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-
![[Russian
flag]](ru.gif "[Russian flag]")
- 26 Apr 1795 - 3 Sep 1917
-
-
![[Latvian
flag 1918-1940]](lv.gif "[Latvian
flag 1918-1940]")
- 11 Nov 1918 - 25 Aug 1940 (officially 7 Nov 1922);
- 18 Nov 1941 - Oct 1944 semi-official
-
![[Latvian Socialist Conciliar
Republic 1919]](su-lv19x.gif "[Latvian
Socialist Conciliar Republic 1919]")
- 15 Jan 1919 - 29 May 1919
- Latvian Socialist Conciliar Republic
-
-
![[Flag of
USSR]](su.gif "[Flag of USSR]")
- 5 Aug 1940 - 1 Ju1 1940;
- 13 Oct 1944 - 21 Aug 1991
-
-
- Re-adopted 4 May 1990
-
-
- 853 First written records of a state (Regnum Cori) in
- present-day Latvia. The Couronian states are
- later followed by states of other Latvian
- peoples, the Semigallians, Selonians and
- Lettgallians, and a Finnic people the
- Livonians (Livs).
- 1201 Seat of Bishopric of Livonia (established in 1186)
- is moved from Üxküll (Ikšķile) to the newly
- founded city of Riga. Gradual conquest of the
- peoples of modern Latvia begins; completed 1290
- 2 Feb 1207 Bishop of Riga takes the style of Prince of
- Livonia (Fürst von Livland) and makes Livonia
- part of the Holy Roman Empire (formally 1 Dec
- 1225). Part of bishop's territories given as
- a fief to his standing army, the Swordbrothers
- Order (Schwertbrüderorden, formally Fratres
- Militiae Christi Livoniae, established in 1202).
- 12 May 1237 Swordbrothers Order is incorporated into the
- Teutonic Order as a separate branch or
- province, informally known as the Livonian Order
- (Livländischer Orden) and administered by the
- Land-Master of the Teutonic Order in Livonia
- (Landmeister des Deutschen Ordens Livland).
- 1253 Archbishop of Livonia, Prussia and Estonia,
- previously having no separate diocese, becomes
- also the Bishop of Riga. Both offices formally
- merged 20 Jan 1255.
- 1282 City of Riga becomes a member of the Hanseatic
- League. Later joined by 7 other cities: Wenden
- (Cēsis), Lemsal (Limbaži), Kokenhusen
- (Kokneses), Wolmar (Valmiera), Goldingen
- (Kuldīga), Windau (Ventspils) and Roop (Straupe).
- 7 May 1366 Nominal suzerainty of Archbishop of Riga
- over the possessions of the Livonian Order is
- formally abolished.
- 1413 Livonian knights are entitled to elect their
- Land-Master. The Livonian Order becomes fully
- autonomous.
- 1420 Livonian Confederation (Livländischer Bund)
- established, includes the Archbishop of Riga,
- bishops of Dorpat, Courland, Ösel-Wiek and
-
Reval, their chapters (Domkapitel),
Master of
- the Livonian Order, vassals of bishops and the
- Order and cities of Riga, Dorpat (Tartu) and
- Reval (Tallinn). Possessions of all these
- rulers were known in common as Livonia during
- 13th-16th centuries.
- 24 Dec 1526 The Master of the Livonian Order granted, by the
- Emperor, the style of Prince of Livonia
- (formally from in 1530; from this moment on the
- Land-Master, the archbishop of Riga, and the
- King of Poland share this style). Style not
- used by the Land-Master before 1557.
- 28 Nov 1561 The Land-Master Gotthard Kettler becomes a
- Protestant, a massive reorganization takes
- place. The treaty of subjugation between
- the Land-Master, Archbishop of Riga and Grand
- Prince of Lithuania comes into effect and
- establishes two secular Protestant countries:
- Duchy of Courland as a hereditary fief of
- Lithuania given to the last Land-Master and
- Principality (later Duchy) of Livonia in
- personal (actually subordinate) union with
- Lithuania (effective 5 Mar 1562).
- 26 Feb 1621 Sweden occupies Livonia, and annexes it de jure
- 3 May 1660.
- 26 Sep 1621 City of Riga surrenders to the Swedish forces.
- 26 Sep
1629
Poland-Lithuania provisionally cedes
the
-
city
of Riga and western part of Duchy of
-
Livonia, (Livonia proper and southern
part
-
of modern Estonia), to Sweden
(extended in
- 12 Sep 1635 and confirmed in 3 May 1660).
- Poland-Lithuania retains eastern part of Duchy
- of Livonia (Lettgallia).
- Aug 1701 - Sep 1709 Courland and Semigallia occupied by Sweden and
- Russia
- 15 Jul 1710 City of Riga surrenders to the Russian forces,
- Russian occupation of Swedish Livonia completed.
- 10 Sep 1721 Swedish Livonia formally ceded by Sweden
- to Russia under the Treaty of Nystad.
- 30 Sep 1773 In the Second Partition of Poland-Lithuania, Lettgallia is annexed by the Russian Empire.
- 26 Apr 1795 Courland and Semigallia annexed by Russia in the
- Third Partition of the Poland-Lithuania.
- 20 Jul 1812 - 20 Dec
1812 Province of Courland (Courlande)
under French
- occupation.
