Ramsey, Baron Panmure (b. 1801 - d. 1874)
28 Feb 1852 - 30 Dec 1852 John Charles Herries (b. 1778 - d. 1855)
30 Dec 1852 - 3 Mar 1855 Sir Charles Wood (b. 1800 - d. 1885)
3 Mar 1855 - 6 Mar 1858 Robert Vernon Smith (b. 1800 - d. 1873)
6 Mar 1858 - 5 Jun 1858 Edward Law, Earl of Ellenborough (s.a.)
(4th time)
5 Jun 1858 - 2 Sep 1858 Edward Henry Stanley, Lord Derby (b. 1826 - d. 1893)
- Secretaries of State for India (from 1 Apr 1937, India and Burma)(in London, U.K.)
- 2 Sep 1858 - 18 Jun 1859 Edward Henry Stanley, Lord (s.a.)
- Stanley
- 18 Jun 1859 - 16 Feb 1866 Sir Charles Wood (b. 1800 - d. 1885)
- 16 Feb 1866 - 6 Jul 1866 George Frederick Samuel Robinson,
- Earl of Ripon
- 6 Jul 1866 - 8 Mar
1867 Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-
(b. 1830 - d. 1903)
Cecil, Viscount Cranborne - (1st time)
- 8 Mar 1867 - 9 Dec 1868 Sir Stafford Henry Northcote (b. 1818 - d. 1887)
- 9 Dec 1868 - 21 Feb 1874 George Douglas Campbell, (b. 1823 - d. 1900)
- Duke of Argyll
- 21 Feb 1874 - 2 Apr 1878
Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-
(s.a.)
Cecil, Marquess of Salisbury - (2nd time)
- 2 Apr 1878 - 28 Apr 1880 Gathorne Hardy, Viscount Cranbrook (b. 1814 - d. 1906)
- 28 Apr 1880 - 16 Dec 1882 Spencer Compton Cavendish, (b. 1833 - d. 1908)
- Marquess of Hartington
- 16 Dec 1882 - 24 Jun 1885 John Woodhouse, Earl of Kimberley (b. 1826 - d. 1902)
- (1st time)
- 24 Jun 1885 - 6 Feb 1886 Randolph Henry Spencher Churchill (b. 1849 - d. 1895)
- 6 Feb 1886 - 3 Aug 1886 John Woodhouse, Earl of Kimberley (s.a.)
- (2nd time)
- 3 Aug 1886 - 18 Aug 1892 Sir Richard Assheton, Viscount (b. 1823 - d. 1914)
-
Cross (from 18 Aug 1886, Richard
- Assheton Cross, Viscount Cross)
- 18 Aug 1892 - 10 Mar 1894 John Woodhouse, Earl of Kimberley (s.a.)
- (3rd time)
- 10 Mar 1894 - 4 Jul 1895 Henry Hartley Fowler (b. 1830 - d. 1911)
- 4 Jul 1895 - 9 Oct 1903 Lord George Francis Hamilton (b. 1845 - d. 1927)
- 9 Oct 1903 - 11 Dec 1905 William St.John Fremantle Brodrick (b. 1856 - d. 1942)
- 11 Dec 1905 - 3 Nov 1910 John Morley, (from 5 May 1908) (b. 1838 - d. 1923)
- Viscount Morley of Blackburn
- 7 Nov 1910 - 27 May 1915 Robert Crewe-Milnes, Earl of Crewe (b. 1858 - d. 1945)
- (from 20 Jun 1911, Robert
- Crewe-Milnes, Marquess of Crewe)
- 7 Mar 1911 - 25 May 1911 John Morley, Viscount Morley
- of Blackburn (acting for Crewe) (s.a.)
- 25 May 1915 - 17 Jul 1917 Joseph Austen Chamberlain (b. 1863 - d. 1937)
- 17 Jul 1917 - 10 Mar 1922 Edwin Samuel Montagu (b. 1879 - d. 1924)
- 21 Mar 1922 - 23 Jan 1924 William Robert Wellesley Peel, (b. 1867 - d. 1937)
- Viscount Peel (1st time)
- 23 Jan 1924 - 7 Nov 1924 Sir Sydney Haldane Olivier, (b. 1859 - d. 1943)
- (from 12 Feb 1924, Sydney Haldane
- Olivier, Baron Olivier)
- 7 Nov 1924 - 22 Oct 1928 Frederick Edwin Smith, Earl (b. 1872 - d. 1930)
- of Birkenhead
- 1 Nov 1928 - 7 Jun 1929 William Robert Wellesley Peel, (s.a.)
- Viscount Peel (2nd time)
- 8 Jun 1929 - 26 Aug 1931 William Wedgwood Benn (b. 1877 - d. 1966)
- 26 Aug 1931 - 7 Jun 1935 Sir Samuel John Gurney Hoare (b. 1880 - d. 1958)
- 7 Jun 1935 - 15 May 1940 Lawrence John Lumbey Dundas, (b. 1876 - d. 1961)
- Marquess of Zetland
- 15 May 1940 - 3 Aug 1945 Leopold Charles Maurice Stennett (b. 1873 - d. 1955)
- Amery
- 3 Aug 1945 - 23 Apr 1947 Frederick William Pethick-Lawrence,(b. 1871 - d. 1961)
- Baron Pentick-Lawrence of Peaslake
- 23 Apr 1947 - 14 Aug 1947 William Francis Hare, Earl of (b. 1906 - d. 1967)
- Listowel
-
(secretary of state for Burma 14 Aug 1947 - 4 Jan
1948)
- Vice-President of the Executive
Council of the Viceroy, Governor-general
2 Sep 1946 - 15 Aug 1947 Jawaharlal Nehru (b. 1889 - d. 1964) INC
- Prime ministers
- 15 Aug 1947 - 27 May 1964 Jawaharlal Nehru (s.a.) INC
- 27 May 1964 - 9 Jun 1964 Gulzarilal Nanda (1st time) (b. 1898 - d. 1998) INC
- 9 Jun 1964 - 11 Jan 1966 Lal Bahadur Shastri (b. 1904 - d. 1966) INC
- 11 Jan 1966 - 19 Jan 1966 Gulzarilal Nanda (2nd time) (s.a.) INC
- 19 Jan 1966 - 24 Mar 1977 Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (f) (b. 1917 - d. 1984) INC
- (1st time)
- 24 Mar 1977 - 28 Jul 1979 Morarji Ranchhodji Desai (b. 1896 - d. 1995) JP
- 28 Jul 1979 - 14 Jan 1980 Choudhary Charan Singh (b. 1902 - d. 1987) JP-S
- 14 Jan 1980 - 31 Oct 1984 Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (f) (s.a.) INC-I
- (2nd time)
- 31 Oct 1984 - 2 Dec 1989 Rajiv Gandhi (b. 1944 - d. 1991) INC-I
- 2 Dec 1989 - 10 Nov 1990 Vishwanath Pratap Singh (b. 1931 - d. 2008) JD
- 10 Nov 1990 - 21 Jun 1991 Chandra Shekhar (b. 1927 - d. 2007) SJP-R
- 21 Jun 1991 -
16 May 1996 Pamulaparthi Venkata (P.V.)
(b. 1921 - d. 2004) INC
- Narasimha Rao
- 16 May 1996 - 1 Jun 1996 Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1st time) (b. 1924 - d. 2018) BJP
- 1 Jun 1996 - 21 Apr 1997 Haradanahalli Dodde (H.D.) Gowda (b. 1933) JD
- Deve Gowda
- 21 Apr 1997 - 19 Mar 1998 Inder Kumar Gujral (b. 1919 - d. 2012) JD
- 19 Mar 1998 - 22 May 2004 Atal Bihari Vajpayee (2nd time) (s.a.) BJP
- 22 May 2004 - 26 May 2014 Manmohan Singh (b. 1932 - d. 2024) INC
- 26 May 2014 - Narendra Modi (b. 1950) BJP
-
- Provisional Government of Free India (Azad Hind)
1656 - 1657 Mir Jumla II (b. 1591 - d. 1663)
1657 - 1658 Jafar Khan
1658 - 1663 Fazil Khan
1663 - 1670 Jafar Khan
1675 - 1707 Asaf-ud-Daula Asad Khan (b. c.1626/31 - d. 1716)
1707 - 1711 Mun'im Khan Khan-i-Khanan (d. 1711)
1711 - 1712 Hidayatullah Khan Kashmiri
1712 - 11 Feb 1713 Muhammad Ismail Zulfiqar Khan (b. 1649/57 - d. 1713)
Nusrat Jung
1713 - 1720 Qutub-ul-Mulk Nawab Sayyid Mian II (b. 1666 - d. 1722)
Abdullah Khan II
(= Hassan Ali Khan Barha)
1720 - 28 Jan 1721 Mian Muhammad Amin Khan Turani (d. 1721)
1721 - 1723 Mir Qamaruddin Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf (b. 1671 - d. 1748)
Jah I
1724 - 1733 Turra-i-Baz Roshan-ud-Daulah Zafar
Khan
1733 - 21 Mar 1748 Itimad-ud-daula Qamar-ud-din Khan (d. 1748)
Mir Muhammad Fazil
1748 - 1753 Abul Mansur Mirza Muhammad Muqim (b. c.1708 - d. 1754)
Ali Khan Beg "Safdar Jang"
1753 - 1754 Intizam-ud-Daulah (d. 1759)
1754 - 1760 Nizam Shahabuddin Muhammad Feroz (b. 17.. - d. 1800)
Khan Siddiqi Bayafandi
"Imad-ul-Mulk"
1772 - 1791 Najaf Quli Khan (d. 1791)
British Residents in Delhi
24 Sep 1803 - 25 Jun 1806 David Ochterlony (1st time) (b. 1758 - d. 1825)
25 Jun 1806 - 1811 Archibald Seton (b. 1758 - d. 1810)
May 1811 - Dec 1818 Charles Theophilus Metcalfe (s.a.)
(1st time)
Dec 1818 - 1821 Sir David Ochterlony (2nd time) (s.a.)
1821 - 1822 Henry Johnson Middleton (acting) (b. c.1791 - d. 1866)
1822 - 1823 Alexander T. Ross (acting) (b. 1777 - d. af.1838)
1823 William Fraser (1st time)(acting) (b. 1784 - d. 1835)
1823 Charles Elliot (acting) (b. 1803 - d. 1875)
1823 - 31 Jul 1827 Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalfe (s.a.)
(2nd time)
31 Jul 1827 - 1828 Sir James Edward Colebrooke (b. 1761 - d. 1838)
1828 - 1829 William Fraser (2nd time)(acting) (s.a.)
18 Sep 1829 - Nov 1830 Francis James Hawkins (b. 1806 - d. 1860)
25 Nov 1830 - 1832 William Byam Martin (b. 1781 - d. 1869)
British Agents to the Governor-general in Delhi
1832 - 22 Mar 1835 William Fraser (s.a.)
1835 - 3 Nov 1853 Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe (b. 1795 - d. 1853)
Dec 1853 - 11 May 1857 Simon Fraser (b. 1803 - d. 1857)
-
![[Provisional
Government of Free India (Azad Hind) flag
1943]](in-cp.gif "[Provisional Government of
Free India (Azad Hind) flag 1943]")
- 21 Oct 1943 - Nov 1943
-
-
![[Provisional
Government of Free India (Azad Hind) flag
1943-1945]](in-lib.gif "[Provisional Government
of Free India (Azad Hind) flag 1943-1945]")
- Nov 1943 - 18 Aug 1945
- Head of State and Prime minister of the Provisional Government of Free India²
- 21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945 Subhas Chandra Bose (b. 1897 - d. 1945) IIL
-
(styled Netaji [Respected
Leader])(recognized by Axis
-
powers; in exile 21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945 [in
Singapore
to Nov 1943, Nov 1944 - 10 Jan 1945; Nov 1943 - - Nov 1944, Jan 1945 - 24 Apr 1945 in Rangoon, Burma;
- Apr - May 1945 in Bangkok, Thailand; Kuala Lumpur,
- Malaya May - 12 Aug 1945; then in Singapore])
- ¹Full style of the ruler:
- (a) 1 Nov 1858 - 28 Apr 1876: "By the
Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith";
- (b) 28 Apr 1876 - 22 Jan 1901: "By the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith, Empress of India";
- (c) 22 Jan 1901 - 4 Nov 1901: "By the
Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of
India";
- (d) 4 Nov 1901 - 13 May 1927: "By the Grace of God
of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and
of the British Dominions beyond the Seas King,
Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India";
- (e) 13 May 1927 - 22 Jun 1948: "By the Grace of God of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India";
- (f) 22 Jun 1948 - 26 Jan 1950: "By the
Grace of God of Great Britain, Ireland and the British
Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the
Faith."
- ²the Provisional Government of Free India was recognized by the following nine Axis powers and client states: Japan (23 Oct 1943), Republic of Burma (24 Oct 1943), Germany (30 Oct 1943), Republic of The Philippines (José Laurel)(30 Oct 1943), Manchukuo (1 Nov 1943), National Government of China (Wang Jing Wei)(1 Nov 1943), Italian Social Republic (9 Nov 1943), Thailand (21 Nov 1943), and Croatia (27 Dec 1943).
- Territorial Disputes: Since China and India launched a security and foreign policy dialogue in 2005, consolidated discussions related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, Indian claims that China transferred missiles to Pakistan, and other matters continue; Kashmir remains the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India and Pakistan resumed bilateral dialogue in Feb 2011 after a two-year hiatus, have maintained the 2003 cease-fire in Kashmir, and continue to have disputes over water sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries; Pakistan protests India's fencing the highly militarized Line of Control and construction of the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir, which is part of the larger dispute on water sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries; UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show its Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat State; Prime Minister Singh's Sep 2011 visit to Bangladesh resulted in the signing of a Protocol to the 1974 Land Boundary Agreement between India and Bangladesh, which had called for the settlement of longstanding boundary disputes over undemarcated areas and the exchange of territorial enclaves, which was implemented 31 Jul 2015; Bangladesh referred its maritime boundary claims with India to the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea which was decided in favor of Bangladesh on 8 Jul 2014; Nepal-India joint border commission continues to work on contested sections of boundary with India, including the 400 sq km dispute over the source of the Kalapani River; the Kalapani issue resurfaced in Nov 2019 when India issued a new map showing the contested area within India's borders and then built a new road in the region through Lipulekh pass, an area controlled by India but claimed by Nepal; Nepal countered by amending its constitution and issuing its own map showing the disputed area within its borders; the countries prime ministers briefly discussed the border dispute in Apr 2022; India has instituted a stricter border regime to restrict transit of illegal cross-border activities; India maintains a strict border regime to keep out Maoist insurgents and control illegal cross-border activities from Nepal.
-
(British) East India Company
|
|
|
|
| Headquarters: Singapore (Rangoon 1944-1945) Provisional Capital: Port Blair (from 29 Dec 1943) |
Hear
National Anthem "Subh Sukh Chain" (Auspicious Happiness) |
Population (Andaman
& Nicobar Islands): 33,768 (1941) |
| Indian National Army (1945):
40,000 est. |
Currency: Azad Hind Promissory Note (from 5 Apr 1944) |
National Holiday: 21 Mar
(1944) Azad Hind Day (Indian National Army enters India) |
Party abbreviations: BJP = Bharatiya
Janata Party (Indian People's Party, social
conservative, Hindu nationalist, split from Janata
Party, est.1980); INC = Indian
National Congress ("Congress Party", populist,
social-democratic, est.1885); SJP-R
= Samajwadi Janata Party-Rashtriya (Socialist
People's Party-National, split from
JD, est.1990);
- Former parties: IIL
= Indian Independence League (nationalist,
pro-independence, pro-Japanese, 1937-1945); INC-I
= Congress Party-Indira (INC Indira Ghandi faction,
populist, socialist, split from INC, 1977-1996);
JD = Janata Dal (People's Party,
social-democratic, 1988-2004, merged with SP as
JD-U); JP-S = Janata Party-Secular
(anti-INC-I, split from JP, Jul 1979-11 Oct 1988)
|
|
|
![[East India
Company, 1707-1801]](gb-h1707.gif "[East India
Company, 1707-1801]")
![[East India
Company, 1801-1827]](gb-h1801.gif "[East India
Company, 1801-1827]")
![[East India
Company used Red Ensign, 1827-1858]](gb-rens.gif "[East India Company used Red Ensign,
1827-1858]")
Chairmen of the Board of Directors of (British)
East India Company (in London)
Apr 1783 - Nov
1783 Sir Henry
Fletcher (1st time) (b.
1727 - d. 1807)
Nov 1783 - Apr
1785 Nathaniel
Smith (1st
time)
(b. 1730 - d. 1794)
Apr 1785 - Apr
1786 William
Devaynes (1st
time) (b. 1730
- d. 1809)
Apr 1786 - Apr
1787 John
Michie
(b. 1720 - d. 1788)
Apr 1787 - Apr
1788 John
Motteux
(b. 1728? - d. 1793)
Apr 1788 - Dec
1788 Nathaniel
Smith (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Dec 1788 - Apr
1790 William
Devaynes (2nd
time) (s.a.)
Apr 1790 - Apr
1791 Stephen
Lushington (1st time) (b. 1744 - d.
1804)
Apr 1791 - Apr
1792 Sir John
Smith Burgess
(b. c.1734 - d. 1803)
Apr 1792 - Apr
1793 Francis
Baring
(b. 1740 - d. 1810)
Apr 1793 - Apr
1795 William
Devaynes (3rd
time) (s.a.)
Apr 1795 - Apr
1796 Stephen
Lushington (2nd time) (s.a.)
Apr 1796 - Apr
1797 David
Scott (1st
time)
(b. 1746 - d. 1805)
Apr 1797 - Apr
1798 Hugh
Inglis (1st
time)
(b. 1744 - d. 1822)
Apr 1798 - Apr
1799 Jacob
Bosanquet (1st
time)
(b. 1758 - d. 1828)
Apr 1799 - Apr
1800 Stephen
Lushington (3rd time) (s.a.)
Apr 1800 - Apr
1801 Hugh
Inglis (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Apr 1801 - Sep
1801 David
Scott (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Sep 1801 - Apr
1802 Charles
Mills
(b. 1755 - d. 1826)
Apr 1802 - Apr
1803 John
Roberts
(b. 1738 - d. 1810)
Apr 1803 - Apr
1804 William
Fullerton Elphinstone (b.
1740 - d. 1834)
(1st time)
Apr 1804 - Apr
1805 Charles
Grant (1st
time)
(b. 1746 - d. 1823)
Apr 1805 - Apr
1806 William
Fullerton Elphinstone
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
Apr 1806 - Apr
1809 Edward
Parry
(b. 1750 - d. 1827)
Apr 1809 - Apr
1810 Charles
Grant (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Apr 1810 - Apr
1811 William
Astell (1st
time)
(b. 1774 - d. 1847)
Apr 1811 - Apr
1812 Jacob
Bosanquet (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Apr 1812 - Apr
1813 Jacob
Inglis (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
Apr 1813 - Apr
1814 Robert
Thornton
(b. 1759 - d. 1826)
Apr 1814 - Apr
1815 William
Fullerton Elphinstone
(s.a.)
(3rd time)
Apr 1815 - Apr
1816 Charles
Grant (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
Apr 1816 - Apr
1817 Thomas
Reid (1st time)
(b. 1762 - d. 1824)
Apr 1817 - Apr
1818 John
Bebb
(b. 1754? - d.
1830)
Apr 1818 - Apr
1819 James
Pattison (1st time)
(b. 17.. - d. 1831)
Apr 1819 - Apr
1820 Campbell
Majoribanks (1st time) (b. 1769 - d. 1840)
Apr 1820 - Apr
1821 George
Abercrombie
Robinson (b.
1758 - d. 1832)
(1st time)
Apr 1821 - Apr
1822 Thomas
Reid (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Apr 1822 - Apr
1823 James
Pattison (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Apr 1823 - Apr
1824 William
Wigram
(b. 1780 - d. 1858)
Apr 1824 - Apr
1825 William
Astell (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Apr 1825 - Apr
1826 Campbell
Majoribanks (2nd time) (s.a.)
Apr 1826 - Apr
1827 George
Abercrombie
Robinson
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
Apr 1827 - Apr
1828 Hugh
Lindsay
(b. 1765 - d. 1844)
Apr 1828 - Apr
1829 William
Astell (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
Apr 1829 - Apr
1830 John
Loch
(b. 1781 - d. 1868)
Apr 1830 - Apr
1831 William
Astell (4th
time)
(s.a.)
1831
Sir Robert
Campbell
(b. 1771 - d. 1858)
1832
John Goldsborough Ravenshaw
(b. 1777 - d. 1840)
1833
Campbell Marjoribanks
(b. 1765
- d. 1840)
1833
John
Loch
(b. 1781 - d.
1868)
1834
Henry St.George Tucker (1st
time) (b. 1771 - d. 1851)
1835
William Stanley Clarke
(b. 1768 - d.
1844)
1836 - 1838
James Rivett Carnac
(b. 1784
- d. 1846)
1838
James Law Lushington (1st
time) (b. 1779 - d. 1859)
1839
Richard Jenkins
(b. 1785 - d. 1853)
1840
William Butterworth
Bayley (b. 1781 - d. 1860)
1841
George Lyall
(b. 1779 - d. 1853)
1842
James Law Lushington
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1843
John Cotton
(b. 1783 - d. 1860)
1844
John Shepherd (1st time)
(b. 1792 - d.
1859)
1845
Henry
Willock
(b. 1790 - d. 1858)
1846
James Weir Hogg (1st
time) (b. 1790 - d. 1876)
1847
Henry St. George Tucker (2nd
time) (s.a.)
1848
John Law Lushington (3rd
time) (s.a.)
1849
Archibald Galloway
(b.
1779 - d. 1850)
1850 - 1852
John Shepherd (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1852
James Weir Hogg (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1853
Russell Ellice
(b. 1799 - d. 1873)
1854
James Oliphant
(b. 1796 - d. 1881)
1855
Elliot
Macnaghten
(b. 1807 - d. 1888)
1856
William Henry Sykes
(b. 1790
- d. 1872)
1857
Ross Donnelly Mangles
(b. 1801
- d. 1877)
Apr 1858 - 1858
Sir Frederick Currie
(b. 1799 - d. 1875)
Jammu and Kashmir
|
|
|
![[Jammu and
Kashmir Flag 1846-1936 (India)]](in-gwali.gif "[Jammu
and Kashmir Flag 1846-1936 (India)]")
![[Jammu and
Kashmir Maharaja's flag 1846-1936 (India)]](in-jandk.gif "[Jammu and Kashmir Maharaja's flag
1846-1936 (India)]")
![[Jammu and
Kashmir Flag 1936-1952 (India)]](ind_cac4.gif "[Jammu
and Kashmir Flag 1936-1952 (India)]")
| Map
of Jammu and Kashmir |
Capital:
Srinagar (summer), Jammu (winter) |
Population:
4,021,600 (1941) |
Salute: 21
guns |
| Constitution
Act (7 Sep 1939-26 Jan 1957) |
National Anthem "God Save the Maharaja" |
Ethnic groups: Kashmiri 39%, Panjabi 27%, Pahari 13%, Rajasthani 7%, other 14% (1941) | Religions: Muslim 77%, Hindu 20%, other 3% (1941) |
| Currency: Indian Rupee
(INR) |
Exports: 21 million Indian Rupees (1939/40) |
Imports: 29 million Indian Rupees (1939/40) |
State Forces: 10,600 (1945) |
....
Kingdom of Kashmir established in remote (legendary)
antiquity.
c.850 AD
State of Jammu
established.
1339
Kashmir Sultanate
(interrupted Haidar Dughlat Beg by 1540-1561).
28 Jul
1589
Kashmir incorporated into (Mughal) Empire of Hind.
May
1752
Kashmir conquered by the newly founded Afghan kingdom.
1816
Jammu annexed to Pañjab (Punjab).
5 Jul
1819
Kashmir annexed to Pañjab (Punjab).
1820
Independence of Jammu restored.
15 Mar
1846
U.K. government cedes Kashmir to the ruler of Jammu,
thus creating the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
16 Mar 1846 - 14 Aug 1947 Jammu and Kashmir
a British protectorate (by treaty).
27 Oct
1947
The ruler of Jammu and Kashmir declares the accession of
the
state to India in the face of tribal invasion from
Pakistan
(as State of Jammu
and Kashmir; and western districts are
established
as Azad
Kashmir by Pakistan on 4 Oct 1947, Gilgit
Agency
administered by Pakistan from 16 Nov 1947).
25 Jan 1950
Constitution of India only partially
extended to the "acceded"
state.
17 Nov
1952
Constituent Assembly adopts a resolution abolishing the
monarchy.
Rajas
1686 -
1703
Gujai Dev (Gujja
Singh)
(d. 1703)
1703 -
1725
Dhrub
Dev
(d. 1725)
1725 - 4 Apr
1782
Ranjit
Dev
(d. 1782)
4 Apr 1782 -
1787
Brijraj Dev (Bajai
Deo)
(d. 1787)
1787 - Jun
1797
Sampuran
Singh
(b. 1786 - d. 1797)
1787 - Jun
1797
Mian Mota Singh -Regent
Jun 1797 -
1816
Jit Singh
1816 -
1820
annexed to Pañjab (Punjab)
1820 - 4 May
1822
Kishore
Singh
(b. 17.. - d. 1822)
4 May 1822 - 15 Mar 1846 Gulab
Singh
(b. 1792 - d. 1857)
Chief ministers (Dewan)
1822 - 1836
Amir
Chand
(d. 1836)
1836 - 15 Mar
1846
Jwala
Sahai
(d. 1865)
Kashmir
Mughal Governors
1698 -
1701
Fazil Khan
1701 -
1706
Ibrahim Khan (1st time)
1706 -
1707
Nawazish Khan Rumi (1st time)
1707
Nawazh Khan Rumi
1707 -
1709
Jafar Khan
1709
Ibrahim Khan (2nd time)
1709 - 1711
Nawazish Khan Rumi (2nd time)
1711 -
1713
Inayat Ullah Khan (1st time)
1713 -
1717
Sadat Khan
1717 -
1720
Inayat Ullah Khan (2nd time)
1721 -
1723
Abdul Samad Khan
1723 -
1724
Azam Khan
1724 - 1725
Inayat Ullah Khan (3rd time)
1725 -
1727
Khan Aqidat
1727 -
1729
Khan Aghar
1729 -
1736
Amir Khan
1736 -
1737
Dil Diler Khan
1737 -
1738
Fakhrul-Doul
1738 -
1740
Inayat Ullah Khan II
1740 -
1744
Asad Ullah Khan
1745 -
1748
Abu Mansur Khan
1748 -
1751
Afrasi Khan
(d. 1751)
1751 - 1752
Mir Mokhim Khan
Afghan Governors
1753 (5 months)
Ishak
Aqasi
1753
Abdullah Khan
Kabuli
1753 - 1762
Raja Sukh Jiwan Mal
1762 (3 months)
Nur-ud-din Khan Bamzai (1st
time)
1762 - 1764
Buland Khan Bamzai
1764 - 1765
Nur-ud-din Khan Bamzai (2nd time)
1765 - 1766
Jan Muhammad Khan
1766
Lal Khan Khatak
(1st time)
1766 - 1767
Khurram Khan
1767
Faqir
Ullah Kanth
1767 - 1770
Nur-ud-din Khan Bamzai (3rd time)
1770 - 1771
Lal Khan Khatak (2nd time)
1771 (6 months)
Khurram Khan
1771 - 1776
Amir Khan Jawansher
1778 - 1783
Haji Karimdad Khan
1783 - 1785
Azad Khan
(d. 1785)
1785 - 1786
Madad Khan
1786 - 1788
Mirdad Khan
1788
Mulla Ghafar
Khan
1788 - 1792
Juma Khan Alokzai
1792 - 1793
Mirza Khan
1793 - 1794
Mir Hazar Khan
1794
Rahmatullah
Khan
1794 - 1795
Kifayat Khan
1795
Muhammad Khan Jawansher
29 Sep 1795 - Dec 1795 Sher Muhammad
Khan
1795 - 1801
Abdullah Khan Alokzai (1st time)
1801
Vakil Khan
1801 - 1812
Abdullah Khan Alokzai (2nd time)
1812 (5 months)
Sher Muhammad Khan
1812 -
1813
Fateh Khan Mohammadzay (Barakzay) (b. 1780 – d.
1818)
1813 - 1819
Atta Muhammad Khan
Jammu and Kashmir
Raja
15 Mar 1846 - 9 Nov 1846 Gulab
Singh
(s.a.)
Maharajas
9 Nov 1846 - 20 Feb 1856 Gulab
Singh
(s.a.)
20 Feb 1856 - 12 Sep 1885 Ranbir
Singh
(b. 1830 - d. 1885)
(from 25 Jun 1861, Sir Ranbir Singh)
12 Sep 1885 - 17 Apr 1889 Pratap Singh (1st
time)
(b. 1848 - d. 1925)
17 Apr 1889 - 1898
Amar
Singh
(b. 1864 - d. 1909)
(chairman regency council)
1898 - 7 Sep
1925 Sir
Pratap Singh (2nd
time) (s.a.)
(chairman regency council to Oct 1905)
7 Sep 1925 - 17 Nov 1952 Sir Hari
Singh
(b. 1895 - d. 1961)
20 Jun 1949 - 17 Nov 1952 Karan Singh -Regent
(b. 1931)
Chief ministers (Dewan)
15 Mar 1846 - 1865
Jwala
Sahai
(s.a.)
1865 - 1876
Kirpa Ram
(b. 1832 - d. 1876)
1876 - 6 Sep 1885
Wazir
Punnu
(d. 1885)
1885 - Mar 1886
Anant Ram
(d. 1889)
Mar 1886 - Jan 1887
Gobind
Sahai
(b. 1841 - d. ....)
Jan 1887 - Mar 1888 Lachman
Das
(b. 1849 - d. ....)
Mar 1888 - 26 Mar 1909 Amar Singh
(s.a.)
1909 - 1917
Amar Nath
(b. 1866 - d. 1917)
1917 - 1921
Raja Daljit
Singh
(b. 1882 - d. 1946)
Mar 1921 - Apr 1922 Bishan
Das
(b. 1865 - d.
19..)
1922 - 1926
Hari Singh
(s.a.)
1926 - 1927
Raja Jagat Dev Singh of Poonch
(b. 1903 - d. 1940)
1927
Padam Dev Singh
Jan 1927 - Mar 1929
Sir Albion Rajkumar Banerjee
(b. 1871 - d. 1950)
Mar 1929 - 25 Jul 1931 George Edward
Campbell Wakefield (b. 1873 - d. 1944)
1931 - 1932
Sir Hari Kishan Kaul
(b. 1869 - d. 1942)
Prime ministers
Mar 1932 - 1936
Elliot James Dowell
Colvin (b.
1885 - d. 1950) Non-party
1936
Sir Barjor Jamshedji
Dalal (acting)(b. 1871 - d. 1936)
1936 - Apr
1943
Narasimha Gopalaswami Ayyangar (b.
1882 - d. 1953)
(from 1 Jan 1941, Sir Narasimha Gopalaswami
Ayyangar)
Apr 1943 - Jul 1943
Raja Sir Maharaj
Singh
(b. 1878 - d. 1959)
Jul 1943 - Feb
1944 Sir
Kailas Narain
Haksar
(b. 1878 - d. 1953) Non-party
Feb 1944 - 28 Jun 1945
Sir Benegal Narsing Rao
(b. 1887 - d. 1953) Non-party
28 Jun 1945 - 11 Aug 1947 Ram Chandra
Kak
(b. 1893 - d. 1983) Non-party
11 Aug 1947 - 15 Oct 1947 Janak Singh
(b. 1872 - d. 1972) Non-party
15 Oct 1947 - 5 Mar 1948 Mehr Chand
Mahajan
(b. 1889 - d. 1967) Non-party
30 Oct 1947 - 9 Aug 1953 Sheikh Muhammad
Abdullah
(b. 1905 - d. 1982) JKNC
"the Lion of Kashmir"
(head of the emergency administration to 5 Mar 1948)
British Officers on Special Duty in Kashmir
(from 1872, with status of Political
agent)
1852 - 18..
Macgregor
c.1857
Henry Brabazon
Urmston (b.
1829 - d. 1898)
c.1866
Cooper
c.1867
J.E. Cracroft
c.1873
Henry Le Poer
Wynne
(b. 1836 - d. 1874)
1874 – 1878
Philip Durham Henderson
(b. 1840 - d. 1918)
1878 - 1883
Frederick
Henvey
(b. 1842 - d.
1913)
1883 - 1884
Sir Oliver Beauchamp
Coventry (b. 1837 - d.
1891)
St. John
British Residents in Kashmir (in
Gilgit to 1885, then Srinagar;
as of 1947, in charge of Jammu and Kashmir state and
Gilgit Agency)
1884 -
1886
Sir Oliver Beauchamp
Coventry (s.a.)
St. John
1886 - Jan
1889
Trevor John Chichele-Plowden
(b. 1846 - d. 1905)
1889 -
1892
Robert Parry
Nisbet
(b. 1839 - d. 1916)
1892 -
1894
David William Keith
Barr
(b. 1846 - d. 1916)
1894 -
1896
Hugh Shakespear
Barnes
(b. 1853 - d. 1940)
1896 -
1900
Sir Adelbert Cecil
Talbot
(b. 1845 - d. 1920)
1900 -
1901
Harold Arthur
Deane
(b. 1854 - d. 1908)
Nov 1901 -
1903
Louis William
Dane
(b. 1856 - d. 1946)
1903 -
1905
Elliot Graham
Colvin
(b. 1861 - d. 1940)
Feb 1906 -
1909
Sir Francis Edward
Younghusband (b. 1863 - d. 1942)
1910 -
1911
John
Ramsay
(b. 1862 - d. 1942)
1911 -
1914
Stuart Mitford
Fraser
(b. 1864 - d. 1963)
1914 -
1915
Henry Venn
Cobb
(b. 1864 - d. 1949)
1916 -
1917
John Manners
Smith
(b. 1864 - d. 1920)
1917 -
1921
Arthur D'Arcy Gordon Bannerman
(b. 1866 - d. 1955)
Feb 1921 -
1923
Charles Joseph
Windham
(b. 1867 - d. 1941)
5 Feb 1923 -
1927 Sir
John Barry
Wood
(b. 1870 - d. 1933)
31 Jan 1927 - 21 Apr 1927 James Leslie Rose
Weir (acting) (b. 1883 - d. 1950)
22 Apr 1927 - 12 Apr 1929 Evelyn Berkeley
Howell
(b. 1877 - d. 1971)
12 Apr 1929 – 8 Sep 1931 George
Drummond
Ogilvie
(b. 1882 - d. 1966)
9 Sep 1931 – 31 Jul 1932 Courtenay
Latimer
(b. 1880 - d. 1944)
1 Aug 1932 – 22 Nov 1933 Frederick
Marshman
Bailey
(b. 1882 - d. 1967)
23 Nov 1933 - 1937
Lionel Edward
Lang
(b. 1885 - d. 1956)
Oct 1937 - 1938
John William Thomson
Glover (b.
1887 - d. 1943)
5 Oct 1938 -
1941
Denholm
Fraser
(b. 1889 - d. 1956)
7 Nov 1941 - 1943
Leslie Eric
Barton
(b. 1889 - d. 1952)
1943 -
1945
James Glasgow
Acheson
(b. 1889 - d. 1973)
(from 14 Jun 1945, Sir James Glasgow
Acheson)
Nov 1945 -
1947
Wilfred Francis
Webb
(b. 1897 - d. 1973)
Indian Officer on Special Duty, Kashmir
c.1948
Brij Lal
Sharma
(b. 1906 - d. 19..)
Party abbreviations: INC = Indian
National Congress ("Congress Party", populist,
democratic-socialist, est.1885); JKNC =
All Jammu & Kashmir National Conference (Kashmir
unity, pro-autonomy, pro-India, part of INC 6 Jun
1965-24 Feb 1975, named Oct 1932-11 Jun 1939 All Jammu
and Kashmir Muslim Conference, est.11
Jun 1939)
Ladakh
|
|
(1822 est.) |
c.663 - c.842
Part of Tibet.
c.900
Mnga'-ris-skor-gsum [Ngari Korsum] established by
a West-Tibetan
branch
of the Yar-lung dynasty.
c.950
The kingdom is divided into Mar-yul [Maryul](eventually
acquiring
the name
La-dvags [the English spelling Ladakh is derived
from
the
Persian: Ladāx]), Purgang and Guge.
c.1227 - c.1294
Under Mongol suzerainty.
c.1400 - 1470
Ladakh divided into two
kingdoms with capitals at Leh and Shey in
the east
and Basgo and Temisgang in the west.
1470
rNam-rgyal (Namgyal)
dynasty founded.