- 26 Sep 1885 Russian made the official government language.
- 1889 Full integration of Livonia and Courland into the
- Russian Empire.
- 26 Jan 1905 - Dec
1905 Local
rebellions part of Russian Revolution
of 1905.
- 27 Apr 1915 - Oct 1915 Courland gradually occupied by Germany (Libau
- [Liepāja] taken 7 May 1915, and Mitau [Jelgava]
- on 1 Aug 1915).
- 5 Jul 1917 Autonomy granted to the provinces of Livonia and
- Courland by Russia.
- 3 Sep 1917 - 18 Nov 1918 German occupation.
- 9 Nov 1917 - 20 Nov 1917 Bolshevik troops gradually take over the province
-
of Livonia (in 21 Nov 1917
military administration
-
of Livonia is replaced by the Soviet
of Workers',
-
Soldiers'
and Landless Deputies' of Latvia
- ["Iskolat"] located in Valka [see under Livonia]).
- 30 Jan 1918 Latvian Provisional National Council established
- in 30 Nov 1917 by the representatives of the
- Land Councils of Livonia, Courland and
- Lettgallia, declares (underground) that
- Latvia "shall be an independent republic."
- 18 Feb 1918 - 22 Feb 1918 Livonia and Lettgallia gradually occupied by
- Germany.
- 3 Mar 1918 In the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Brześć Litewski)
- Courland, the city of Riga, and its
- surroundings are "no longer subject to Russia."
- 8 Mar 1918 Land Council of Courland (Landesrat von Kurland),
- set up by the local German elite in Jelgava
- (Mitau), proclaims the Duchy of Courland, and
- resolves to make it in personal union with
- Prussia (15 Mar 1918 independence recognized by
- Germany).
- 12 Apr 1918 The Joint Council of Livonia, Estonia, Riga, and
- Ösel (Vereinigter Landesrat von Livland,
- Estland, Riga und Ösel), set up by set up by
- the local German elite, proclaims the
- independent Baltic State (Baltischer Staat),
- and also resolves to make it into a duchy in
- personal union with the kingdom of Prussia. The
- German Emperor, Wilhelm II, expresses his
- gratitude to the delegation offering him
- the ducal title and defers his answer (which
- never comes).
- 1 Aug 1918 German administrations for the Administrative
- Regions of Livonia, Estonia, Courland, Ösel and
- Riga united into a central Military
- Administration of the Baltic Lands in Riga.
- 27 Aug 1918 Treaty of Berlin, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk is
- amended, Russia relinquishes rights over the
- rest of Livonia.
- 22 Sep 1918 Independence of the Baltic State is recognized by
- Germany.
- 6 Nov 1918 A regency council for the Baltic State is set up
- by the United Land Council of Livonia, Estonia,
- Riga, and Ösel, and the Land Council of
- Courland, incorporating the Duchy of Courland
- into the Baltic State, which is declared to be
- a federal state, consisting of 7 cantons:
- Estonia (Esthland), Courland (Kurland), Lettgallia
- (Lettgallen), North Livonia (Nord Livland), Ösel,
- Riga and South Livonia (Süd Livland)(institutions
- of the Baltic State function [from 17 Nov 1918 in
- opposition] until their dissolution 28 Nov 1918).
- 11 Nov 1918 Germany signs an Armistice at Compiègne, France,
- Treaty of Brest-Litovsk is declared void.
- The German military administration of the
- Baltic Lands functions until 26 Nov 1918.
- Principal Allied and Associated Powers
- recognize the Latvian National Council as the
- de facto government of Latvia.
- 18 Nov 1918 Declaration of independence as Latvia (Latvija)(style
- Republic Latvia [Latvijas Republika] and Democratic
- Republic of Latvia [Latvijas Demokrātiskā Republika]
- also in occasional use).
- 25 Nov 1918 Germany recognizes de facto independence of
- Latvia
- 25 Nov 1918 - 26 Nov 1919 German and Allied military administrations in
- Liepāja (Libau) and Riga (see below).
- 17 Dec 1918 Latvian Soviet Republic (Latvijas Padomju Republika)
- (from 15 Jan 1919, Latvian Socialist Conciliar
- ["Soviet"] Republic proclaimed (in opposition to the
- Republic of Latvia); recognized by Soviet Russia 22
- Dec 1918.
- 3 Jan 1919 - 22 May 1919 Soviet Russian forces occupy Riga, the provisional
- government moves to Jelgava, on 6 Jan 1919 Liepāja.
- 22 May 1919 Soviet troops lose Riga, Latvian Socialist Conciliar
-
("Soviet") Republic reduced to the
eastern part
- of Latvia (Russian occupied Lettgallia).
- 27 Jun 1919 - 5 Jul 1919 Germans occupy Riga.
- 13 Jan
1920
Latvian Socialist Conciliar Republic
dissolved in
- exile Soviet Russian troops leave on 1 Feb 1920.
- 11 Aug 1920 Latvian independence recognized by Russia
- (effective 4 Oct 1920).
- 26 Jan 1921 Independence de jure recognized by the Principal
- Allied and Associated Powers.
- 7 Nov 1922 Republic of Latvia (by 15 Feb 1922 constitution).