1548 -
1551
Occupied by the (Mughal) Empire of Hind.
1630 -
1680
Ladakh annexes Ngari (Western Tibet) and the Guge
kingdom.
1663 - 1684
Tributary of the (Mughal) Empire of Hind.
1679 -
1681
Upper Ladakh occupied by Tibet, later repelled with
Mughal
assistance.
1683 - 1684
Occupied by Tibet.
14 Jul
1684
Ladakh recognizes the 'traditional border'
with Tibet and is bound
to send periodic tribute missions to Lhasa by
the Treaty of
Tingmosgang (gTing-mo-sgang-gting).
14 Jul 1684 - 17 Sep 1842 Tributary of
Tibet (which itself is under suzerainty of China).
1684 - 1834
Tributary of
Kashmir (which itself is part of Mughal Empire).
1834 - 17 Sep 1842
Vassal state of Jammu, succeeded by Jammu and
Kashmir.
17 Sep
1842
Ladakh incorporated into the Jammu state, succeeded by
Jammu and Kashmir, (with some
nominal autonomy) by the Treaty
of
Chushul between Tibet and Sikhs. Tibet recognized that
Ladakh
was
annexed to the Sikh state, and the Sikhs relinquish the
Ladakhi
ancient claim to western Tibet.
27 Oct
1947
Jammu and Kashmir ruler accedes to India.
21 Nov
1962
China occupies the Aksai Chin region.
31 Oct
2019
Part of Ladakh union territory (split from Jammu and
Kashmir)
(see under India
states).
Kings (title Chos-rgyal-chen-po)¹
1647 -
1694
Bde-ldan-rnam-rgyal
[Deldan Namgyal]
1678 - 1691
Bde-legs-rnam-rgyal -Regent
[Delek Namgyal]
1694 -
1729
Nyi-ma rNam-rgyal
(d. 1738)
[Nima Namgyal]
1729 - 20 Mar 1739
bDe-skyong rNam-rgyal
(d. 1739)
[Dekyong Namgyal]
1739
Buk'-rid-dbang-mo -Queen
[Putit Wangmo]
1739 -
1753
Phun-tshogs rNam-rgyal
[Phuntsok Namgyal]
1753 - 17 Jun
1782
Tshe-dbang rNam-rgyal II
[Tsewang Namgyal II]
1782 - 1802
Mi-jigs-tshe-brtan
rNam-rgyal (b. c.1778 - d.
1802)
[Tseten Namgyal]
1782 - 1794
Tshe-dbang .... (f) -Regent
[Tsewang Rigzin Dolma]
1802 -
1837
Tshe-dpal-mi-'gyur-don-grub
(d. 1840)
rNam-rgyal (1st time)
[Tsepal Migyur Dondrup Namgyal]
1837 -
1839
dNgos-grub-bstan-'dzin -Regent
(styled rGyal-tsab or sRid-skyong)
1839 -
1840
Tshe-dpal-mi-'gyur-don-grub
(s.a.)
rNam-rgyal (2nd time)
[Tsepal Migyur Dondrup
Namgyal]
Jun 1840 - Jul
1840 'Jigs-med
rNam-rgyal (1st time) (d. 1873)
[Jigme Namgyal]
1840 -
1842
Kun-dga' rNam-rgyal II
[Kunga Namgyal II]
1842 - 17 Sep
1842
'Jigs-med rNam-rgyal (2nd time) (s.a.)
[Jigme Namgyal]
Chief ministers (Kalon [bKa'-blon])
1780 - 1795
Ngag-dbang [Ngawang]
1795 - 1825
Tshe-dbang don-grub
(b. c.1770 - d. 1825?)
[Tsewang Dhondup]
¹From 1683 every ruler also used the name Aqibat Mahmud Khan.
Danish India
|
|
![[Denmark]](dk.gif "[Denmark]")
![[Danish Asian Company (Dansk
Asiatisk Compagnie) state ensign]](dk-dac17.gif "[Danish Asian
Company (Dansk Asiatisk Compagnie) state
ensign]")
|
|
Population: 28,000 (1830) |
1616 -
1624
Danish factory at Puducheria (later Pondichéry).
19 Nov
1620
Taramgambadi ceded to Danish East India Company (Østindisk
Kompagni)
by ruler of Tanjore and named Tranquebar (Trankebar),
Fort
Dansborg is erected.
1620 -
1729
Under Danish East India
Company rule (dissolved 1650-1670).
1636 -
1643
Balasore a Danish trading post.
1696 - 1722
Oddeway
Torre (Edava)(on Malabar coast) a Danish
trading post.
1698 - Sep 1718
Dannemarksnagore (Gondalpara),
southeast of Chandernagore,
a Danish possession (abandoned Dec 1714 - 1718).
1729 - 1732
Danish crown colony.
1732 - 1779
Under Danish Asiatic Company (Asiatisk Kompagni)
rule.
1752 -
1791
Calicut (Kozhikode)(on Malabar coast) a
Danish trading post.
1755 -
1824
Colachel (Kolachal)(on Malabar coast) a Danish
trading post.
1 Jan 1756 - 10 Jun 1848 Frederiksøerne
(Frederik Islands [see Nicobar Islands])
a Danish
possession (subordinated to Tranquebar).
8 Oct 1755 - 10 Oct 1845 Frederiksnagore (Serampore)
a Danish possession.
1763 - 1828
Balasore a Danish trading post.
1773 - 1828
Patna (on central Ganges River) a Danish trading post.
1779
Danish crown colony.
12 May 1801 - 17 Aug 1802 British occupy Trankebar
(Danish rule continues).
13 Feb 1808 - 20 Sep 1815 British occupy Trankebar.
20 Sep
1815
Restored to Denmark.
11 Oct
1845
Frederiksnagore sold to U.K.
7 Nov
1845
Trankebar and remaining
Danish India assets sold to
sold to U.K., part of British India.
Commandants over Danish Possessions in the East
Indies (in Trankebar)
(Kommadanter over de danske
Besiddelser i Ostindien)
25 Aug 1620 - 31 May 1621 Ove
Gedde
(b. 1594 - d. 1660)
1 Jun 1621 - 9 Nov 1636
Roland (Roelant) Crappé
(d. 1644)
9 Nov 1636 - 5 Sep 1643 Bernt
Pessart
5 Sep 1643 -
1648
Willem
Leyel
(b. c.1593 - d. 1654)
1648 - 7 Sep
1655
Poul Hansen Korsør
(d. 1655)
7 Sep 1655 -
1669
Eskild Andersen Kongsbakke
(b. 1615 - d. 1674)
1669 -
1673
Henrik Eggers
1673 - Oct
1682
Sivart Adeler
(b. 1647 - d. 1683)
Oct 1682 - 9 Jul
1686 Axel
Juel
(b. 1655 - d. 1720)
9 Jul 1686 - Oct
1687 Wolf Henrik von Kalnein
(Calneyn) (d. 1690)
Oct 1687 -
1689
Christian Porck (1st time)
1689 -
1690
Moritz
Hartmann
(b. 1656 - d. 1695)
1690 -
1694
Christian Porck (2nd time)
1694 - 19 May
1701
Claus Vogdt (Voigt)
19 May 1701 -
1701
Andreas Andreae
(d. 1701)
1701 - Jul
1702
Mikkel Knudsen
Crone
(d. 1716)
Jul 1702 - Jun
1704 Jørgen
Hermansen
Bjørn
(b. 1652 - d. 1704)
1 Jul 1704 - 20 Oct 1716 Johan
Sigismund
Hassius
(b. 1664 - d. 1729)
20 Oct 1716 - 21 Jan 1720 Christen
Brun-Lundegaard
(d. 1724)
23 Jan 1720 - 12 Oct 1726 Christian Ulrich
von Nissen (b.
1691 - d. 1756)
12 Oct 1726 - 8 Aug 1730 Rasmus
Hansen
Attrup
(d. 1745)
8 Aug 1730 - 1 Aug 1733
Diderich
Mühlenport
(d. 1746)
1 Aug 1733 - 13 Jul 1741 Poul Krisk
Panck
(b. 1690 - d. 1747)
13 Jul 1741 - 17 Sep 1744 Ivar
Bonsack
(d. 1748)
17 Sep 1744 - 5 Sep 1754 Hans Ernst
Bonsack
5 Sep 1754 - 10 Aug 1759 Hans Georg
Krog
(b. 1720 - d. 1796)
1759
Peter Henrich Meyer
Governors over Danish Possessions in the
East Indies (in Trankebar)
(Guvernører over de
danske Besiddelser i Ostindien)
9 May 1759 - 4 Jul 1760 Christian
Frederik
Høyer
(d. 1763)
4 Jul 1760 - 27 Apr 1761 Hermann
Jacob
Forck
(d. 1761)
29 Apr 1761 - 14 Feb 1775 Peter Hermann
Abbestee (1st time) (b. 1728 - d. 1794)
14 Feb 1775 - 17 Jan 1779 David
Brown
(b. 1734 - d. 1804)
17 Jan 1779 - 17 May 1788 Peter Hermann
Abbestee (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 May 1788 - 7 Feb 1806 Peter
Anker
(b. 1744 - d. 1832)
7 Feb 1806 - 13 Feb 1808 Johan Peter
Hermanson (1st time) (b. 17.. - d. 1822)
13 Feb 1808 - 20 Sep 1815 British
occupation
20 Sep 1815 - 19 Nov 1816 Gerhard Sievers
Bille
(b. 1765 - d. 1816)
19 Nov 1816 - 15 Feb 1822 Johan Peter
Hermanson (2nd time) (s.a.)
16 Feb 1822 - 7 May 1823 Jens
Kofoed
(b. 1775 - d. 1833)
7 May 1823 - 7 Mar 1825 Ulrich
Anton
Schönheyder
(b. 1775 - d. 1858)
7 Mar 1825 - 26 Mar 1829 Hans
Diderich Brinck-Seidelin
(b. 1779 - d. 1859)
26 Mar 1829 - 14 May 1832 Lauritz
Christensen
(b. 1793 - d. 1832)
17 May 1832 - 1 May 1838 Konrad Emil
Mourier
(b. 1795 - d. 1865)
1 May 1838 - 18 Jun 1841 Johannes von
Rehling
(b. 1775 - d.
1841)
18 Jun 1841 - 15 Sep 1841 Christian
Tiemroth
(b. 1799 - d. 1888)
16 Oct 1841 - 7 Nov 1845 Peter
Hansen
(b. 1798 - d. 1880)
8 Oct 1755
Frederiksnagore (Serampore),
in Bengal, a Danish possession.
May 1801 - Jul 1802
British occupy
Frederiksnagore (Danish rule continues).
Jan 1808 - 1815
British occupy
Frederiksnagore.
11 Oct
1845
Frederiksnagore sold to U.K.
Directors (Opperhoveder,
chefer og direktører i Frederiksnagor)
8 Oct 1755 - 10 Jan 1758 Jacob
Christopher
Soetmann
(d. 1795)
10 Jan 1758 - 2 Oct 1760
Bartholomaeus Lebrecht Ziegenbalg (b.
1682 - d. 1719)
2 Oct 1760 - 14 Aug
1762 Terkel Windekilde
14 Aug 1762 - 3 Oct
1765 Demarchis
3 Oct 1765 - 20 Jan 1767 Mogens Ulrik
Tyrholm
(d. 1767)
22 Jan 1767 - 1 Feb 1768 Michael
Frederik Thede
1 Feb 1768 - 11 Feb 1770 Charles Cazenove
13 Feb 1770 - 29 Aug 1770 James
Brown
29 Aug 1770 - 11 Sep 1770 Herman Frederik
Hinckel
14 Sep 1770 - 4 Sep 1772 Johan
Leonhard Fix (1st time)
(b. 1736 - d. 1807)
4 Sep 1772 - 28 Sep 1772 Ole
Bie (1st time)
(b. 1733 - d. 1805)
28 Dec 1772 - 27 Aug 1773 Johan Leonhard
Fix (2nd time) (s.a.)
27 Aug 1773 - 26 Sep 1776 Andreas Hiernøe
(d. 1779)
26 Sep 1776 - 30 Jan 1785 Ole Bie (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
30 Jan 1785 - 28 Jul 1788 Friderich
Ludvig le Febvre
28 Jul 1788 - 7 Apr 1797 Ole Bie (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
7 Apr 1797 - 18 Jan 1799 Peter
Hermansen
18 Jan 1799 - 1 Jun 1799 Jacob
Kraefting (1st time)
1 Jun 1799 - 18 May 1805 Ole Bie (4th
time)
(s.a.)
18 May 1805 - 7 Oct
1828 Jacob Kraefting (2nd time)
7 Oct 1828 - 11 May 1833 Johannes
Søbøtker Hohlenberg
(b. 1795 - d. 1833)
12 May 1833 - 1 Nov 1835 Johan
Christian Beck
1 Nov 1835 - 1 May 1838
Johannes von
Rehling
(b. 1775 - d. 1841)
1 May 1838 - 10 Oct 1845 Peter
Hansen
(b. 1798 - d. 1880)
1698
Dannemarksnagore established in
Bengal on the
River Hooghly as a Danish
factory.
Dec 1714
Surrendered.
1718 - Sep 1718
Briefly
re-occupied.
Chief Heads (Opperhoveder)
1698 - 1699
Andreas Andrae
(d. 1701)
1699 - 1702
Thomas Schmertz
1702 - 1706
Johan Joachim Michelsen
1706 -
1709
Jacob Panck
1709 - 1711
Wolff Ravn
1711 -
1714
Rasmus Hansen
Attrup
(d. 1745)
1714 -
1718
occupied
1718 - Sep 1718
Gallus Bøgvad
Dutch India
|
![[National flag of the
Netherlands]](nl.gif "[National flag of the
Netherlands]")
| Map of Dutch India |
Capital: Paliacatta (Pulicat) (Negapatnam 1687-1781, Paliacatta 1610-1687) |
Coromandel Population: 15,000 (1804, Paliacatta) |
1605 - 1756
Masulipatnam a Dutch trading post.
1606 -
1668
Petapoeli (Nizampatnam) a Dutch factory.
1610 - 1825
Paliacatta (Pulicat) a Dutch
trading post (occupied by British
2 Jul
1781 - 1785, 1795-1818).
1613 -
1825
Palikol (now Pallakollu) a Dutch trading
post (occupied by
British 14 Jun 1781 - 1785, 1795-1818).
1634 - c.1733
Golconda (Hyderabad) a Dutch trading post.
1654 -
1825
Sadras a Dutch possession (occupied by French 1757-58,
by
British
29 Jun 1781-1785, 1795-31 Mar 1818).
1658 - 1825
Tuticorin (Thoothukudi) a Dutch
trading post (occupied by
British
30 Oct 1795-1818)(subordinated to Ceylon to 1795).
23 Jul 1658 - 12 Nov 1781 Negapatnam
(Nagapatnam) a Dutch trading post.
1662 - 25 Jul 1672
St. Thomé
(São Tomé de
Meliapore) occupied by the
Dutch (and
again 6
Sep - Oct 1674).
1669 - 1687
Nagelwanze (Nagulavancha)
a Dutch factory.
1680 -
1825
Porto Novo a Dutch trading post (abandoned 1678-1680).
8 Sep 1693 - 17 Sep 1699 Dutch occupy
Pondichéry.
1734 - 1795
Jaggernaikpam (Kakinada) a Dutch trading post (occupied
by
British 11 Jul 1781 - 1785).
1758 -
1825
Bilimipatnam a Dutch fort (occupied by British
1781-1785,
1795-1818).
1781 - 20 May
1784
Coromandel Coast posts occupied by Britain.
12 Nov
1781
Negapatnam seized by British.
20 Oct 1795 - 31 Mar 1818 British occupation of
Dutch India settlements.
13 Aug 1814
By U.K.-Dutch convention Dutch
colonial holdings as of 1 Jan 1803
to be restored (except the Cape, Guyana, and Malabar
Coast).
20 Sep
1817
Coromandel settlements restored to Netherlands,
Malabar annexed to British India (effected 1818).
1 Jun
1825
Dutch Coromandel (Sadras, Paliacatta, Palicole,
Jaggernaikpooram,
Bimlipatam, Porto Novo, Keelkarray, Tuticorin, Cape
Comorin)
ceded to Britain, part of British India.
Governors (title was governor, but also
director, commissioner, chairman,
gezaghebber and Opperhoofd ter Kuste
Cormandel en Madura)
1608 -
1610
Pieter Issaksz. Eyloff
1610 -
1612
Johan van Wesicke
1612 -
1615
Wemmer van Berchem
(d. 1653)
1616
Hans de Haze (1st time)
1616 -
1617
Samuel Kindt
1617 -
1619
Adolf Thomassen
1619 -
1620
Hans de Haze (2nd time)
1620 -
1622
Andries Soury (1st time)
(b. 1585 - d. 1664)
1622 -
1624
Abraham van Uffelen
1624 -
1626
Andries Soury (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1626 -
1632
Maerten IJsbrantszoon (1st time)
1632
Arent Gardenijs (1st time)
(b. 1605 - d. 1643)
1632 -
1633
David Pieterszoon de Vries
(b. 1593 - d. 1655)
1633 -
1636
Maerten IJsbrantszoon (2nd time)
1636 -
1638
Carel
Reyniersz
(b. c.1604 - d. 1653)
1638 -
1643
Arent Gardenijs (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1643 -
1650
Arnold Heussen
(b. c.1605 - d. 1660)
1650 -
1651
Laurens Pit de oude (1st time) (b.
1610 - d. 1684)
1651
Jacob Fransz. de
With
(b. 1603 - d. 1653)
1652 - 1662
Laurens Pit de oude (2nd time) (s.a.)
1662 - 1663
Jacob
Hustaert
(b. 1616 - d.
1695)
12 Jun 1663 -
1665
Cornelis Speelman
(b. 1628 - d. 1684)
1665 -
1676
Anthony Paviljoen (Pavilion)
1676 -
1679
Jacques Caulier
(b. 1620 - d. 1679)
1679 -
1681
Willem Carel Hartsinck
(b. 1638 - d. 1689)
1681 -
1686
Jacob Joriszoon Pits
1686 -
1698
Laurens Pits de
jonge
1698 -
1705
Dirk Coomans
(b. 1648 - d. 1708)
11 Jun 1705 - 8 Nov 1710 Johannes van
Steelandt
(b. 1659 - d. 1716)
1710 -
1716
Daniel Bernard Guilliams
(b. 1676 - d. 1761)
1716 -
1719
Adriaan de Visscher
1719 -
1723
Gerrit van Westrenen
(b. 1670 - d. 1730)
1723 - 1729
Dirck van
Cloon
(b. 1688 - d. 1735)
1729 -
1733
Adriaan van Pla
(b. 1695 - d. 1737)
1733 -
1737
Elias Guillot
(b. 1695 - d. 1743)
1738 -
1743
Jacob
Mossel
(b. 1704 - d. 1761)
1743 -
1747
Galenus Mersen
1747 -
1753
Librecht Hooreman
(b. 1708 - d. 1774)
1753 -
1758
Steven Vermont
1758 -
1761
Lubbert Jan, baron van Eck
(b. 1719 - d. 1765)
1761 -
1765
Christiaan van Teylingen
(b. 1731 - d. 1780)
1765 -
1773
Pieter Haksteen
(d. 1785)
1773 -
1780
Reynier van Vlissingen
1781 - 20 May 1784
British occupation
26 Apr 1785 - 1789
Willem
Blauwkamer
1790 - 20 Oct
1795
Jacob Eilbracht
(b. 1738 - d. 1804)
20 Oct 1795 - 31 Mar 1818 British
occupation
31 Mar 1818 - 19 May 1818 Jacob Andries
van Braam
(b. 1771 -
d. 1820)
(commissioner)
19 May 1818 - 27 Nov 1823 Frans Caspar
Regel
(b. 1776 - d. 1823)
27 Nov 1823 - 24 Jan 1824 M.P.R. Raket
(acting)
(president of Directing Council)
24 Jan 1824 - 1 Jun 1825 Henry François von
Söhsten
(b. 1792 - d. 1844)
Malabar Coast
| Map
of Dutch India |
Capital:
Cochin (from 1663) |
Malabar Population:
12,000 (1804, Cochin) |
1637 -
1693
Wingurla (Vengurla) a Dutch trading post (under Suratte
1673-76).
1647 -
1758
Tegenapatnam (Tengapatnam) a Dutch trading post (under
Ceylon).
24 Dec
1661
Quilon (Kollam) a Dutch possession (occupied
by Dutch 29 Dec
1658 - 14 Apr 1659).
15 Jan 1662 - 1770
Cranganore
(Kodungallur) a Dutch possession.
7 Jan
1663
Cochin (Kochi) a Dutch possession, taken from the
Portuguese.
13 Feb 1663 - 1790
Cannanore
(Kannanur) a Dutch possession.
1667 - c.1682
Barselor (Kundapura) a Dutch trading post.
20 Oct 1795 - 13 Aug 1814 British occupation (of
Ft. Cochin).
13 Aug 1814
Annexed to British India.
Commanders of Malabar
Apr 1663 - Nov 1663
Pieter de Bitter
+ Cornelis Valkenburg
Nov 1663 - Apr 1666
Ludolph van Coulster
9 Nov 1665 - 22 Aug 1667 Ijsbrand
Godske
(b.
c.1626 - d. 1689)
22 Aug 1667 - 27 Aug 1669 Lucas van der
Dussen
(b. 1620 - d. 1673)
6 Nov 1669 - Mar 1677
Hendrik Adriaan van Reede van (b.
1636 - d. 1691)
Drakestein, heer van Mijdrecht
Mar 1677 - Nov
1678 Jacob
Lobs
Nov 1678 - Nov 1683
Marten Huysman
(b. 1635 - d. 1685)
24 Nov 1683 - Jul 1687
Gelmer Vosburgh
(d. 1697)
1688 - 25 Dec
1693
Issack van Dielen
(b. 1652 - d. 1693)
Feb 1691 - Nov
1691 Hendrik
Adriaan van Reede
(commissioner)
Dec 1693 - Nov 1694 Alexander
Wigman (acting)
Nov 1694 - 27 Nov 1696 Adriaan van
Ommen
(b. 1658 - d. 1696)
Mar 1695 - Apr 1695
Paulus de Roo
(commissioner) (d.
1695)
Nov 1696 - Feb
1698 Pieter
Coesaart (interim)
13 Apr 1696 - 28 May 1698 Hendrik Swaardencroon
(b.
1667 - d. 1728)
(commissioner)
Feb 1698 - Jan
1701 Magnus
Wichelman
(b. 1647 - d. 1705)
4 Jul 1701 -
1704
Abraham Vink
20 Jul 1704 - 10 Aug 1708 Willem
Moerman
(b. 165. - d. 1721)
10 Aug 1708 - 5 Jul 1709 Adam van der
Duijn (Duyn) (b. 1678
- d. 1723)
12 Aug 1709 - 10 Jul 1716 Barend Ketel
(b. c.1670 - d. 1719)
1716 -
1723
Johannes
Hertenberg
(b. 1668 - d. 1725)
29 Jul 1723 - 20 Aug 1731 Jacob de Jong
(d. 1743)
1731
Wouter Hendriks
(commissioner)
20 Aug 1731 - 20 Jul 1734 Adriaan Maten
1734 -
1742
Julius Valentijn Stein van
(b. 1691 - d. 1755)
Gollonesse
27 Aug 1742 -
1747
Reinerus (Reinier) Siersma
12 Nov 1747 -
1751
Corijn
Stevens
(d. 1751)
1751
Abraham Cornelis de la
Haye (b. 1709
- d. 1752)
1 Nov 1751 -
1756
Frederik Cunes
17 Aug 1756 -
1761
Casparus de Jong
7 Mar 1761 -
1765
Godefridus Weyerman
1765 - 1 Jul 1768
Cornelis
Breekpot
(b. 1710 - d. 1770)
1 Jul 1768 -
1770
Christiaan Lodewijk
Senff
(d. 1771)
6 Sep 1770 - 18 Apr 1781 Adriaan
Moens
(b. 1729 - d. 1792)
1781 - 13 Mar
1793
Johan Gerard van Angelbeek
(b. 1727 - d. 1802)
13 Mar 1793 - 20 Oct 1795 Jan Lambertus van
Spall (acting) (b. 1748 - d. 1816)
Dutch Bengal
|
|
(Chinsurah 1818-1825) |
1635
Hougli (Houghly) a Dutch factory (abandoned
1636-c.1645).
1636
Pipley (Pipli) a
Dutch factory.
1635 -
1655
Administered by Dutch Coromandel.
1676
Dutch factories at Patna and Bellasoor (Baleshwar).
1676 -
1687
Malda a Dutch factory.
1710 -
1759
Murshidabad a Dutch trading post.
9 Jul 1781 - 20 May 1784 British
occupation (Chinsurah on 13 Jul 1781).
27 Jul 1795 - 15 Sep 1817 British
occupation.
17 May 1825
Annexed to British India (Chinsurah 7 May 1825, Houghly
17
May 1825, Balasore 4 Jun 1825, and
Dacca on 14 Jun 1825).
Directors of Bengal (Directeurs
van Bengalen)
27 Jul 1655 - 1658
Pieter Sterthemius
(b. 1618 - d. 1676)
16 Jun 1658 -
1663
Mattheus van den Broucke
(b. 1620 - d. 1685)
16 Jul 1663 - 9 Jun 1665 Rogier van
Heyningen (Heijningen) (d. 1665)
22 Jun 1665 - 30 Aug 1668 Arnoldus van
Wachtendonck (d. 1668)
(provisional to 1666)
30 Aug 1668 - 8 Apr 1669 Vacant
8 Apr 1669 - 5 Aug 1673
Constantijn Ranst de jonge
(b. 1635 - d. 1714)
5 Aug 1673 - 19 Sep 1673
Jacob Verburgh (1st time)
+ Pieter Hofmeester (to 1673)
(d. 1673)
+ Herman Fentzel (from 1673)
(acting)
19 Sep 1673 - 26 Oct 1676 François de Haze
(d. 1676)
29 Jun 1677 -
1678
Willem Volger
(b. 1602 - d. 1679)
15 May 1678 - 7 Oct 1680
Jacob Verburgh (2nd time)
10 Mar 1681 - 19 Mar 1683
Nicolaas Baukes
(d. 1683)
20 Oct 1683 - 5 Jan 1685
Marten
Huysman
(b. 1635 - d. 1685)
1685 -
1688
Nicolaas Schaghen (Schagen)
(d. 1696)
9 Aug 1688 -
1688 Pieter
Willeboorts
(d. 1709)
1688 -
1696
Arnoldus Muykens
7 May 1696 - 17 Jan 1701
Pieter van
Dishoeck
(b. 1653 - d. 1701)
20 Jun 1701 - 11 Aug 1705 Jacob Pelgrom
(b. c.1655 - d. 1713)
11 Aug 1705 -
1710
Willem de Roo
1710 -
1716
Anthony Huysman
(b. 1668 - d. 1728)
10 May 1717 -
1722
Ewout van Dishoeck
(b. 1678 - d. 1744)
1 May 1722 -
1724
Pieter
Vuyst
(b. 1691 - d. 1732)
23 Jun 1724 - 4 Jul 1727 Abraham Patras
(b. 1671 - d. 1737)
4 Jul 1727 -
1731
Jacob Sadelijn
(b. 1673 - d. 1733)
1731 -
1733
Rogier
Beernards
(d. 1733)
18 Jun 1734 - 1744
Jan Albert
Sichterman
(b. 1692 - d. 1764)
1744 - 16 Mar
1750 Jan
Huygens
16 Mar 1750 - 14 Feb 1755 Jan Kersseboom
(Kerseboom) (d. 1780)
14 Feb 1755 - 27 Oct 1755 Louis Taillefert (1st
time) (b. 1719
- d. 1766)
27 Oct 1755 - 29 Jul 1760 Adriaan Bisdom
(b. 1710 - d. 1771)
29 Jul 1760 - 8 Jul 1763 Louis Taillefert
(2nd time)
(s.a.)
8 Jul 1763 - 18 Jul 1769 George Lodewijk
Vernet (b.
1711 - d. 1775)
18 Jul 1769 - 6 May 1770 Boudewijn
Versewel Faure (b.
1734 - d. 1770)
2 Jul 1771 -
1776
Johannes Bacheracht
(d. 1777)
20 Jun 1776 - 13 Jul 1781 Johannes Mattheus Ross
(b. 1730 - d.
...)
13 Jul 1781 - 9 Jul 1784 British
occupation
9 Jul 1784 -
1785
Gregorius Herklots (acting)
(b. 1739 - d. 1789)
1785 -
1792
Isaac Titsingh (Titsing)
(b. 1745 - d. 1812)
1792 -
1795
Cornelis van Citters Aarnoutszoon (b. 1747 - d.
1807)
1795
Johan Willem Salomon von Haugwitz (b. 1744 - d.
1796)
(acting)
27 Jul 1795 - 15 Sep 1817 British
occupation
15 Sep 1817 -
1818
Jacob Andries van Braam
(b. 1771
- d. 1820)
(commissioner)
1818 - 17 May
1825 Daniel
Antonie Overbeek -Resident (b.
1764 - d. 1840)
Dutch Suratte (Soerate)
|
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1617
Dutch factory at Suratte
(Soerate [Surat]) established.
1617 - 1744
Ahmadabad a Dutch trading post (under Suratte).
1621 - 1720
Agra a Dutch trading post (under Suratte).
1781 - 1784
British occupation.
1795 - 8 Apr 1818
British occupation.
21 Dec 1825
Annexed to British India.
Directors of Suratte
4 Oct 1620 - Dec
1628 Pieter van den Broecke
(b. 1585 - d. 1640)
Dec 1628 - 14 May 1633
Johan van Hasel
(Hasselt)
(b. 1598 - d. 1633)
20 Jun 1633 - 16 Aug 1634 Jacob (Pieter)
van der Graeff (d. 1641)
16 Aug 1634 - 31 Mar 1640 Barend Pietersz.
31 Mar 1640 - 18 Jul 1644 Paulus Croocq
(commander to 1643)
1644
Cornelis Weylant
(b. 1598 - d. 16..)
21 Jul 1644 - 1648
Arent Barents (Muykens)
1648 - Mar
1651
Johan van Teylingen
(b. 1611 - d. 1670)
28 Jul 1651 -
1654
Gerard Pelgrim
21 Jul 1654 - 16 Jul 1657 Hendrik van Gent
(d. 1657)
1657 -
1658
Isaac Coedijck (provisional)
1658 -
1661
Leonard
Winnincx
(b. 1616? - d. 1691)
28 Aug 1661 - 27 Jun 1665 Dirk van Adrichem
(d. 1665)
1665 - 1666
Abraham Hartman (acting)
30 Oct 1666 - 1667
Huybert de Lairesse
(d. 1667)
31 Aug 1667 - 16 Oct 1673 Andries Boogaert
(b. 1628 - d. 1699)
1673 -
1676
Willem
Volger
(b. 1602 - d. 1679)
24 Jun 1676 - 1678
Sybrand Abbema
(b. 1637
- d. 1684)
5 Jun 1678 - 6 Nov 1679
Daniël Parvé
(b. 1645 - d. 1679)
15 Oct 1680 - 1685
Jacques de Bucquoy
1685 - 1691
Gelmer
Vosburgh
(d. 1697)
21 Oct 1692 - 1694
Louis de Keiser
23 Oct 1694 - 10 Jun 1695 Paulus de Roo
(commissioner) (d. 1695)
4 Dec 1695 - Dec
1699 Pieter Ketting
(commissioner)
28 Jun 1699 -
1701
Hendrik Swaardecroon
(b. 1667 - d. 1728)
13 Sep 1701 - 1705
Pieter de Vos
16 Jul 1705 - 1706
Willem Six
(Sicx)
(b. 1670 - d. 1718)
1707 - 27 Nov
1708
Johan Grotenhuys
27 Nov 1708 - 18 Oct 1710 Cornelis Besuyen
(Besuijen)
(d. 1710)
1711 -
1715
Johan Josua Ketelaar
(b. 1659 - d. 1718)
19 Jun 1715 - 4 Aug 1719 Daniel
Hurgronje
(d. 1720)
6 Aug 1719 -
1722
Philip Zaal
7 Aug 1722 - 20 Aug 1726 Abraham
Weijns (Weyns)
(d. 1729)
30 Aug 1726 - 6 Aug 1728 Herman Bruyning
(Bruyninck) (d.
1728)
29 Jul 1729 - 23 May 1740 Pieter Lourens
Phoonsen
1740 - 1749
Jan
Schreuder
(b. 1704 - d. 1764)
29 Aug 1749 - 29 Jun 1753 Johannes Pecock
29 Jun 1753 - 31 May 1755 Johan de Roth
(b. 1704 - d. 1776)
1755 -
1759
Louis Taillefert
(d. 1766)
21 Sep 1759 - 8 Jul 1763 Jan Drabbe
1763 - 1768
Christiaan Lodewijk Senff
(d. 1771)
1 Jul 1768 - 1776
Martinus Joan Boschman
1776 -
1781
Willem Jacob van de Graaff
(b. 1737 - d.
1804)
1781 - 1784
British occupation
30 Jul 1784 -
1792 Abraham
Josias
Sluysken
(b. 1736 - d. 1799)
(acting to 19 Aug 1785)
1792 -
1795
Peter Sluysken
(b. 1740? - d.
1813)
1795 - 8 Apr 1818
British occupation
8 Apr 1818 - 1824
Benjamin Cornelis Verploegh
(b. 1797 - d. 1832)
1 May 1818 - 21 Dec 1825 Conrad Joseph
Gustaf baron van
Albedyell -Resident
French India
|
![[France]](fr.gif "[France]")
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(Pondicherry) (Suratte 1668-1699) |
French India Roupie (INFR) |
(of which: Pondichéry 222,572; Chandernagore 44,786; Karikal 40,541; Mahé 18,293; Yanaon 5,853) |
|
|
Imports: $13 million (1953) |
|
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| French India Dependencies |
|||
1553 -
1614
Portuguese factory at Puducheria (Pondichéry),
followed by the
Danish 1616-1624.
27 Aug
1664
Compagnie Française pour le Commerce
des Indes Orientales founded.
4 Sep 1666 - 4 Mar 1759 Surate
(Surat) a French factory.
1668 - 1719
French India
establishments under the Compagnie française
des
Indes orientales.
9 Dec 1669 - Apr 1674
Mazulipatam (Masulipatnam/Machilipatnam) a
French factory.
25 Jul 1672 – 6 Sep 1674
Sainte Thomé (São Tomé de Meliapore) occupied
by France (see under
Goa
dependencies).
4 Feb
1673
Pondichéry (Pondicherry)
a French possession.
1687 - Mar 1705
Mazulipatam a French possession.
29 May 1690
Chandernagore
(Chandernagor) a French
possession.
6 Sep 1693 - 13 Sep 1699 Dutch
occupation of Pondichéry (see Dutch
Coromandel)(Pondichéry
fort restored to France 16 Mar 1699 and city on 13 Sep
1699).
Mar 1699 - 17 Sep 1699 Dutch
occupation of Chandernagore.
1719 -
1723
Compagnie des Indes merged into Compagnie
perpétuelle des Indes
which continues to administer French India.
1720 - 8 Apr 1759
Mazulipatam a French possession
(U.K. occupied May-Jul 1750).
2 Apr 1721 - Feb
1725 Mahé (Mahe)
a French possession.
1723 - 7 Apr 1770
Compagnie des Indes
(restored)(dissolved 7 Apr 1770).
1723
Yanaon
(Yanam) a French possession (abandoned
1728-1731).
Dec
1725
Mahé restored to France.
14 Feb
1739
Karikal
(Karaikal) a French possession.
10 Sep 1746 - 21 Aug 1749 French
occupy Madras.
8 Aug 1748 - 17 Oct 1748
British siege of Pondichéry.
4 Sep 1760 - 15 Jan 1761 British
siege of Pondichéry.
15 Jan 1761 - 11 Apr 1765 British occupation of Pondichéry
(Changernagore from 23 Mar 1757;
Pondichéry
is leveled by British; Karikal occupied 15 Apr
1760;
Mahé
falls 17 Feb 1761 and is given to the ruler of
Cannanore).
11 Apr
1765
Pondichéry restored to France (Karikal
restored on 18
Feb 1765,
Yanaon on 15 May 1765,
Mahé
on
30 May 1765, and Chandernagore
on
15 Jun
1765).
23 Jul 1772 - 23 Aug 1793 Compagnie
des Indes orientales et de la Chine administers
French
India
(monopoly abolished 1 Oct 1790, dissolved 11 Oct 1793).
21 Aug 1778 - 18 Oct 1778 British siege of
Pondichéry.
18 Oct 1778 - 1 Feb 1785 British occupation
of Pondichéry
(Changernagore from 10 Jul 1778,
Karikal from 11 Aug 1778, and Mahé from 11 Mar 1779).