- 17 Jun 1940 Occupied by the Soviet Union.
- 21 Jul 1940 Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic.
- 5 Aug
1940
Incorporation into Soviet Union
(not recognized
- internationally).
- 23 Jun 1941 - 9 Jul 1941 Gradually occupied by Germany (in Riga from 1 Jul
- 1941). Remains under military administration until
- 25 Jul/1 Sep 1941.
- 28 Jun
1941
Independence of the Republic of Latvia
announced,
provisional government to be formed. - 1 Jul 1941 Latvian Organizations Center (Latvijas Organizācija
- Centrs) set up, under Ernests Kreišmanis (b. 1890
-
- d. 1965),
inviting Bernhards Einbergs (b. 1893
- - d. 1945) to form a government, but it does not
-
take office.
25 Jul 1941 - 10 Non
1944 Latvia (until 1 Sep 1941 Courland
only) made a - 8 Jul 1941 Latvian shadow cabinet formed (by unauthorized
-
meeting) by
Alfrēds Arturs Aleksandrs Valdmanis
- (b. 1908 - d. 1978), but does not take office.
- 17 Jul 1944 - Nov 1944 Gradually re-occupied by Soviet forces.
- 13 Oct
1944
Soviet
forces re-occupy Riga.
20 Feb 1945
German backed
Latvian National Council and Committee - 7
May
1945
Independence of Republic of Latvia
declared restored,
- government functions at Liepāja to 8 May 1945.
- 8
May
1945
German forces in Courland surrender,
Latvian
- government collapses.
- 28 Jul 1989 Declaration of state sovereignty.
- 4 May 1990 Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika)(use of Latvia
- [Latvija] an alternate polity style to 6 Jul 1993),
-
declaration of restoration of
independence.
- 21 Aug 1991 Constitutional law on the status of state
- (independence).
- 6 Sep 1991 Independence recognized by Soviet Union.
- 1 May 2004 Part of European Union.
- Note: Present-day Latvia originates in the combination of the following entities (Latvian, German, Polish, Russian names in parentheses): Livonia (Livland/Livonija/Inflanty/Liflyandiya), Lettgallia (Latgale/Lettgallen/Łatgalia/Latgaliya), Courland (Kurzeme/Kurland/Kurlandia/Kurlyandiya), and Semigallia (Zemgale/Semgallen/Semigalia/Zemgaliya). The name Livland/Livonia refers to the Livs, a people closely related to the Ests; this name is often (early and late) used for the whole "Baltic provinces," covering present-day Latvia and Estonia. During much of the country's history, from c.1209 until 1918, the dominant elite, under all regimes, consisted of German merchants and landholders, who provided much of the administration; Riga was a Hanseatic city.
Latvia
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29 Nov 1917 - 17 Nov 1918 Voldemārs Zāmuēls (b. 1872 - d. 1948) Non-party
(underground to 11 Nov 1918)
Chairman of the Joint Council of Livonia, Estonia, Riga, and Ösel
12 Apr 1918 - 8 Nov 1918 Adolph Konstantin Jakob Baron (b. 1851 - d. 1925) Non-party
Pilar von Pilchau
Head of the Military Administration of the Baltic Lands (Baltikum)
1 Aug 1918 - 4 Dec 1918 Alfred Freiherr von Gossler (b. 1867 - d. 1946) Mil Reichskommissare for the Baltic Sea Region (Ostseeraum)
1 Aug 1918 - 8 Nov 1918 Friedrich Karl Alexander Cäsar (b. 1869 - d. 1946) Non-party
Freiherr von Falkenhausen
8 Nov 1918 - 14 Nov 1918 August Winnig (b. 1878 - d. 1956) Non-party
Duke (nominated, but did not assume office)
8 Nov 1918 - 28 Nov 1918 Adolf Friedrich Albrecht Heinrich (b. 1873 - d. 1969)
Herzog zu Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Chairman of the Baltic Council of Regency
6 Nov 1918 - 17 Nov 1918 Adolph Konstantin Jakob Baron (s.a.) Non-party
Pilar von Pilchau
Chairman of the Baltic Land Executive Committee
9 Nov 1918 - 28 Nov 1918 Eduard Julius Alexander Freiherr (b. 1863 - d. 1939) Non-party
von Dellingshausen
President of the Latvian People's Council
18 Nov 1918 - 3 Jan 1919 Jānis Čakste (1st time) (b. 1859 - d. 1927) LZS
(in absentia)
18 Nov 1918 - 3 Jan 1919 Marģers Skujenieks (1st time) (b. 1886 - d. 1941) LSDSP
+ Gustavs Zemgals (1st time) (b. 1871 - d. 1939) LRDP