1 Feb
1785 Pondichéry
restored to France
(Karikal restored on 26
Feb 1785,
Yanaon
on 7 Mar 1785, Changernagore
27 Jun
1785, and
Mahé
15 Aug
1785).
1 Aug 1793 - 23 Aug
1793 British siege of Pondichéry.
23 Aug 1793 - 11 Jul 1803 British occupation of
Pondichéry (Changernagore
from 11 Jun 1793,
Karikal
from 19 Jun 1793, Yanaon
from Jun 1793, and Mahé
from
16 Jul 1793).
25 Oct 1797 - 19 Apr 1801 French India
nominally organized as Indes-Orientales département
of France (not effected because of British occupation).
11 Jul 1803 - 1 Oct 1803 Brief
restoration of French rule according to Treaty of
Amiens.
1 Oct 1803 - 4 Dec 1816 British
occupation restored.
4 Dec
1816
Pondichéry and Chandernagore restored to France (Établissements
Français dans l'Inde)(Karikal restored 14 Jan
1817, Mahé on
22 Feb 1817, and Yanaon on 12 Apr 1817).
25 Jan
1871
By decree French India is granted an elective general
council
(conseil général) and elective local councils (conseil
local).
12 Mar
1880
By decree French India is divided into 10 (from 21 Feb
1908, 17)
communes.
16 Jun 1940 - 9 Sep 1940 Administration
loyal to "Vichy" France (from 9 Sep 1940, under
Free French [Chandernagore itself from 20 Jun 1940]).
9 Sep 1940 -
1945 Administration
loyal to "Free" France.
21 Oct 1948 - 29 Oct 1948 Mahé occupied by
Indian revolutionaries led by I.K. Kumaran.
19 Nov
1946
French Establishments in India are provided with a
Representative
Assembly
(by decree of 25 Oct 1946), it first meets 6 Jan 1947.
2 May
1950
Chandernagore transferred to India (ratified 11 Apr
1952)
(see under Indian
states).
31 Mar
1954
Nettapacom
(Nettapakkam) exclave is liberated under Édouard
Goubert. On 5 Apr 1954 Manamedu,
Krishnavaram, and Kaduvanur
declare themselves free. On 6 Apr 1954, commune of
Tirubhuvane
(Thirubuvanai) is liberated by V. Subbiah (b. 1911
- d. 1993)
of the Communist Party of French
India. On 17 May 1954, the
French
India Liberation Council is formed to
administer the
liberated areas.
13 Jun
1954
Yanaon taken by Indian military police.
16 Jul
1954
Mahé taken by pro-Indian groups.
1 Nov
1954
Remaining territories (Pondichéry and Karikal)
transferred to
India de facto (see under Indian states).
28 May
1956
Treaty of Cession signed in Delhi by France and India
(ratified by
France
27 Jul 1962).
16 Aug
1962
De jure transfer of French India to India (exchange of
instruments
of ratification of the 1956 Treaty of Cession).
Directors general
1668 - 5 Apr 1673
François
Caron
(b. 1600 - d. 1673)
4 Feb 1673 - 20 Sep 1674 Louis
Auguste Bellanger
de (b.
1647 - d. 1699)
l'Espinay (commander)
20 Sep 1674 - 22 Feb 1675 François
Martin (1st time)
(b. 1634 - d. 1706)
(merchant) (acting)
22 Feb 1675 - 5 May 1675
François
Baron
(b. 1620 - d. 1683)
5 May 1675 - 26 May 1681
François Martin (2nd time)
(s.a.)
26 Mar 1681 - 20 May 1686 Pierre Deltor
(chief)
20 May 1686 - 8 Sep 1693 François Martin
(3rd time) (s.a.)
8 Sep 1693 - 16 Mar 1699 Dutch
occupation
Governors
16 Mar 1699 - 30 Dec 1706 François Martin
(governor-general) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1707 - 2 Jul 1708 Pierre
Dulivier (1st
time)
(b. 1663 - d. 1722)
(acting for Martin from 15 Jun 1705)
2 Jul 1708 - Sep 1713 Guillaume
André d'Hébert (b.
1653 - d. 1725)
(1st time)
24 Sep 1713 - 18 Jul 1715 Pierre Dulivier
(2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Aug 1715 - Aug
1718 Guillaume
André
d'Hébert
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
19 Aug 1718 - 11 Oct 1721 Pierre André Prévost de
La
(d. 1721)
Prévostière
11 Oct 1721 - Oct 1723
Pierre Christophe Le Boir
(b. 1683 - d. 1743)
(1st time)(acting)
6 Oct 1723 -
1726
Joseph Beauvollier, sieur de
Courchant
4 Sep 1726 - 1735
Pierre
Christophe Le Noir
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
19 Sep 1735 - 1741
Pierre Benoît
Dumas
(b. 1668 - d. 1745)
14 Jan 1742 - 1754
Joseph François
Dupleix
(b. 1697 - d. 1763)
2 Aug 1754 - 16 Feb 1755 Charles
Robert Godeheu, dit de (b. 1710 - d. 17..)
Zaimont (acting)
16 Feb 1755 - 8 Apr 1755 Secret
Committee (interim)
- Barthélemy
- Boileau
-
Guillard
8 Apr 1755 -
1758
Georges Duval de
Leyrit
(b. 1716 - d. 1764)
28 Apr 1758 - 15 Jan 1761 Thomas Arthur,
comte de Lally- (b. 1702 - d. 1766)
Tollendal
15 Jan 1761 - 11 Apr 1765 British
occupation
26 Jan 1765 - May 1765 Jean Law
de Lauriston, comte de (b.
1719 - d. 1797)
Tancarville (governor-general)
(1st
time)
May 1765 - 1766
François Nicolas (acting)
1 Apr 1766 - 10 Feb 1767 André
Boyelleau
(acting)
(b. 1712 - d. 1788)
10 Feb 1767 - 8 Jan 1777 Jean Law de
Lauriston, comte de (s.a.)
Tancarville (governor-general)
(2nd
time)
8 Jan 1777 - 1778
Pierre
Guillaume Léonard Sarrazin (b. 1728 - d. 1792)
de Bellecombe, seigneur de Teirac
(1st time)
28 Jan 1778 - 1778
Louis Alexandre d'Albignac,
(b. 1739 - d. 1825)
baron
d'Albignac d'Arre (acting)
Jul 1778 - 18 Oct 1778 Pierre
Guillaume Léonard Sarrazin (s.a.)
de Bellecombe, seigneur de Teirac
(2nd time)
18 Oct 1778 - 1 Feb 1785 British
occupation
10 Mar 1783 - 7 Jan 1785 Charles
Joseph Pâtissier de
(b. 1718 - d. 1785)
Bussy, marquis de Castelnau
(nominal)
1 Feb 1785 - 21 May 1785 Nicolas
Coutanceau des Algrains (b. 1730 - d. 1788)
(acting)
21 May 1785 - Oct 1785 François,
vicomte de Souillac (b.
1732 - d. 1803)
8 Oct 1785 -
1787
David Charpentier de
Cossigny (b. 1740 - d.
1801)
20 Sep 1787 -
1789
Thomas, comte de
Conway
(b. 1735 - d. 1795)
5 Oct 1789 - Jan 1793 Camille
Charles Le Clerc de
(b. 1740 - d. 1813)
Fresne
de La Verpillière
2 Mar 1790 - Oct 1790
Moracin
(president of the National Assembly)
Oct 1790 - Jun? 1791
Simon Lagrénée
de Mézières
(b. 1734? - d. 1800)
(president of the National Assembly)
30 Sep 1792 - 23 Aug 1793 Daniel
Lescallier
(b. 1743 - d. 1822)
(civil commissioner)
Jan 1793 - 18 Feb 1793 Pierre
Adrien Le Roux de (b.
1747 - d. 1829)
Touffreville (acting)
18 Feb 1793 - 23 Aug 1793 Dominique
Prosper, comte de
(b. 1741 - d. 1798)
Chermont
18 Feb 1793 - 23 Aug 1793 Joseph Pierre
Leboux-Dumorier (b. 1759 - d. 1801)
(civil commissioner)
23 Aug 1793 - 11 Jul 1803 British
occupation
British Commandants
23 Aug 1793 - Jan 1794 John Floyd
(b. 1748 - d. 1818)
Jan 1794 - 1795
Eccles Nixon
(b. c.1736 - d. 1804)
1795 - 1802
John Braithwaite
(b. 1739 - d.
1813)
1802
Sir Alexander
Campbell
(b. 1760 - d. 1824)
1802 - 1803
David de Meuron (acting)
(b. 1753 - d. 1804)
Governors
11 Jul 1803 - 1 Oct 1803 Charles Matthieu
Isidore, comte (b. 1769 - d. 1832)
Decaen (appointed 18 Jun 1802)
11 Jul 1803 - 1 Oct 1803 Louis
François
Binot
(b. 1771 - d. 1807)
(acting for comte Decaen)
13 Jul 1803 - 1 Oct 1803 Benoît
Mottet de La
(b. 1745 - d. 1820)
Fontaine -Prefect
1 Oct 1803 - 4 Dec
1816 British occupation
British Commandants
1803 - 1804
George St.
John
(b. 17.. - d. 1806)
1804 - 1805
Alexander Keith
1805 - 1810
Ernest William
Fallowfield
(b. 1750 - d. 1810)
1810 - 1812
William Lockhart
(b. c.1730 -
d. 1817)
1812 - 1815
Hugh
Fraser
(b. 1773 - d. 1851)
1815 - 4 Dec 1816
James Stuart Fraser (commissioner) (b.
1783 - d. 1869)
Governors
6 May 1815 - 1815
Joseph Jacques Xavier Marie Desnos (b. 1754 - d. 1821)
de Kerjean
(arrived, prevented from taking office)
4 Dec 1816 - Oct
1825 André Julien, comte
Dupuy
(b. 1753 - d. 1820)
(arrived 27 Sep 1816)
13 Oct 1825 - 19 Jun 1826 Joseph Marie Emmanuel
Cordier (b. 1773 - d.
1837)
(1st time) (interim)
19 Jun 1826 - 2 Aug 1828 Eugène
Panon, comte Des Bassayns (b. 1800 - d. 1859)
de Richemont
(interim to 27 Aug 1827)
2 Aug 1828 - 14 Aug 1828 Vincent
François Scipion (interim) (b. 1780 - d.
1836)
14 Aug 1828 - 10 Apr 1829 Joseph
Marie Emmanuel Cordier (s.a.)
(2nd time) (interim)
10 Apr 1829 - 3 May 1835 Auguste
Jacques Nicolas Peureux (b. 1777 - d. 1835)
de Mélay
3 May 1835 - Apr
1840 Henri Jean Victor, marquis
de (b. 1782 - d. 1865)
Saint-Simon
27 Apr 1840 -
1844
Paul de Nourquer du
Camper
(b. 1776 - d. 1849)
16 Nov 1844 -
1849
Louis
Pujol
(b. 1790 - d. 1855)
5 Jan 1849 - 14 Jun 1850 Hyacinthe
Marie de Lalande de (b.
1802 - d. 1850)
Calan
14 Jun 1850 - 6 Jan 1851 Romain Louis Marie
Malassis (b.
1807 - d. 1887)
(1st time) (interim)
6 Jan 1851 - 1851
Philippe
Achille
Bédier
(b. 1791 - d. 1865)
1 Dec 1851 - 1852
Romain Louis Marie Malassis
(s.a.)
(2nd time) (interim)
29 Jul 1852 - Apr 1857
Raymond Jean-Baptiste de Verninac (b. 1794 - d.
1873)
de Saint-Maur
1 Apr 1857 - Jan
1863 Alexandre Jean-Baptiste
Joseph (b. 1807 - d. 1864)
Jacques de Verninac Durand
d'Ubraye
18 Jan 1863 - 27 Mar 1867
Napoléon Joseph Louis Bontemps
(b. 1813 - d. 1872)
(1st time)
27 Mar 1867 - 18 Oct 1867 Adolphe Joseph Antoine
Trillard (b. 1826 - d. 1908)
(interim)
18 Oct 1867 - Jun
1871 Napoléon Joseph Louis
Bontemps (s.a.)
(2nd time)
2 Jun 1871 - 13 Nov 1871
Antoine Léonce Michaux (interim) (b. 1822 -
d. 1893)
13 Nov 1871 -
1875
Pierre Aristide
Faron
(b. 1814 - d. 1879)
14 May 1875 - 1 Jul 1875 Louis Bernard
Amélius Delrieu (b. 1821 -
d. 1875)
(interim)
1 Jul 1875 - 23 Aug 1875 François
Christol Bernardy de (b. 1828 -
d. 1912)
Sigoyer (interim)
23 Aug 1875 - 7 Nov 1875 Louis Démétrius
Théodore Nesty (b. 1825 - d. 1884)
(1st
time)(interim)
7 Nov 1875 -
1878
Adolphe Joseph Antoine Trillard (s.a.)
26 Oct 1878 - 23 Feb 1879 Louis Démétrius Théodore
Nesty (s.a.)
(2nd
time)(interim)
23 Feb 1879 - Apr 1881 Jean Joseph Marie
Léonce Laugier (b. 1829 - d. 1900)
6 Apr 1881 - 12 Apr 1881 Frédéric
Haas (interim)
(b. 1843 - d. 1915)
12 Apr 1881 - 3 Apr
1882 Julien Théodore Drouet (1st
time) (b. 1817 - d. 1904)
3 Apr 1882 - 11 Jan 1883
Portier (interim)
11 Jan 1883 - 18 Jan 1883 Paul Louis Maxime
Céloron de (b. 1831
- d. 1899)
Blainville (1st time)(interim)
18 Jan 1883 - 13 Sep 1884 Julien Théodore Drouet
(2nd time) (s.a.)
14 Sep 1884 - 21 Oct 1884 Paul Louis Maxime
Céloron de (s.a.)
Blainville (2nd time)(interim)
21 Oct 1884 - 29 Apr 1886 Étienne Antoine
Guillaume Richaud (b. 1841 - d. 1889)
29 Apr 1886 - 17 Nov 1886 Paul Louis Maxime
Céloron de (s.a.)
Blainville (3rd time)(interim)
17 Nov 1886 -
1888
Aimé Louis Édouard Manès
(b. 1835 - d. 1898)
25 Apr 1888 - 11 Aug 1888 Paul Fawtier
(interim)
(b. 1837 - d. 1903)
11 Aug 1888 - 20 Aug 1888 Charles-Honoré Vassal
(interim) (b. 1833 - d. 1900)
21 Aug 1888 - 14 Nov 1888 Antoine Léandre Mathivet
(1st time)(b. 1852 - d. 1897)
14 Nov 1888 - 18 May 1889 Georges Jules
Piquet
(b. 1839 - d. 1923)
18 May 1889 - 25 Jul 1889 Antoine Léandre Mathivet
(2nd time)(s.a.)
25 Jul 1889 - 27 Dec 1890 Louis
Hippolyte Marie
Nouët (b. 1844
- d. 1933)
27 Dec 1890 - 1 Feb 1891 Antoine
Léandre Mathivet (3rd time)(s.a.)
1 Feb 1891 - 2 Nov 1893 Clément Léon
Émile Thomas
(b. 1840 - d.
1925)
(1st time)
2 Nov 1893 - 16 Jun 1894 Antoine Jean Pierre
Louis Deloncle (b. 1854 - d. 1896)
16 Jun 1894 - 24 Apr 1896 Clément Léon
Émile
Thomas
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
24 Apr 1896 - 22 May 1896 Paul Émile Daclin,
dit Daclin- (b. 1840 - d. 1899)
Sibour (interim)
22 May 1896 - 31 May 1896 Marie Henri Roussin
(interim) (b. 1848 - d. ....)
31 May 1896 - 27 Jan 1898 Louis Jean
Girod
(b. 1856 - d. 1922)
27 Jan 1898 - 5 Feb 1898 Jean-Baptiste
Venant Emile Borne (b. 1843 - d. 1904)
(interim)
5 Feb 1898 - 17 Apr 1900
François Pierre Rodier (1st time) (b. 1854 - d.
1913)
17 Apr 1900 - 2 Mar 1901 Paul Marie Armand
Beuverand de (b. 1847 - d. 1913)
La
Loyère (interim)
2 Mar 1901 - 17 Feb 1902 François
Pierre Rodier (2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Feb 1902 - 24 Oct 1902 Louis Pelletan
(interim)
(b. 1842 - d. 1904)
24 Oct 1902 - 13 Aug 1904 Victor Louis
Marie Lanrezac
(b. 1854 - d. 1916)
13 Aug 1904 - 22 Apr 1905 Jean-Baptiste
Philémon Lemaire (b. 1856 -
d. 1932)
22 Apr 1905 - 5 Oct 1906 Joseph
Pascal François (interim) (b. 1853 - d. 1914)
6 Oct 1906 - 2 Dec 1907
Gabriel Louis
Angoulvant
(b. 1872 - d. 1932)
3 Dec 1907 - 12 Jun 1908 Charles Amédée Rognon (acting)
(b. 1861 - d. 1911)
13 Jun 1908 - 9 Feb 1909 Jules
Adrien Jean
Bonhoure
(b. 1860 - d. 1929)
10 Feb 1909 - 1 Jul 1910 Ernest
Fernand
Lévecque
(b. 1852 - d. 1927)
9 Jul 1910 - 27 Jun 1911 Alfred
Albert Martineau (1st time) (b. 1857 - d. 1941)
27 Jun 1911 - 8 Jul 1911 Henri Alphonse
Joseph Lejeune (b. 1866 -
d. 19..)
(1st
time) (interim)
8 Jul 1911 - 4 Mar 1913 Pierre Louis
Alfred Duprat (b. 1880 - d.
1953)
4 Mar 1913 - 7 Nov 1913 Henri Alphonse
Joseph Lejeune (s.a.)
(2nd
time)
7 Nov 1913 - 29 Jun 1918 Alfred
Albert Martineau (2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Jul 1914 - 4 Jun 1915 Henri Alphonse
Joseph Lejeune (s.a.)