(acting for absent Čakste)
Chairman of the Latvian Soviet Government (from 15 Jan 1919, Chairman
of the Central Executive Committee of the Latvian Soviet Government)
17 Dec 1918 - 22 May 1919 Pēteris Stučka (b. 1865 - d. 1932) RKP;1919 LKP
(Pyotr Ivanovich Stutschka)
(in opposition to 3 Jan 1919; in Russia to 22 Dec 1918;
from 22 May 1919, continues in Lettgallia to 3 Jan 1920)
President of the Latvian People's Council
22 May 1919 - 1 May 1920 Jānis Čakste (2nd time) (s.a.) LZS
22 May 1919 - 13 Jul 1919 Marģers Skujenieks (2nd time) (s.a.) LSDSP
+ Gustavs Zemgals (2nd time) (s.a.) LRDP
(acting for absent Čakste)
President of the Constituent Assembly
1 May 1920 - 7 Nov 1922 Jānis Čakste (s.a.) LZS;1923 DC
State Presidents
7 Nov 1922 - 3 Nov 1925 Jānis Čakste (s.a.) LZS;1923 DC
(acting to 18 Nov 1922)
3 Nov 1925 - 10 Nov 1925 Pauls Kalniņš (1st time)(acting) (b. 1872 - d. 1945) LSDSP
10 Nov 1925 - 14 Mar 1927 Jānis Čakste (3rd time) (s.a.) DC
14 Mar 1927 - 8 Apr 1927 Pauls Kalniņš (2nd time)(acting) (s.a.) LSDSP
8 Apr 1927 - 8 Apr 1930 Gustavs Zemgals (s.a.) DC
8 Apr 1930 - 11 Apr 1930 Pauls Kalniņš (3rd time)(acting) (s.a.) LSDSP
11 Apr 1930 - 11 Apr 1936 Alberts Kviesis (b. 1881 - d. 1944) LZS;1934 None
11 Apr 1936 - 21 Jul 1940 Kārlis Augusts Vilhelms Ulmanis (b. 1877 - d. 1942) Non-party
(self-styled Tautas Vadonis [Leader of the Nation])
21 Jul 1940 - 25 Aug 1940 Augusts Kirchenšteins (acting) (b. 1872 - d. 1963) Non-party
Commander-in-chief of the German Army Group North (Heeresgruppe Nord)
1 Jul 1941 - 4 Jul 1941 Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb (b. 1876 - d. 1956) Mil
Commander of the German Rear Army Area North (Heeresgebiet Nord)
5 Jul 1941 - 1 Sep 1941 Franz von Roques (b. 1877 - d. 1967) Mil
Generalkommissare für Lettland
1 Sep 1941 - 12 Aug 1944 Otto-Heinrich Drechsler (b. 1895 - d. 1945) NSDAP
28 Jul 1944 - 10 Nov 1944 Hans-Otto von Borcke (acting) (b. 1910 - d. 1989) NSDAP
(in Libau [Liepāja] from 13 Oct 1944)
Commanders-in-chief of the German Army Group Kurland (Heeresgruppe Kurland)(in Kuldīga)
15 Jan 1945 - 27 Jan 1945 Lothar Rendulic (1st time) (b. 1887 - d. 1971) Mil
27 Jan 1945 - 10 Mar 1945 Heinrich Gottfried Freiherr von
Vietinghoff gen. Scheel (b. 1887 - d. 1952) Mil
10 Mar 1945 - 25 Mar 1945 Lothar Rendulic (2nd time) (s.a.)
25 Mar 1945 - 8 May 1945 Carl Hilpert (b. 1888 - d. 1948) Mil
Plenipotentiary of the Reich (in Libau [Liepāja])
2 Feb 1945 - 8 May 1945 Hermann Johann Heinrich Behrends (b. 1907 - d. 1948) NSDAP
(in Germany exile from Apr 1945)
Apr 1945 – 8 May 1945 Hinrich Möller (b. 1906 - d. 1974) NSDAP
(acting for absent Behrends)
Chairman of the Latvian National Council
20 Feb 1945 - 7 May 1945 Oskars Jēkabs Dankers (b. 1883 - d. 1965) Non-party
(= Oskar Danker)(in Potsdam, Germany)
Chairman of the Latvian People's Council
7 May 1945 - 8 May 1945 Jānis Andersons (in Liepāja) (b. 1902 - d. 1969) Non-party
Chairman of the Supreme Council
3 May 1990 - 6 Jul 1993 Anatolijs Gorbunovs (b. 1942) LTF;1993 LC
(position as head of state confirmed by law of 15 Sep 1992)
State Presidents
6 Jul 1993 - 8 Jul 1993 Anatolijs Gorbunovs (acting) (s.a.) LC
8 Jul 1993 - 8 Jul 1999 Guntis Ulmanis (b. 1939) LZS
8 Jul 1999 - 8 Jul 2007 Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga (f) (b. 1937) Non-party
8 Jul 2007 - 8 Jul 2011 Valdis Zatlers (b. 1955) Non-party
8 Jul 2011 - 8 Jul 2015 Andris Bērziņš (b. 1944) Non-party
8 Jul 2015 - 8 Jul 2019 Raimonds Vējonis (b. 1966) Non-party
8 Jul 2019 - 8 Jul 2023 Egils Levits (b. 1958) LZp
8 Jul 2023 - Edgars Rinkēvičs (b. 1973) VP
Minister-president of the Provisional Government
18 Nov 1918 - 3 Jan 1919 Kārlis
Augusts Vilhelms Ulmanis
(s.a.)
LZS
(provisional; continues at Liepāja
in
opposition to Latvian S.S.R.
to 26 Apr 1919)
(1st time)
Chairman of the Latvian Central Executive Committee
24 Jan 1919 - 22 May 1919 Pēteris Stučka
(s.a.)