(acting
for Martineau)
29 Jun 1918 - 21 Feb 1919 Pierre Étienne
Clayssen (interim) (b. 1856 - d. 1928)
21 Feb 1919 - 11 Feb 1926 Louis Martial
Innocent Gerbinis (b. 1871 - d. 1954)
15 Sep 1922 - 1 Jul 1923 Maurice
Pierre Lapalud
(b. 1868 - d. 1935)
(acting
for Gerbinis)
10 Feb 1926 - 5 Aug 1926 Henri Léo Eugène
Lagroua (interim)
5 Aug 1926 - 14 Jan 1928 Pierre Jean
Henri
Didelot
(b. 1870 - d. 1941)
14 Jan 1928 - 29 Feb 1928 Joseph Georges Eugène
Lanes (b. 1880
- d. 1956)
(interim)
29 Feb 1928 - 16 Feb 1930 Robert Paul
Marie de
Guise
(b. 1872 - d. 1940)
16 Feb 1930 - 24 May 1930 Édouard Victor Magnien
(interim) (b. 1873 - d. 19..)
24 May 1930 - 1 Nov 1933 François
Adrien
Juvanon
(b. 1875 - d. 1950)
1 Nov 1933 - 15 Aug 1934 Georges Charles
Jean Bourret (b.
1884 - d. 1967)
(interim)
15 Aug 1934 - Oct 1936
Léon
Solomiac
(b. 1884 - d. 1960)
9 Oct 1936 - 11 Aug 1938 Horace
Valentin Croccichia
(b. 1888 - d.
1976)
(acting
to 9 Dec 1936)
11 Aug 1938 - 26 Sep 1938 Emmanuel François Marie
Philipon (b. 1881 - d. 1957)
(interim)
26 Sep 1938 - Jun 1945
Louis Alexis Étienne
Bonvin (b.
1886 - d. 1946)
17 Jun 1945 - 20 Mar 1946 Nicolas Ernest
Marie Maurice (b. 1886 - d.
19..)
Jeandin (interim)
20 Mar 1946 - 4 Sep 1947 Charles
François Henri Baron
(b. 1900 - d. 1980)
Commissioners of the Republic for French India
4 Sep 1947 - 1 Dec 1948 Charles
François Marie Baron (s.a.)
1 Dec 1948 - 26 Jan 1949 Maurice André
Thomas (interim) (b. 1912 - d.
2001)
26 Jan 1949 - 12 May 1949 Christian Jacques
Camouilly (b.
1911 - d. 1989)
(acting)
12 May 1949 - 21 Apr 1950 Charles
Chambon
(b. 1896 - d. 1965)
21 Apr 1950 - 11 Aug 1954 André
Ménard
(b. 1907 - d. 1988)
(acting
to 31 Jul 1950)
11 Aug 1954 - 31 Oct 1954 Georges Escargueil
(acting) (b.
1907 - d. 1990)
31 Oct 1954 - 1 Nov 1954 Pierre Landy
(consul)
(b. 1915 - d. 1983)
President of the Executive Committee of the
French India Liberation Council
17 May 1954 - 1 Nov 1954 Édouard
Goubert
(b. 1894 - d. 1979) CLIF
(in
dissidence, in Nettapakkam)
Party abbreviation: CLIF =
Congrès de la Libération de l'Inde Française
(Congress for the Liberation of French India, est.7
May 1954, merged into INC)
Ostend East India Company
|
|
|
![[Austrian War
Ensign]](ah-wens.gif "[Austrian War Ensign]")
![[Ostend Company (Oostendse
Compagnie) ensign 1722-1727]](be-ostend_co.png "[Ostend
Company (Oostendse Compagnie) ensign
1722-1727]")
13 Aug
1719
Cabelon (Kovalam/Covelong) post on Coromandel coast
established.
19 Dec
1722
Ostend Company (German: Kaiserliche
Ostender Kompanie; Dutch:
Oostendse
Compagnie; French: Compagnie d'Ostende),
officially the "General Company Established in the
Austrian
Netherlands for Commerce and Navigation in the Indies"
(Compagnie générale établie dans les Pays-Bas
Autrichiens
pour le Commerce et la Navigation aux
Inde) granted a charter by
Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI in the Southern
Netherlands.
Jul
1723
Banquibazar (Banki Bazar/Bankipur) factory established
in Bengal.
31 May
1727
Charter the Company is suspended by the Emperor by the
Preliminaries of Paris.
5 Jul
1727
Banquibazar officially ceded to Austria.
16 Mar
1731
The
Emperor agrees to dissolve the Ostend Company by the
Second
Treaty of Vienna.
16 Feb 1734
The company officially
ceased trading, and was wound up on 16
Feb
1737.
c.1742
Cabelon factory is
lost.
5 Nov
1744
Banquibazar factory lost.
1746 - 1752
Cabelon taken over by the French, but destroyed by the
British
in 1752.
1774 - 1794
Austrian Imperial Asiatic Company of
Trieste and Antwerp (Société
impériale asiatique de Trieste et Anvers)
trading post at
Banquibazar (Banki Bazar/Bankipur).
Governors-general
Jul 1723 - 27 Jun
1724 Jacques-André
Cobbé
(b. 1682 - d. 1724)
27 Jun 1724 - 30 Jun 1724 Martin
van Snaer
+ Pierre Sneyers
(acting)
30 Jun 1724 - 6 Feb 1726 Commanders
- T. Kint (to 18 Jul 1724)
- Vincent Parraber
(from 18 Jul 1724)
6 Feb 1726 - 29 Aug 1726 Commanders
- Jean Bos
- François de
Schonamille
(b. 1678 - d. 1745)
(1st time)
- Jean Ray
29 Aug 1726 - Dec
1730 Alexander Hume
Commanders
Dec 1730 - 5 Nov
1744 François de
Schonamille
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
1774 - 1794
....
Cabelon
Commanders
13 Aug 1719 -
1719
Godefroy de la Merveille
(b. 1656 - d. 17..)
1719 - 23 Jul
1726
Luis Diaz de la Peña
23 Jul 1726 -
17..
Joseph Mérat
c.1730
Joseph Cointrel
French Commanders
1746 - 1752
....
Portuguese India (Goa)
|
|
|
![[Portugal]](pt.gif "[Portugal]")
![[Portuguese
State of India flag proposal 1967]](in-pt-67.gif "[Portuguese State of India flag
proposal 1967]")
![[Goa, Portuguese
India municipal flag to 1962 (India)]](in-goa_pre1962.gif "[Goa, Portuguese India municipal
flag to 1962 (India)]")
|
|
(Old Goa 1530-1843; Cochim 1 Nov 1505-1530) |
Portuguese India Escudo (INPE); 1881-1959 Portuguese India Rupia (INPR) |
(of which: Goa 534,407; Damão 79,079; Diu 24,342 [1950]) |
|
|
Imports: $12 million (1953) |
|
|
|
Police Force: 850 (1955) Merchant marine: N/A |
Muslims, Parsees, Jews and Buddhists 2.2% (1951) |
||
| Indian Dependencies of Goa |
|||
20 May
1498
Vasco da Gama arrives in India.
27 Sep 1503 - 7 Jan 1663 Cochim de Baixo (Kochi/Cochin)
a Portuguese possession.
1502 – 15 Feb
1663
Cannanore (Kannanur) a Portuguese possession.
1502 – 24 Dec
1661
Quilon (Coylan) a Portuguese possession (under Dutch
occupation 29 Dec 1658 - 14 Apr 1659).
13 Sep 1505
Anjediva
(Anjadip) acquired by Portugal.
1510
Estado
da Índia established by the
Portuguese.
15 Feb 1510 - 30 May 1510 Portuguese occupy
Goa.
30 May 1510 - 25 Nov 1510 Bijapur
occupies Goa.
25 Nov
1510
Goa a Portuguese possession.
1520 - 18 Sep 1740
Chaul a Portuguese possession.
1523 – 15 Jan
1662
Cranganore (Kodungallur) a Portuguese
possession.
1523 -
1662
São
Tomé de Meliapore a Portuguese settlement.
23 Dec
1534
Baçaim (Bassein)
and its dependencies ceded to Portugal;
organized as the Northern Provinces.
21 Dec
1535
Diu acquired by
Portugal.
4 Sep 1538 - 6 Nov
1538 Failed Ottoman and Gujarati siege of
Diu.
6 May 1542
(St.) Francisco Xavier (b. 1506 - d.
1552) arrives and founds
a Roman Catholic mission.
1553 -
1614
Puducheria
(later Pondichéry) a Portuguese factory.
2 Feb 1559
Damão
(Daman) acquired by Portugal.
15 Jul 1580 - 1 Dec 1640 Portuguese
India along with Portugal a Spanish possession.
1636 -
1644
Goa blocked by Dutch fleets.
23 Jun
1661
Bombaim (Bombay) and its dependencies (s.a.) ceded to
England.
18 Feb
1665
Final cession of Bombaim to England (without its
dependencies).
1687 - 21 Oct
1749 São
Tomé de Meliapore re-occupied by Portuguese.
23 May
1739
Baçaim lost.
17 Dec
1779
Dadrá (Dadra), Nagar Áveli
(Nagar and Haveli) acquired by Portugal.
Nagar
Áveli is occupied 10 Jun 1783 and Dadrá
occupied 22 Jul 1785.
6 Sep 1799 - Nov 1802
British occupy Goa, Diu and Daman; Portuguese
civil administration
continues.
3 Sep 1803 - 2 Apr 1813
British occupy Goa, Diu and Daman; Portuguese
civil administration
continues (a residual U.K. garrison remained until
1815).
7 Dec
1836
Province of the State of India and Macao and Timor (Província
do
Estado da Índia e Macao e Timor).
15 Oct
1926
Colony of the State of India (Colónia do Estado da
Índia).
18 Dec
1946
Province of the State of India (Província
do Estado da Índia).
21 Jul
1954
Dadrá (Dadra) then Nagar Áveli (on 2 Aug
1954)(Nagar and Haveli)
occupied by Indian nationalists (annexed by
India 11 Aug 1961).
1 Sep
1955
India closes its consulate office in Goa.
19 Dec
1961
Goa, Damão, and Diu occupied by India. The
governor-general of
Portuguese India signs the Instrument of Surrender,
17 Feb
1962
Portugal adopts a special law aimed at creating a
government in
exile for Portuguese India and a legislative council and
guaranteeing access to Portuguese nationality for those
born in
the
territories (by Lei No. 2112 of 17 Feb 1962).
16 Mar
1962
Annexed by India (see under Indian states).
22 Nov
1963
Portugal continues to claim Portuguese India, to be
administered
by
the Minister of Overseas (Ministro do Ultramar)
in Lisbon, as
long as
it remains 'removed from the full and effective exercise
of
Portuguese sovereignty' (by Decree No. 45376).
31 Dec
1974
Portugal
recognizes the full sovereignty of India over Goa,
Daman,
Diu,
Dadra and Nagar Haveli (ratified by decree 3 Jun 1975).
Viceroy of India (Vice-Rei da Índia)
1504
Tristão da Cunha (nominated) (b.
c.1460 - d. c.1540)
12 Sep 1505 - 4 Nov 1509 Francisco de
Almeida
(b. c.1450 - d. 1510)
(viceroy from 24 Oct 1505)
Captains-major and Governors
of India (Capitão-mór
e Governador da Índia)
4 Sep 1509 – 8 Sep 1515 Afonso de
Albuquerque
(b. c.1453 - d. 1515)
8 Sep 1515 – 20 Dec 1518 Lopo Soares de
Albergaria (b. c.1460
- d. c.1520)
(Alvarenga)
20 Dec 1518 – 22 Jan 1522 Diogo Lopes de Sequeira
(b. 1465 - d.
1530)
22 Jan 1522 – 4 Dec 1524 Duarte de Meneses
(b. bf.1488 - d. af.1539)
4 Dec 1524 - 24 Dec 1524 Vasco da Gama,
conde
de
(b. 1469 - d. 1524)
Vidigueira -Viceroy
25 Dec 1524 - 21 Feb 1526 Henrique de Meneses "o
Roxo" (b. c.1496 - d. 1526)
22 Feb 1526 – 18 Nov 1529 Lopo Vaz de Sampaio
(b. c.1480 - d. 1534)
18 Nov 1529 - 14 Sep 1538 Nuno da Cunha
(b. 1487 - d. 1539)
14 Sep 1538 - 3 Apr 1540 Garcia de Noronha -Viceroy
(b. 1479 - d. 1540)
4 Apr 1540 – 7 May 1542 Estêvão da
Gama
(b. c.1505 - d. 1576)
7 May 1542 – 12 Sep 1545 Martim Afonso de
Sousa
(b. 1500 - d. 1564)
12 Sep 1545 - 6 Jun 1548 João de Castro
(b.
1500 - d. 1548)
(viceroy from 13 Oct 1547)
7 Jun 1548 - 13 Jun 1549 Garcia de
Sá
(b. c.1486 - d. 1549)
13 Jun 1549 - 15 Aug 1549 Provisional
Government
- Frei João
Afonso de Albuquerque, (b. c.1479 - d. 1558)
bispo de Goa
- Francisco de Lima
(d. 1554)
-
António de Barbudo
15 Aug 1549 – 6 Nov 1550 Jorge
Cabral
(b. 1500 - d. 15..)
Viceroys of India
6 Nov 1550 – 16 Sep 1554 Afonso de
Noronha
(b. 1498 - d. 1575)
16 Sep 1554 - 23 Jun 1555 Pedro
Mascarenhas
(b. c.1484 - d. 1555)
23 Jun 1555 – 8 Sep 1558 Francisco Barreto -Governor
(b. 1520 - d. 1573)
8 Sep 1558 – 7 Sep 1561 Constantino de
Bragança
(b. 1528 - d. 1575)
7 Sep 1561 – 19 Feb 1564 Francisco Coutinho,
conde de (b. 1517 - d.
1564)
Redondo
29 Feb 1564 – 3 Sep 1564 João de Mendonça
Furtado -Governor (b. 1530 - d. 1578)
3 Sep 1564 – 10 Sep 1568 Antão de
Noronha
(b. 1520 - d. 1569)
10 Sep 1568 – 6 Sep 1571 Luís de Ataíde,
conde de
(b. c.1516 - d. 1581)
Atouguia (1st time)
6 Sep 1571 – 9 Dec 1573 António de
Noronha
(b. 1510 - d. 1574)
Captains-major and Governors
of India
9 Dec 1573 – Sep 1577
António Moniz
Barreto
(b. 1530 - d. 1600)
Sep 1577 – 31 Aug 1578 Diogo de
Meneses
(b. c.1520 - d. 1580)
Viceroys of India
31 Aug 1578 - 10 Mar 1581 Luís de Ataíde, conde de
(s.a.)
Atouguia (2nd time)
10 Mar 1581 – 17 Sep 1581 Fernão Telles de
Meneses, conde (b. 1530 - d. 1605)
de Villar Maior -Governor
17 Sep 1581 – 22 Nov 1584 Francisco Mascarenhas,
conde (b. c.1530 -
d. 1608)
de Villa da Horta
22 Nov 1584 - 4 May 1588
Duarte de Meneses, conde
de (b. 1537 -
d. 1588)
Tarouca
4 May 1588 – 15 May 1591 Manuel de Sousa
Coutinho -Governor (b. 1540 - d. 1591)
15 May 1591 – 25 May 1597 Matias de
Albuquerque
(b. 1547 - d. 1609)
25 May 1597 – 25 Dec 1600 Francisco da Gama, conde
de (b. 1565 -
d. 1632)
Vidigueira (1st time)
25 Dec 1600 – 20 May 1605 Aires de
Saldanha de Albuquerque (b. 1542 - d. 1605)
20 May 1605 – 3 Jun 1607 Martim Afonso de
Castro
(b. c.1560 - d. 1607)
3 Jun 1607 – 27 May 1609 Frei Aleixo
de Menezes, arcebispo (b. 1559 - d. 1617)
de Goa e primaz das Índias -Governor
27 May 1609 – 5 Sep 1609 André Furtado de
Mendonça -Governor(b. c.1558 - d. 1611)
5 Sep 1609 – 25 Dec 1612 Rui Lourenço de
Távora
(b. 1556 - d. 1616)
25 Dec 1612 – 18 Nov 1617 Jerônimo de
Azevedo
(b. 1540 - d. 1625)
18 Nov 1617 – 10 Nov 1619 João Coutinho, conde de
Redondo (b. c.1545 - d. 1619)
11 Nov 1619 – 19 Dec 1622 Fernão de Albuquerque -Governor
(b. 1540 - d. 1623)
19 Dec 1622 – 8 Mar 1628 Francisco da Gama,
conde de
(s.a.)
Vidigueira (2nd time)
8 Mar 1628 – 29 Jul 1629 Frei Luís de Brito
e Meneses, (b. c.1570 - d. 1629)
bispo de Cochim -Governor
29 Jul 1629 – 21 Oct 1629 Governing Commission
- Nuno Álvares Botelho
(b. 1590 - d. 1631)
- Lourenço da Cunha
(b. c.1580 - d. 1633)
- Gonçalo Pinto da Fonseca
22 Oct 1629 – 8 Dec 1635 Miguel de Noronha,
conde de (b.
1585 - d. 1647)
Linhares
9 Dec 1635 - 24 Jun 1639 Pedro da
Silva
(b. c.1580 - d. 1639)
24 Jun 1639 – 24 Sep 1640 António Telles de
Menezes, conde (b. c.1600 - d. 1657)
de Villa Pouca de Aguiar -Governor
24 Sep 1640 – 30 Dec 1645 João da Silva Tello de
Meneses, (b. c.1600 - d. 1650)
conde de Aveiras
30 Dec 1645 – 31 May 1651 Filipe
Mascarenhas
(b. c.1580 - d. 1652)
31 May 1651 – 6 Sep 1652 Governing
Commission
- Frei Francisco dos Mártires, (b.
1583 - d. 1652)
arcebispo de Goa e primaz das
Índias
- Francisco de Mello e Castro (b.
c.1600 - d. 1664)
(1st time)
- António de Sousa Coutinho
(d. 1668)
(1st time)
6 Sep 1652 – 22 Oct 1653 Vasco Mascarenhas,
conde de Obidos (b. c.1605 - d. 1678)
e
alcaide mór de Obidos
22 Oct 1653 – 22 Aug 1655 Brás de Castro -Governor
(usurper) (b. c.1570 - d. 1655)
23 Aug 1655 - 13 Jan 1656 Rodrigo Lobo da
Silveira, conde (b. c.1600 - d. 1656)
de Sarzedas
14 Jan 1656 – 22 May 1656 Manuel Mascarenhas Homem
(acting) (b. 1600 - d. 1657)
22 May 1656 – 14 Jun 1661 Governing Commission
- Manuel Mascarenhas Homem
(s.a.)
(to 25 Sep 1657)
- Francisco de Mello e Castro (s.a.)