LKP
(continues in rebellion in Lettgallia to 3 Jan
1920)
Chairman of the Security
Committee of Local Front Troops
16 Apr 1919 - 26 Apr 1919 Hans Joachim Paul
Adolph Baron (b. 1894 - d.
1919) Mil
von Manteuffel gen. Szoege
(in opposition to Latvian S.S.R.)
Minister-presidents (President
of ministers)
26 Apr 1919 - 27 Jun 1919
Andrievs Niedra (in Liepāja)
(b. 1871 - d. 1942) Non-party
(in opposition to Latvian S.S.R.
to 22 May 1919)
26 Apr 1919 - 11 May 1919 Oskars Frīdrihs
Borkovskis (b. 1872 - d.
1945) Non-party
(= Oskar
Friedrich Borkowsky)
(acting for Niedra)
27 Jun 1919 - 18 Jun 1921 Kārlis
Augusts Vilhelms Ulmanis
(s.a.)
LZS
(2nd time)
18 Jun 1921 - 27 Jan 1923 Zigfrīds
Meierovics (1st time) (b. 1887
- d. 1925) LZS
27 Jan 1923 - 28 Jun 1923 Jānis
Pauļuks
(b. 1865 - d. 1937) Non-party
28 Jun 1923 - 27 Jan 1924 Zigfrīds
Meierovics (2nd time)
(s.a.)
LZS
27 Jan 1924 - 17 Dec 1924 Voldemārs
Zāmuels
(b. 1872 - d. 1948) DC
17 Dec 1924 - 23 Dec 1925 Hugo
Celmiņš (1st
time)
(b. 1877 - d. 1941) LZS
23 Dec 1925 - 6 May 1926 Kārlis
Augusts Vilhelms Ulmanis (s.a.)
LZS
(3rd time)
6 May 1926 - 18 Dec 1926 Artūrs
Alberings
(b. 1876 - d. 1934) LZS
18 Dec 1926 - 23 Jan 1928 Marģers
Skujenieks (1st time)
(s.a.)
LSDSP
23 Jan 1928 - 1 Dec 1928 Pēteris
Juraševskis
(b. 1872 - d. 1945) DC
1 Dec 1928 - 25 Mar 1931 Hugo
Celmiņš (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
LZS
25 Mar 1931 - 5 Dec 1931 Kārlis
Augusts Vilhelms Ulmanis
(s.a.)
LZS
(4th time)
5 Dec 1931 - 23 Mar 1933 Marģers
Skujenieks (2nd time)
(s.a.)
LSDSP
23 Mar 1933 - 17 Mar 1934 Ādolfs
Bļodnieks
(b. 1889 - d. 1962) LJSP
17 Mar 1934 - 21 Jun 1940 Kārlis
Augusts Vilhelms Ulmanis
(s.a.)
LZS
(from 15/16 May 1934, self-styled Tautas Vadonis
[Leader of the Nation])(5th time)
21 Jun 1940 - 25 Aug 1940 Augusts
Kirchenšteins
(s.a.)
Non-party
8 Jul 1941 - 21 Aug 1941 Chief Directors
[composition as of 25 Jul 1941]
- Teodors
Zvejnieks
(b. 1884 - d. 1955) Non-party
- Jānis
Skujevics
(b. 1892 - d. 1991) Non-party
- Aleksandrs
Bulle
(b. 1892 - d. 1967) Non-party
- Aleksandrs
Ķuze
(b. 1881 - d. 1969) Non-party
- Juris
Zankevics
(b. 1884 - d. 1954) Non-party
- Oskars Sīlis
(b. 1888 - d.
1950) Non-party
- Teodors Šteinbergs
Non-party
- Jānis Celms
(b. 1895 - d. 1960)
Non-party
- Pēteris Vanags
(b. 1883 - d. 1943) Non-party
(acting)
Director General of the Latvian
Self-Administration
(Generaldirektor
der Lettischen Selbstverwaltung)
1 Sep 1941 - 16 Mar 1944 Oskars
Jēkabs
Dankers
(s.a.)
Non-party
(= Oskar Danker)
(acting to 7 May 1942)
First Director General of the Latvian
Self-Administration
(Erster Generaldirektor der Lettischen
Selbstverwaltung)
16 Mar 1944 - 20 Feb 1945
Oskars Jēkabs Dankers
(s.a.)
Non-party
(in Germany exile from Jul 1944,
suspended from 27 Sep 1944)
Jul 1944 – 27 Sep 1944 Mārtiņš
Prīmanis
(b. 1878 - d.
1958) Non-party
(acting for absent Dankers; in Liepāja from
28 Jul 1944)
President of the Latvian National Committee (in
Liepāja)
20 Feb 1945 - 3 May 1945 Rūdolfs
Bangerskis
(b. 1878 - d.
1958) Mil
(in Germany
exile from 4
Apr 1945)
5 Apr 1945 – 3 May 1945 Jānis
Andersons
(s.a.)
Non-party
(acting for absent Bangerskis)
Minister-president
3 May 1945 - 8 May 1945
Roberts Osis (in Liepāja)
(b. 1900 - d. 1973) Mil
Chairmen of the
Council of Ministers (Prime
ministers)
4 May 1990 - 7 May
1990 Vilnis-Edvīns
Bresis
(b. 1938 - d. 2017) LKP
7 May 1990 - 20 Jul 1993 Ivars Godmanis (1st
time) (b.
1951)
LTF
Minister-presidents (President of
ministers)
20 Jul 1993 - 15 Sep 1994 Valdis
Birkavs
(b.
1942)
LC
15 Sep 1994 - 21 Dec 1995 Māris
Gailis
(b.
1951)
LC
21 Dec 1995 - 7 Aug 1997 Andris Šķēle
(1st
time)
(b.
1958)
Non-party
7 Aug 1997 - 26 Nov 1998 Guntars
Krasts
(b.
1957)
TB-LNNK
26 Nov 1998 - 16 Jul 1999 Vilis
Krištopans
(b.
1954)
LC
16 Jul 1999 - 5 May 2000 Andris
Šķēle (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
TP
5 May 2000 - 7 Nov 2002
Andris Bērziņš
(b.
1951)
LC
7 Nov 2002 - 9 Mar 2004
Einārs Repše
(b.
1961)
JL
9 Mar 2004 - 2 Dec 2004
Indulis
Emsis
(b.
1952)
LZp
2 Dec 2004 - 20 Dec 2007
Aigars Kalvītis
(b.
1966)
TP
20 Dec 2007 - 12 Mar 2009 Ivars Godmanis
(2nd
time)
(s.a.)
LPP-LC
12 Mar 2009 - 22 Jan 2014 Valdis
Dombrovskis
(b. 1971)
JL; 2011 VP
22 Jan 2014 - 11 Feb 2016
Laimdota Straujuma (f)
(b.
1951)
VP
11 Feb 2016 - 23 Jan 2019 Māris
Kučinskis
(b. 1961)
LP
23 Jan 2019 - 15 Sep 2023
Arturs Krišjānis Kariņš
(b.
1964)
VP
15 Sep 2023
-
Evika Siliņa
(f)
(b.
1975)
VP
Acting Presidents
17 Jun 1940 - 8 Sep 1944 Vacant
8 Sep 1944 - 27 Aug 1945 Pauls
Kalniņš (4th
time)
(s.a.)
LSDSP
(underground to Oct 1944)
27 Aug 1945 - 2 Dec 1969 Jāzeps
Rancāns
(b. 1886 - d.
1969) LKZKP
2 Dec 1969 - 21 Aug 1991 Vacant
Heads of the Diplomatic Service
17 Jun 1940 - 29 Apr 1963 Kārlis Zariņš
(in
London)
(b. 1879 - d. 1963) Non-party
29 Apr 1963 - 1 Oct 1970 Arnolds
Spekke (Speke)
(b. 1887 - d. 1972) Non-party
(in Washington, DC)
1 Oct 1970 - 21 Aug 1991 Anatols
Dinbergs
(b. 1911 - d. 1993) Non-party
(in Washington, DC)
Resistance to German and Soviet occupation 1943-1946
Note: Anti-German (and also anti-Soviet) resistance groups united in 1943 to form Latvian Central Council, which organized military activities in late 1944. The anti-Soviet partisan movement in Latvia, mostly without overall leadership, continued into 1949 when their activities were suppressed by Soviet troops.
Chairmen of the Latvian Central Council
13 Aug 1943 - 29 Apr 1944 Konstantīns
Čakste
(b. 1901 - d. 1945) DC
29 Apr 1944 - 12 Jul 1944 Bruno Kalniņš
(acting)
(b. 1899 - d. 1990) LSDSP
Jul 1944 -
1946
Verners
Tepfers
(b. 1893 - d. 1958) DC
(from 1 Nov 1944 in Stockholm,
Sweden exile)
Chairman of the Presidium of the Latvian
Fatherland Guards (Partisan) Alliance
24 Aug 1945 - 10 Jan 1946 Antons
Juhņevičs
(b. 1905 - d. 1947) Non-party
Party abbreviations: LP =
Liepājās Partija (Liepaja
Party, centrist, est.14 Dec 2004); LPP-LC
= Latvijas Pirmā Partija-Latvijas Ceļš (Latvia's
First Party-Latvia Way, liberal, est.25 Aug
2007); LSDSP =
Latvijas Sociāldemokrātiskā Strādnieku Partija (Social
Democratic Workers' Party of Latvia, center-left,
social-democratic, 1904-1906, 17 Jun 1918-16 May 1934,
re-est.3 Dec 1989); LZp
= Latvijas Zaļā Partija (Green Party
of Latvia, ecological, green conservative, center-rigth,
est.13 Jan 1990); LZS =
Latviešu Zemnieku Savienība (Latvian Farmers' Union,
agrarian, conservative, soft Eurosceptic, 12 May 1917-16
May 1934, re-est.16 Feb 1991); NA
= Nacionālā Apvienība "Visu Latvijai!" –
"Tēvzemei un Brīvībai/LNNK" (National Alliance
"All for Latvia!" - "For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK",
national conservative, Eurosceptic, merger of TB-LNNK
and VP, est.23 Jul 2011); VP
= Vienotība Partija (Unity
Party, liberal conservative, pro-European, former JL,
est.6 Aug 2011); Mil
= Military;
- Former parties: DC
= Demokrātiskais Centrs (Democratic Centre,
centrist, liberal, 2 Jan 1923-16 May 1934); JL
= Jaunais Laiks (New Era,
reformist, center-right, 2 Feb 2002-6 Aug 2011, merged
into VP); LJSP = Latvijas
Jaunsaimnieku un Sīkgruntnieku Partija (New
Peasants' and Small Landowners' Party of Latvia,
conservative, agrarian, 1924-16 May 1934); LC
= Latvijas Ceļš (Latvia's Way,
liberal, 25 Sep 1993-25 Aug 2007, merged into
LPP-LC); LKP = Latvijas
Komunistiskā Partija (Communist Party of
Latvia, communist, split from LSDSP,
banned 1920-40, named Jun 1940-13 Oct 1952 Latvijas