(2nd time)
- António de Sousa Coutinho
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
14 Jun 1661 – 14 Dec 1662 Governing Commission
-
Manuel Mascarenhas
- Luís de
Mendonça Furtado e
(b. 1610 - d. 1677)
Albuquerque
- Pedro de Lancastre
(b. c.1625 - d. 1664)
14 Dec 1662 – 17 Oct 1666 António de Mello de
Castro
(b. c.1640 - d. 1669)
17 Oct 1666 – 6 Nov 1668 João Nunes da
Cunha, conde de (b. 1619 - d.
1668)
São Vicente
7 Nov 1668 – 22 May 1671 Governing
Commission
- António de Mello de Castro
[different family member from Viceroy]
- Luis de Miranda Henriques
(d. 1669)
(to Mar 1669)
- Manuel
Côrte-Real de Sampaio (b. c.1630
- d. ....)
22 May 1671 – 30 Oct 1677 Luís de Mendonça Furtado
e
(s.a.)
Albuquerque, conde do Lavradio
30 Oct 1677 – 24 Jan 1678 Pedro de Almeida
Portugal, conde (b. 1630 - d. 1679)
de Assumar
24 Jan 1678 – 12 Sep 1681 Governing Commission
- Frei António Brandão,
(b. 1620 - d. 1678)
arcebispo de Goa e primaz
das
Índias (to 6 Jul 1678)
- António Paès de Sande
(b. 1622 - d. 1695)
- Francisco Cabral de Almada (b.
1628 - d. ....)
12 Sep 1681 – 13 Dec 1686 Francisco de Távora,
conde de (b. c.1646 - d.
1710)
Alvor
13 Dec 1686 - 23 Jun 1690 Rodrigo da Costa -Governor
(b. 1677 - d. 1722)
23 Jun 1690 – 9 Jan 1691 Miguel de Almeida -Governor
(b. c.1640 - d. 1691)
9 Jan 1691 – 28 May 1693 Governing
Commisison
- Fernando Martins Mascarenhas de (b. 1643 - d.
1719)
Lancastre
- Frei Agostinho de Annunciação, (b. 1652 - d.
1713)
arcebispo de Goa e primaz das
Índias (1st time)
- Luis Gonçalves Cotta
(d. 1691)
(to 4 Jun 1691)
28 May 1693 – 20 Sep 1698 Pedro António de Noronha
de (b. 1661 - d.
1731)
Albuquerque e Sousa, marquês
de Angeja
20 Sep 1698 – 17 Sep 1701 António Luís Gonçalves
da Câmara (b. 1638 - d. 1702)
Coutinho
17 Sep 1701 - 2 Oct 1702 Governing
Commission
- Frei Agostinho da Annunciação, (s.a.)
arcebispo de Goa e primaz das
Índias (2nd time)
- Vasco Luís Coutinho da Costa
(b. 1653 - d. 1702)
2 Oct 1702 - 28 Oct 1707 Caetano de Mello e
Castro
(b. c.1680 - d. 1718)
28 Oct 1707 - 21 Sep 1712 Rodrigo da
Costa
(b. 1657 - d. 1722)
21 Sep 1712 - 13 Jan 1717 Vasco Fernandes César de
Meneses (b. 1673 - d. 1741)
13 Jan 1717 - 16 Oct 1717 Sebastião de Andrade
Pessanha, (b. 1676 - d. 1737)
arcebispo de Goa -Governor
16 Oct 1717 - 14 Sep 1720 Luís Carlos Inácio
Xavier de (b. 1689 - d.
1742)
Meneses, marquês do Louriçal
(1st time)
14 Sep 1720 - 13 Jul 1723 Francisco José de
Sampaio e Castro,(b. 1675 - d. 1723)
senhor de Villa Flor
13 Jul 1723 - 13 Sep 1723 Cristóvão de
Mello
(b. 1672 - d. 1734)
13 Sep 1723 - 28 Oct 1725 Governing Commission
- Cristóvão de Mello (1st time) (s.a.)
- Frei Inácio de Santa Theresa, (b. 1682 -
d. 1751)
arcebispo de Goa e primaz das
Índias (1st time)
- Cristóvão Luís de Andrade
28 Oct 1725 – 23 Jan 1732 João de Saldanha da
Gama
(b. 1674 - d. 1752)
23 Jan 1732 - 7 Nov 1732 Governing
Commission
- Cristóvão de Mello (2nd time) (s.a.)
- Frei Inácio de Santa Theresa,
(s.a.)
arcebispo de Goae primaz das
Índias (2nd time)
- Tomé Gomes Moreira
(b. 1684 - d. 17..)
7 Nov 1732 - 18 May 1741 Pedro Mascarenhas,
conde de (b.
1670 - d. 1745)
Sandomil
18 May 1741 - 14 Jun 1742 Luís Carlos Inácio
Xavier de (s.a.)
Meneses, marquês do Louriçal
(2nd time)
14 Jun 1742 - 24 Sep 1744 Governing Commission
- Francisco de Vasconcellos, (b.
1673 - d. 1743)
bispo de Cochim (to 30 Mar 1743)
- Luís Caetano de Meneses
(b. 1708 - d. 1757)
- Lourenço de Noronha
(from 18 May 1743)
24 Sep 1744 - 27 Sep 1750 Pedro Miguel de Almeida
Portugal (b. 1688 - d. 1756)
e Vasconcelos, conde de Assumar,
marquês de Castelo Novo, marquês
de
Alorna
27 Sep 1750 - 18 Sep 1754 Francisco de Assis
Baltazar José (b. 1703 - d. 1759)
António
Bernardo Tomás Gonçalo
de Távora, conde de Alvor,
marquês de Tavora
18 Sep 1754 - 28 Jun 1756 Luís Mascarenhas, conde
de Alva (b. 1685 - d. 1756)
28 Jun 1756 - 23 Sep 1756 Governing Commission
- António Taveira da Neiva Brum (b. 1706 -
d. 1775)
da Silveira, arcebispo de Goa
e
primaz das Índias (1st time)
- João de Mesquita Matos Teixeira
- Filippe de Valladares Sotomaior (b. 1691 - d.
1775)
23 Sep 1756 - 19 Oct 1765 Manuel de Saldanha de
Albuquerque (b. 1712 - d. 1771)
e Castro, conde da Ega
19 Oct 1765 - 12 Mar 1768 Governing Commission
- António Taveira da Neiva Brum (s.a.)
da Silveira, arcebispo de Goa
e primaz das Índias (2nd time)
- João Baptista Vaz Pereira
- João José de
Mello
(b. c.1700 - d. 1774)
Governors
12 Mar 1768 - 13 Jan 1774 João José de
Mello
(s.a.)
13 Jan 1774 - 24 Sep 1774 Filippe de Valadares
Sotomaior (s.a.)
(interim)
24 Sep 1774 - 26 May 1779 José Pedro da
Câmara
(b. 1721 - d. 1789)
26 May 1779 - 3 Nov 1786 Federico Guilherme
de Sousa (b. 1737 -
d. 1790)
Holstein
3 Nov 1786 - 22 May 1794 Francisco da Cunha
e Meneses (b. 1747 -
d. 1812)
22 May 1794 - 30 May 1807 Francisco António da
Veiga Cabral (b. 1734 - d. 1810)
da Câmara Pimentel, visconde de
Mirandela
Viceroys
30 May 1807 - 29 Nov 1816 Bernardo José
Maria de Lorena e (b. 1756 - d. 1818)
Silveira, conde de Sarzedas
29 Nov 1816 - 16 Sep 1821 Diogo Martim de Sousa
Teles de (b. 1755 - d. 1829)
Meneses, conde de Rio Pardo
16 Sep 1821 – 3 Dec 1821 Governing
Commission
- Manuel Godinho da
Mira
(d. 1826)
- Joaquim Manuel Correia da Silva (b. 1776 - d.
1838)
e Gama
- Gonçalo de Magalhães Teixeira (b. c.1775
- d. 1825)
Pinto
- Manuel José Gomes Loureiro
(b. 1765 - d. 1855)
- Manuel Duarte Leitão
(b. 1787 - d. 1856)
3 Dec 1821 - 18 Nov 1823 Governing
Commission
- Manuel Maria Gonçalves Zarco da (b. 1789 - d.
1825)
Câmara
- Frei Paulo de São Tomás de
(b. 1773 - d. 1823)
Aquino
- António José de Mello Souto (b.
1776 - d. 1848)
Maior Telles
- João Carlos Leal
- António José de Lima Leitão (b.
1787 - d. 1856)
- Joaquim Mourão Garcez Palha (b.
1775 - d. 1850)
18 Nov 1823 – 17 Nov 1825 Manuel Maria Gonçalves
Zarco da (s.a.)
Câmara (governor to 22 Aug 1824)
17 Nov 1825 - 9 Oct 1827 Governing
Commission
- Frei Manuel de São Galdino (b.
1769 - d. 1831)
- Cândido José Mourão Garcez Palha (b. 1750 - d. 1837)
- António Ribeiro de Carvalho (d.
1828)
9 Oct 1827 - 14 Jan 1835 Manuel Francisco
Zacarias de (b. 1787
- d. 1854)
Portugal e Castro
(governor to 7
Apr 1830)
Prefects
14 Jan 1835 - 31 Jan 1835 Bernardo Peres
da Silva (1st time) (b. 1775 - d. 1846)
1 Feb 1835 – 3 Feb 1835 Manuel
Francisco Zacarias de
(s.a.)
Portugal
e Castro
Chairman Provincial Committee
3 Feb 1835 - 3 Mar 1835
Joaquim Manuel Correia da Silva (b. 1776 -
d. 1838)
e Gama
Chairmen of the Provisional Government
3 Mar 1835 - Dec 1836 João
Casimiro Pereira da Rocha (d. 1845)
de
Vasconcelos
+ Manuel José
Ribeiro
(d. 1837)
+ Frei Constantino da Santa Rita (d. 1836)
1836 - 23 Nov 1837
Bernardo Peres da Silva (2nd time) (s.a.)
(prefect; in opposition, in Damão and Diu)
Dec 1836 - Apr
1837 João
Cabral de Estifique
(b. 1780 - d. 1854)
+ António Maria de Mello
+ Joaquim António de Morais
(d. 1873)
Carneiro
Apr 1837 - 23 Nov 1837 José António
de Lemos
+ António Mariano de Azevedo (d.
1838)
Governors-general
23 Nov 1837 – 28 Sep 1838 Simão Infante de Lacerda
de Sousa (b. 1793 - d. 1838)
Tavares, barão de Sabroso
28 Sep 1838 - 5 Mar 1839 Governing
Council (acting)
- António Feliciano de Santa Rita (b. 1783 - d.
1839)
Carvalho
- José António Vieira da Fonseca (b. 1793 -
d. 1863)
(1st time)
- José Câncio
Freire de Lima
(1st time)
- Domingo José Mariano Luiz
(1st time)
5 Mar 1839 - 12 Nov 1839 José António Vieira
da Fonseca (s.a.)
(acting)
12 Nov 1839 - 18 Apr 1840 Manuel José Mendes,
barão de (b. 1787 -
d. 1840)
Candal
19 Apr 1840 - 24 Sep 1840 Governing Council
(acting)
- José António Vieira da Fonseca (s.a.)
(2nd time)
- José Câncio Freire de Lima
(2nd time)
- António João de Ataíde
(1st time)
- Domingo José Mariano Luiz
(2nd time)
- José da Costa Campos (1st time) (b. 1801 - d.
1876)
- Caetano de Sousa e Vasconcellos
(1st time)
24 Sep 1840 - 27 Apr 1842 José Joaquim Lopes de
Lima (acting)(b. c.1797 - d. 1852)
27 Apr 1842 - 19 Sep 1842 Governing Council
(acting)
- António Ramalho da Sá
(d. 1860)
- Antonio José de Mello Souto (b.
1776 - d. 1848)
Maior Telles
- António João de Ataíde
(2nd time)
- José da Costa Campos (2nd time) (s.a.)
- Caetano de Sousa e Vasconcellos
(2nd time)
19 Sep 1842 - 25 Apr 1843 Francisco Xavier da
Silva Pereira, (b. 1793 - d. 1852)
conde das Antas
25 Apr 1843 - 20 May 1844 Joaquim Mourão Garcês
Palha (s.a.)
20 May 1844 - 15 Jan 1851 José Ferreira Pestana
(1st time) (b. 1795 - d. 1885)
15 Jan 1851 – 6 May 1855 José Joaquim
Januário Lapa,
visconde de Villa Nova de Ourém (b. 1796 -
d. 1859)
6 May 1855 - 2 Nov 1855 Governing
Council (acting)
- Joaquim de Santa Rita Botelho, (b. 1781 - d.
1859)
arcebispo de Goa e primaz das
Índias
- Luís da Costa Campos
(b. 1802 - d. 1858)
- Francisco Xavier Peres
- Bernardo Heitor da Silveira e (b. 1810 -
d. 1871)
Lorena
- Vitor Anastácio Mourão Garcez (b. 1812 -
d. 1862)
Palha
3 Nov 1855 - 24 Dec 1864 António César de
Vasconcellos (b. 1797 - d.
1865)
Correia, visconde de Torres Novas
24 Dec 1864 - 7 May 1870 José Ferreira
Pestana (2nd time) (s.a.)
7 May 1870 - 12 Dec 1871 Januário Correia de
Almeida, (b. 1829 -
d. 1901)
visconde de São Januário
12 Dec 1871 - 10 May 1875 Joaquim José de Macedo e
Couto (b. 1810 - d. 1879)
10 May 1875 - 24 Jul 1877 João Tavares de
Almeida
(b. 1816 - d. 1877)
24 Jul 1877 – 12 Nov 1877 Governing
Council (acting)
- Ayres de Ornellas e Vasconcellos,(b. 1837 - d. 1880)
arcebispo de Goa e primaz das
Índias (1st time)
- João Caetano da Silva Campos
(1st time)
- Francisco Xavier Soares da Veiga (b. 1802 - d. 1887)
(1st time)
- Eduardo Augusto Pinto Balsemão (b. 1837 -
d. 1902)
(1st time)
12 Nov 1877 - 3 May 1878 António Sérgio de
Sousa,
(b. 1809 - d. 1878)
visconde de Sérgio de Sousa
4 May 1878 - 3 Dec 1878 Governing
Council (acting)
- Ayres de Ornellas e Vasconcellos,(s.a.)
arcebispo de Goa e primaz das
Índias (2nd time)
- João Caetano da Silva Campos
(2nd time)
- Francisco Xavier Soares da Veiga (s.a.)
(2nd time)(to ... 1878)
- Tomás Nunes da Serva e Moura
(from ... 1878)
- António Sergio de Sousa, Jr. (b. 1842 -
d. 1906)
- Eduardo Augusto Pinto Balsemão (s.a.)
(2nd time)
3 Dec 1878 – 10 Apr 1882 Caetano Alexandre
de Almeida e (b. 1824 - d. 1916)
Albuquerque
10 Apr 1882 – 2 May 1885 Carlos Eugénio
Correia da Silva, (b. 1834 - d. 1905)
visconde de Paço de Arcos
2 May 1885 – 12 Apr 1886 Governing
Council (acting)
- António Sebastião Valente,
(b. 1846 - d. 1908)
arcebispo de Goa e patriarca
das Índias Orientais (1st time)
- José de Sá Coutinho (1st time)
- José Inácio de Brito (1st time) (b. 1806 - d.
1896)
- José Maria Teixeira Guimarães (b. 1845 -
d. 1915)
12 Apr 1886 – 1 Nov 1886 Francisco Joaquim
Ferreira do (b. 1843 - d.
1923)
Amaral
1 Nov 1886 – 16 Dec 1886 Governing
Council (acting)
- António Sebastião Valente,
(s.a.)
arcebispo de Goa e primaz das
Índias (2nd time)
- José de Sá Coutinho (2nd time)
- José Inácio de Brito (2nd time) (s.a.)
16 Dec 1886 – 27 Apr 1889 Augusto César Cardoso de
Carvalho (b. 1836 - d. 1905)
27 Apr 1889 – 16 Jun 1889 Governing
Council (acting)
- Antonio Sebastião Valente,
(s.a.)
arcebispo de Goa e patriarca
das Índias Orientais (3rd time)
- José Joaquim Borges de Azevedo (b. 1852 -
d. 1894)
Enes
- José Inácio de Brito (3rd time) (s.a.)
- Joaquim Augusto Mouzinho de (b.
1855 - d. 1902)
Albuquerque
16 Jun 1889 – 10 Mar 1891 Vasco Guedes de Carvalho
e Meneses (b. 1824 - d. 1905)
10 Mar 1891 - 11 Dec 1891 Francisco Maria da
Cunha
(b. 1832 - d. 1909)
11 Dec 1891 – 28 Mar 1892 Governing
Council (acting)
- António Sebastião Valente,
(s.a.)
arcebispo de Goa e patriarca
das Índias Orientais (4th time)
- João Manuel Correia Taborda
(b. 1839 - d. 1914)
(1st time)
- Raimundo Maria Correia Mendes
(b. 1817 - d. 1902)
(1st time)
- Luis Fisher Berquó Poças Falcão (b. 1852 - d.
1913)
(1st time)
28 Mar 1892 – 9 Apr 1893 Francisco Teixeira
da Silva (b.
1826 - d. 1894)
9 Apr 1893 – 3 Jul 1893 Governing
Council (acting)
- João Manuel Correia Taborda (s.a.)
(2nd time)
- Raimundo Maria Correia Mendes
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
- Luis Fisher Berquó Poças Falcão (s.a.)
(2nd time)
3 Jul 1893 – 16 Aug 1894 Raphael Jácome
Lopes de Andrade (b. 1851 - d.
1900)
(1st time)
16 Aug 1894 – 7 Nov 1894 Governing
Council (acting)
- António Sebastião Valente,
(s.a.)
arcebispo de Goa e patriarca
das Índias Orientais (5th time)
- João Manuel Correia Taborda
(s.a.)
(3rd time)
- Francisco António Ochôa
(b. 1839 - d. 1912)
(1st time)
- Luis Carneiro de Sousa e Faro (b.
1830 - d. 1902)
(1st time)
7 Nov 1894 – 8 Nov 1895 Elesbão José
de Bettencourt Lapa, (b. 1831 - d. 1899)
visconde de Vila Nova de Ourém
8 Nov 1895 – 13 Nov 1895
Governing Council (acting)
- António Sebastião Valente,
(s.a.)
arcebispo de Goa e patriarca
das Índias Orientais (6th time)
- João Manuel Correia Taborda (s.a.)