Komunistiskā [Boļševiku] Partija
[Communist (Bolshevik) Party of Latvia], 6
Mar 1919-10 Sep 1991); LKZKP
= Latvijas Kristīgo Zemnieku un Katoļu Partija
(Christian Farmers and Catholics Party of Latvia,
christian-democratic, agrarian, Jan
1920-16 May 1934); LRDP = Latvijas
Radikāldemokrātiskā Partija (Radical Democratic Party of
Latvia, 1917-Apr 1920, renamed Latvijas
Darba Partija [Labour Party of Latvia]);
LTF = Latvijas
Tautas Fronte (People's Front of Latvia,
pro-independence, 9 Oct 1988-2 May 1996, merged into Kristīgi
Tautas Partija); LTP = Latvijas Tautas
Partija (People's Party of Latvia, 22 Mar
1907-2 Jan 1923, merged into DC); LZP
= Latvijas Zemturu Padomē (Landholders' Council of
Latvia, conservative, 1918-1919); NSDAP =
Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National
Socialist German Workers' Party, Nazi fascist,
authoritarian, German nationalist, only legal party
1941-1944); RKP = Rossiyskaya Kommunisticheskaya
Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian
Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist communist, 8 Mar
1918-31 Dec 1925, renamed All-Union Communist Party
[Bolsheviks]); TB-LNNK = Tēvzemei
un Brīvībai-LNNK [Latvijas
Nacionālās Neatkarības Kustība] (Fatherland
and Freedom - LNNK [Latvian National Independence
Movement], national-conservative, Eurosceptic, 21
Jun 1997 LNNK added, 1 Feb 1993-23 Jul
2011, merged into NA); TP
= Tautas Partija (People's Party, conservative
reformist, 2 May 1998-9 Jul 2011)
Courland
|
|
|
![[Duchy of
Courland state flag c.1562-1795]](lv-crst.gif "[Duchy of Courland state flag
c.1562-1795]")
![[Courland Naval
Ensign c.1641-1698]](lv-crnv.gif "[Courland Naval
Ensign c.1641-1698]")
|
|
(Jelgava) |
(excluding Pilten) |
Statuta der Herzogtümer Kurland und Semgallen (Formula regiminis et judiciorum in Ducatuum Curlandiae et Semigalliae) (18 Mar 1617-1796) ----------------------------- Organic Order (Arreté organique de pays formant la Province de Courlande et la Semigalle) (1 Aug 1812-Dec 1812) |
- 2 Feb 1207 Bishop of Riga takes the style of Prince of Livonia
- (Fürst von Livland) and makes Livonia part of the Holy
- Roman Empire (formally 1 Dec 1225). Part of the Bishop's
- territories given as a fief to his standing army, the
-
Swordbrothers Order (Schwertbrüderorden,
formally the
- Fratres Militiae Christi Livoniae, established in 1202).
- 12 May 1237 Swordbrothers Order is incorporated into the Teutonic Order
- as a separate branch or province, informally known as the
- Livonian Order (Livländischer Orden) and administered by
- the Land-Master of the Teutonic Order in Livonia
- (Landmeister des Deutschen Ordens Livland).
- 7 May 1366 Nominal suzerainty of the Archbishop of Riga over the possessions
- of the Livonian Order is formally abolished.
- 1413 Livonian knights are entitled to elect their Master. The Livonian
- Order becomes fully autonomous.
- 5 Mar 1562 Duchy of Courland (in full Duchy of Courland and Semigallia [Ducatus
- Curlandiae et Semigalliae/Herzogtum Kurland und Semgallen/Kurzemes
- un Zemgales hercogiste]) established as a hereditary fief of
-
Lithuania given to
the last Master of the Livonian Order Gotthard
- Kettler and covering former possessions of the Order south-west of
- the Daugava River.
- 4 Jul 1569 Poland and Lithuania enjoy equal rights regarding Duchy of
- Courland and Semigallia.
- 31 May 1596 - 28 Mar 1617 Duchy of Courland and Semigallia informally partitioned into
-
Duchies of Courland and Semigallia (recognized by
Poland-
- Lithuania on 17 Apr 1598). Partition became nominal from
- 14 May 1616 when Duke of Semigallia Friedrich became also regent
- of Duchy of Courland.
- Aug 1701 - Sep 1709 Courland and Semigallia occupied by Sweden (Aug 1705 - Mar 1706,
- interrupted by Russian occupation).
- 28 Mar 1795 Courland Landtag approves annexation to Russia, the suzerainty
- of Poland-Lithuania is declared void.