(4th time)
- João José da Silva
- Luis Carneiro de Sousa e Faro (s.a.)
(2nd time)
13 Nov 1895 – 19 Mar 1896 Raphael Jácome Lopes de
Andrade (s.a.)
(2nd time)
19 Mar 1896 – 27 May 1896 Afonso Henriques de
Bragança, (b. 1865 - d.
1920)
duque de Pôrto –Viceroy
27 May 1896 – 13 Mar 1897 João António de Brissac
das Neves (b. 1846 - d. 1902)
Ferreira (royal commissioner)
13 Mar 1897 – 19 Aug 1897 Governing
Council (acting)
- António Sebastião Valente,
(s.a.)
arcebispo de Goa e patriarca
das Índias Orientais (7th time)
- João Manuel Correia Taborda
(s.a.)
(5th time)
- João de Melo de Sampaio (1st time)
- Francisco António
Ochôa
(s.a.)
(2nd time)(to ... 1897)
- Abel Augusto Correia de Pinho
(from ... 1897)
19 Aug 1897 – 22 Mar 1900 Joaquim José Machado
(b.
1847 - d. 1925)
22 Mar 1900 – 13 May 1900 Governing
Council (acting)
- António Sebastião Valente,
(s.a.)
arcebispo de Goa e patriarca
das Índias Orientais (8th time)
- Francisco João Xavier
- João de Melo de Sampaio (2nd time)
- Abel Augusto Correia de Pinho (b. 1856 -
d. 1924)
13 May 1900 – 22 Jul 1905 Eduardo Augusto
Rodrigues Galhardo (b. 1845 - d. 1908)
22 Jul 1905 – 8 Nov 1905 Governing
Council (acting)
- António Sebastião Valente,
(s.a.)
arcebispo de Goa e patriarca
das Índias Orientais (9th time)
- Alfredo de Mendonça David
- José Emilio de Santana da Cunha (b. 1849 - d.
1920)
Castel-Branco
- Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira
(1st time)
8 Nov 1905 – 14 Feb 1907 Arnaldo Nogueira de
Novais Guedes (b. 1847 - d. 1917)
Rebelo
14 Feb 1907 – 9 May 1907 Governing
Council (acting)
- Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira
(2nd time)
- Bernardo Nunes García
- César Augusto Roncon
9 May 1907 – 12 Oct 1910 José Maria de Sousa
Horta e Costa (b. 1858 - d. 1927)
12 Oct 1910 - 3 Jul 1917 Francisco Manuel
Couceiro da Costa (b. 1870 - d. 1925)
3 Jul 1917 - 17 Jul 1917 Francisco Maria
Peixoto Vieira
(1st time)(acting)
18 Jul 1917 - 24 Nov 1917 Governing
Council (acting)
- Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira
- Francisco Peixoto de Oliveira e
Silva
- Francisco António Wolfango da
(b. 1864 - d. 1947)
Silva
24 Nov 1917 - 12 Jun 1919 José de Freitas
Ribeiro
(b. 1868 - d. 1929)
12 Jun 1919 - 11 Nov 1919 Augusto de Paiva e Palma
Pacheco (b. 1879 - d. 1931)
Bobela da Mota (acting)
12 Nov 1919 - 7 Apr 1925 Jaime
Alberto de Castro de Morais (b. 1882 - d. 1973)
7 Apr 1925 - 7 Jul 1925
Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira
(2nd time)(acting)
7 Jul 1925 - Jun
1926 Mariano
Martins
(b. 1880 - d. 1943)
Jun 1926 - 4 Aug
1926 Tito Augusto de Morais
(acting) (b. 1880 - d. 1963)
4 Aug 1926 - 15 Aug 1926 Acúrsio
Mendes da Rocha Dinis (b. 1885
- d. 1943)
(1st time)(acting)
15 Aug 1926 - 17 Apr 1929 Pedro Francisco
Massano de Amorim (b. 1862 - d. 1929)
17 Apr 1929 – 12 Jul 1929 Acúrsio
Mendes da Rocha Dinis (s.a.)
(2nd
time)(acting)
12 Jul 1929 – 25 Aug 1929
Alfredo Pedro de Almeida
(b. 1888 - d. 1960)
(acting)
25 Aug 1929 - 17 Sep 1936 João Carlos
Craveiro
Lopes
(b. 1871 - d. 1945)
Apr 1933 – Sep 1933 Alfredo
Rodrigues dos Santos
(acting
for Craveiro Lopes)
17 Sep 1936 - 6 Jun 1938 Francisco
Higino Craveiro Lopes (b. 1894 - d.
1964)
6 Jun 1938 - 5 Dec 1945 José
Ricardo Pereira
Cabral (b.
1879 - d. 1956)
5 Dec 1945 - 8 Apr 1946 Paulo
Bénard Guedes (1st time) (b.
1892 - d. 1960)
(acting)
8 Aug 1946 - 12 Aug 1947 José
Silvestre Ferreira Bossa
(b. 1894 - d. 1970)
12 Aug 1947 - 27 Jun 1948 Fernando de
Quintanilha e Mendonça (b. 1898 - d. 1992)
Dias (1st time)(acting)
27 Jun 1948 - 13 Nov 1948 José Alves
Ferreira (acting)
(b. 1891 - d. 19..)
13 Nov 1948 - 11 Oct 1952 Fernando de
Quintanilha e Mendonça (s.a.)
Dias (2nd time)(acting)
11 Oct 1952 - 5 Nov 1952 Manuel
Marques de Abrantes Amaral (b. 1914 - d. ....)
(acting)
5 Nov 1952 - 9 Oct 1958 Paulo Bénard
Guedes (2nd time) (s.a.)
9 Oct 1958 – 4 Dec 1958 António
Cyrne Rodrigues Pacheco (b. 1899 - d. 1982)
(acting)
4 Dec 1958 - 19 Dec 1961 Manuel
António Vassalo e Silva (b. 1899
- d. 1985)
(Indian prisoner 19 Dec 1961 - 14 May 1962)
Indian Military Lieutenant-Governor
19 Dec 1961 - 6 Jun 1962 Kenneth
Palat
Candeth
(b. 1916 - d. 2003)
British garrison 1799-1802, 1803-1813
Commanders of the British auxiliary
detachment, Goa
6 Sep 1799 - Nov 1802
Sir William Clarke (1st time) (b.
1762 - d. 1808)
3 Sep 1803 - 1806
Sir
William Clarke (2nd time) (s.a.)
1806 - 1807
Coleman
1807 - Mar 1811
Alexander Adams
(b. 1772? -
d. 1834)
1811 - 2 Apr 1813
....
British Envoys at Goa
1799 - 1801
Joshua Uhthoff
(b. 1765 - d.
1818)
1801 - 1803
Dillon (acting)
1803 - Jan 1806
Sir William Clarke
(s.a.)
Feb 1806 - Aug 1806 Coleman (acting)
Aug 1806 - 1816
Courtland
Schuyler
(b. 1769 - d. 1821)
Sikkim
|
|
|
|
![[Sikkim
1877-c.1914 (India)]](in-sik1.gif "[Sikkim
1877-c.1914 (India)]")
![[Sikkim
c.1914-1962 (India)]](in-sik2.gif "[Sikkim
c.1914-1962 (India)]")
![[Sikkim flag variant 1877-1962
(India)]](in-sk3.gif "[Sikkim flag
variant 1877-1962 (India)]")
![[Sikkim,
1962-1975 (India)]](in-sik.gif "[Sikkim, 1962-1975
(India)]")
|
|
Chagpa Chilo" (Why Sikkim Blooms so Fresh) |
(c.1965-26 Apr 1975) |
(Government of Sikkim Bill, 1974) 4 Jul 1974 - 16 May 1975) |
|
(Tumlong 1793-1894; Rabdantse 1760-1793; Yoksam 1642-1760) |
(INR) |
National Holiday (1963-74): 22 May (1923) Birthday of the Chogyal |
----------------------------------- Salute: 15 guns (to 1975) |
|
|
Imports: $N/A |
Bhutanese 20%, Khambers 10% (1961) |
|
| Total Armed Forces: 300 Guards
(1975) Defense was the responsibility of India Merchant marine: None (1975) |
Buddhist 25% (state religion) (1961) |
||
| International Organizations/Treaties: N/A | |||
1642
'Bras-ljongs kingdom (English name of the polity
'Sikkim' also
in
official use after 1861).
1706
Briefly occupied by Bhutan.
1730
Tributary of Tibet.
bf.1793 -
1817
Annexed by Nepal.
10 Feb
1817
Protectorate of British India.
1 Feb
1835
Darjeeling district leased to British India.
Feb
1850
Southern Sikkim and Darjeeling annexed by British India.
28 Mar 1861 - 14 Aug 1947 Sikkim a British
protectorate.
17 Mar
1890
China formally recognizes British protectorate.
7 Sep
1904
Tibet formally recognizes British protectorate.
5 Apr
1918
Independence in domestic internal affairs restored.
15 Aug
1947
Independence declared.
15 Aug 1947 - 26 Apr 1975 Protectorate of
India (affirmed 5 Dec 1950 by Indo-Sikkimese
Treaty).
8 Apr
1973
India takes over administration.
8 May
1973
Tripartite Agreement between India, the King of Sikkim
and
political party leaders of Sikkim.
1 Mar 1975
Sikkim an associate state of India
(by 35th amendment to the
constitution of India of 30 Aug 1974).
10 Apr 1975
Sikkim assembly
abolishes the monarchy and proclaims
accession to India.
14 Apr
1975
Referendum endorses abolishment of the monarchy and
accession
to India, 97.5%- 2.5%.
16 May
1975
Annexed to India according to the 36th amendment to the
constitution of India (retroactive to 26 Apr 1975)
(see Indian states
since 1947).
Kings (Chogyal)¹
1642 -
1670
Phun-tshogs rNam-rgyal
I
(b. 1604 - d. 1670)
[Phuntso Namgyal I]
1670 -
1700
bsTan-srung
rNam-rgyal
(b. 1644 - d. 1700)
[Tensung Namgyal]
1700 - 1716
Phyag-dor
rNam-rgyal
(b. 1686 - d. 1716)
[Chhagdor Namgyal]
1716 -
1733
'Gyur-med
rNam-rgyal
(b. 1707 - d. 1733)
[Gyurmed Namgyal]
1716 - 17..
Lama Jigme Pao -Regent
1733
Phun-tshogs rNam-rgyal
II
(b. 1733 - d. 1780)
[Phuntso Namgyal II] (1st time)
1733 -
1736
Chan-dzod rTa-mgrin
[Chandzod Tamding] (usurper)
1736 -
1780
Phun-tshogs rNam-rgyal
II
(s.a.)
[Phuntso Namgyal II] (2nd time)
1736 -
17..
Rabden Sharpa -Regent
1780 -
1793
bsTan-'dzin
rNam-rgyal
(b. 1769 - d. 1793)
[Tenzing Namgyal]
(in exile from 17..)
1793 -
1862
gTsug-phud
rNam-rgyal
(b. 1785 - d. 1863)
[Tsugphud Namgyal]
(in exile ....-1817)
1862 - Apr
1874
Srid-skyong Sprul-sku rNam-rgyal I (b. 1819 - d. 1874)
[Sidkeong Trulku Namgyal I]
(regent 1861-1862)
Apr 1874 - 10 Feb 1914
mThu-stobs
rNam-rgyal
(b. 1860 - d. 1914)
[Thutob Namgyal (from 12 Dec 1911, Sir Thutob
Namgyal)]
(in exile in Tibet 1892-1893, in India 1893-Oct 1895)
11 Feb 1914 - 5 Dec 1914 Srid-skyong
Sprul-sku rNam-rgyal II(b. 1879 - d. 1914)
[Sidkeong Trulku Namgyal
II]
5 Dec 1914 - 2 Dec 1963
bKra-shis
rNam-rgyal
(b. 1893 - d. 1963)
[Tashi Namgyal (from 1 Jan 1923, Sir Tashi Namgyal)]
3 Dec 1963 - 14 Apr 1975 dPal-ldan
Don-grub rNam-rgyal (b.
1923 - d. 1982)
[Palden Thondup Namgyal]
(Indian prisoner from 9 Apr 1975)
Chief Executive
14 Apr 1975 - 16 May 1975 Bipen Bihari
Lal
(b. 1917 - d. 2008) Non-party
President of the State Council
1944 - 1949
Palden Thondup Namgyal
(s.a.)
Non-party
Chief ministers
9 May 1949 - 6 Jun 1949
Tashi Tshering
(b. 1889 - d.
1956) SSC
6 Jun 1949 - 11 Aug 1949
Harishwar Dayal (interim)
(b. 1915 - d. 1964) Non-party
Dewans (chief
ministers)
11 Aug 1949 - Apr 1954
John S.
Lall
(b. 1914 - d. 2002) Non-party
Apr 1954 - 22 Oct 1959
Nari Kaikhosru
Rustomji
(b. 1919 - d. 200.) Non-party
22 Oct 1959 - 1963
Baleshwar
Prasad
(b. 1914 - d. 1996) Non-party
Principal administrative officer
1963 - 1969
Ramdas Narayan Haldipur
(b. 1921 - d. 2003)
Non-party
Chief executive (Sidlon)
4 Jun 1969 - 27 Jul 1972 Inder
Sen Chopra
(b. 1909 - d. ....) Non-party
27 Jul 1972 - 8 Apr 1973 Vacant
Chief administrative officers
8 Apr 1973 - 10 Apr 1973
Kayatyani Shankar Bajpai (acting) (b. 1928 - d.
2020) Non-party
10 Apr 1973 - 5 Jul 1974 Brijbir Saran
Das
(b. 1925 - d. 2016) Non-party
Chief minister (Kazi)
5 Jul 1974 - 16 May 1975 Lhendup
Dorjee
Khangsarpa
(b. 1904 - d. 2007) SCP
(= Kazi Lhendup Dorji)
British Political Officers
May 1889 - Mar
1908 John
Claude
White
(b. 1853 - d. 1918)
May 1904 - Sep
1904 Charles
Alfred
Bell
(b. 1870 - d. 1945)
(acting for White)
Sep 1906 - Jan 1907
Charles Alfred Bell
(s.a.)
(acting for White)
Mar 1908 - 16 Apr 1918 Charles
Alfred Bell (1st time) (s.a.)
10 Aug 1911 – 8 Nov 1911 James
Leslie Rose Weir
(b. 1883 - d. 1950)
(acting for Bell)
13 Oct 1913 – 5 Oct 1914 Basil John Gould
(b. 1883 - d. 1956)
(acting for Bell)
16 Apr 1918 - Jan 1920 William
Lachlan Campbell (b.
1880 - d. 1937)
(acting to Mar 1919)
Jan 1920 - Dec 1920
Charles Alfred Bell (2nd
time) (s.a.)
7 Dec 1920 – 24 Jan 1921 John
Bartley (acting)
(b. 1886 - d. 1954)
Jan 1921 - Mar 1921 William
Frederick Travers O'Connor (b. 1870 - d. 1943)
(1st
time) (acting)
Mar 1921 – 18 Jun 1921 David
Macdonald
(b. 1870 - d. 1962)
19 Jun 1921 – 6 Jun 1926 Frederick
Marshman
Bailey
(b. 1882 - d. 1967)
(1st
time)
7 Jun 1926 - 16 Dec 1926 Frederick
Williamson (1st time) (b. 1891 - d. 1935)
(acting)
16 Dec 1926 – 16 Oct 1928 Frederick
Marshman
Bailey
(s.a.)
(2nd
time)
16 Oct 1928 – 2 Apr 1931 James Leslie
Rose Weir (1st time) (s.a.)
3 Apr 1931 - Aug 1931
Frederick Williamson (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
5 Nov 1931 – 3 Jan 1933
James Leslie Rose Weir (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Jan 1933 - 17 Nov 1935 Frederick
Williamson (3rd time) (s.a.)
18 Nov 1935 – 22 Dec 1935 Richmond Keith
Molesworth Battye (b. 1905 - d. 1958)
(acting)
22 Dec 1935 - May 1937 Basil
John Gould (1st time)
(s.a.)
May 1937 - Nov 1937
Hugh Edward Richardson (acting)
(b. 1905 - d. 2000)
Nov 1937 - Jun 1945
Basil John Gould (2nd
time) (s.a.)
(from 12 Jun 1941, Sir Basil John Gould)
Jun 1945 - 14 Aug 1947
Arthur John
Hopkinson
(b. 1894 - d. 1953)
Indian Political Officers
15 Aug 1947 - Sep 1948
Arthur John
Hopkinson
(s.a.)
Sep 1948 - Feb 1952
Harishwar Dayal
(s.a.)
Mar 1952 - Mar 1955
Balraj Krishna Kapur
(b. 1910 - d. ....)
1955 -
1961
Apa Parshuram Rao
Pant
(b. 1912 - d. 1992)
23 Oct 1961 - 3 Jan 1964 Inder
Jeet Bahadur Singh
(b. 1914 - d. 1987)
3 Jan 1964 - 11 Feb 1964 J.L.
Malhautra
(acting)
(b. 1915)
11 Feb 1964 -
1966 Avtar
Singh
(b. 1921)
1966 - 27 Jun
1967 Vincent
Herbert Coelho
(b. 1917 - d. 2004)
3 Jul 1967 - May 1970
Nedyam Balachandran Menon
(b. 1921 - d. 2006)
Aug 1970 - 19 Sep 1974
Kayatyani Shankar Bajpai
(s.a.)
19 Sep 1974 - 16 May 1975 Gurbachan
Singh
(b. 1923 - d. 2012)
¹Full style of the ruler: Mi-dbang
Chos-rgyal-chen-po (vernacular: Chogyal);
in
communications with British and
Indian authorities 28 Mar 1861 - 22 Dec 1966,
styled: Maharaja.
Territorial Dispute: China did not formally recognize the 16 May 1975 incorporation of Sikkim into India until 11 Apr 2005.
Party abbreviations (None before 1947): SNC = Sikkim National Congress (non-communal, democratic, anti-Chogyal, pro-India, May 1960-Feb 1973, renamed SCP); SNP = Sikkim National Party (mainly Bhutia-Lepcha, monarchist, pro-independence, 1950-1977); SSC = Sikkim State Congress Party (mainly Nepali, social-democratic, anti-zamindari, pro-India union, 7 Dec 1947-26 Oct 1972, merged into Sikkim Janata Congress, in Feb 1973 SCP); SCP = Sikkim Congress Party (non-communal, social-democratic, pro-India merger, Feb 1973-Dec 1975, merged into INC)
© Ben Cahoon