- 26 Apr 1795 Courland and Semigallia annexed by Russia, autonomy guaranteed.
- Russian Emperor adopts the style of "Prince of Courland and
- Semigallia".
- 26 Jan 1796 Province or Government of Courland (Kurlyandskaya Guberniya),
- autonomy abolished, fully incorporated into Russia.
- 1 Feb 1797 Limited local autonomy restored (confirmed by all successive
- Emperors of Russia on their accession until 1855).
- 8 Oct 1800 - Nov 1917 Province of Courland subordinated, with some interruptions,
- to governors-general, or other overall administrations, of
- the Baltic Provinces.
- 20 Jul 1812 - 20 Dec 1812 Province of Courland (Courlande) under French occupation (from 1 Aug
- 1812, Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and of District of Pilten
- (Duché de Courlande et Semigallia et du district de Pilten/Herzogtum
-
Kurland und Semgallen und kreis Pilten)
nominally re-established
- under eventual joint French-Saxon protectorate); the Russian
- administration is evacuated to Riga.
- 26 Sep 1885 Russian made the official government language.
- 1889 Full integration of Livonia and Courland into the Russian Empire.
- Oct 1905 - Jan 1906 Local revolutionary governments control most of the province of
- Courland. Activities are coordinated by the Coordination
- Committee of Liepaja (Libau) related to Russian Revolution of 1905.
- 27 Apr 1915 - Oct 1915 Courland gradually occupied by the Germans (Libau [Liepāja] on 7 May
- 1915, Mitau [Jelgava], the capital of province, on 1 Aug 1915).
- Russian administration is evacuated to Dorpat (Tartu). German
-
administration for the Administrative District of
Courland
- (Verwaltungsbezirk Kurland) established; subordinated to Commander
- in chief of the Eastern front (see Eastern Front under Lithuania).
- 5 Jul 1917 Autonomy granted to the province of Courland (actually to its
- administration in evacuation) by the Russian Provisional
- Government.
- 3 Mar 1918 In the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Brześć Litewski) Courland is "no
- longer subject to Russian sovereignty", but Germany "determines
- the future status of these territories in agreement with their
- population" (treaty declared void by the Armistice at Compiegne
- on 11 Nov 1918).
- 8 Mar 1918 Land Council of Courland (Landesrat von Kurland), set up by the
- local German elite in Jelgava (Mitau), proclaims the Duchy of
- Courland, and resolves to make it in personal union with Prussia
- (15 Mar 1918 independence recognized by Germany, but no answer
- comes to the offer of the ducal title).
- 1 Aug 1918 German administration for the Administrative Region of Courland
- merged into a central Military Administration of the Baltic
- Lands.
- 8 Nov 1918 A regency council for the Baltic State is set up by United Land
- Council of Livonia, Estonia, Riga, and Ösel, and the Land Council
- of Courland, incorporating the Duchy of Courland into the Baltic
- State.
- 18 Nov 1918 Part of independent Latvia.
(from 1260, in rebellion against the Order and bishop)
c.866 Lokeris (tyranno)
c.894 Dorno (rex)
12.. - Dec 1230 Lamiķis (rex) (in the north) (d. af.1231/32?)
12.. - Apr 1253 Utilis (in the south) (d. 1260)
Jul 1260 – Aug 1267 .... [unknown]
Rulers of Zemgale (Semigallia)
(from 1259, in rebellion against the Order and archbishop)
c.866/894 Anduans (rex)
11.. – 1230/31 Viestarts (konic, princeps, dux) (d. 1230/31)
(Viestards, Vesthardus, Vester)
12.. - 1251 Šabis (1st time) (d. 126.)
(Šābis, Schabe)
1259 - 126. Šabis (2nd time) (s.a.)
126. - Jul 1272 Nameisis (rex, konic) (1st time) (d. 1281/82)
(Nameise, Nameitis, Nameyxe)
May 1279 - Aug 1281 Nameisis (2nd time) (s.a.)
1282/86 - Mar 1287 .... [name not recorded] (d. 1287)
1287 - 1290 .... [unknown]
Dukes (title Von Gottes Gnaden Herzog in
Livland zu Kurland und Semgallen - "By the Grace
of God, Duke in Livonia for Courland and Semigallia")1
5 Mar 1562 - 17 May 1587
Gotthard
(b. 1517 - d. 1587)
17 May 1587 - 16 Aug 1642
Friedrich
(b. 1569 - d. 1642)
- jointly with -
21 May 1596 - 4 May 1616
Wilhelm
(b. 1574 - d. 1640)
26 Aug 1642 - 31 Dec 1681
Jakob
(b. 1610 - d. 1682)
31 Dec 1681 - 22 Jan 1698 Friedrich
Kasimir
(b. 1650 - d. 1698)
22 Jan 1698 - 21 Jan 1711 Friedrich
Wilhelm
(b. 1692 - d. 1711)
(in Bayreuth exile 1701 - 1710)
1698 - Nov
1709
Ferdinand -Regent
(b. 1655 -
d. 1737)
("Duke-administrator"; from Aug 1701
in Danzig exile)
1701 -
1702
Elisabeth Sophie Herzogin von
(b. 1674 - d. 1770)
Brandenburg (f) -Regent
Swedish Governors of Kurland
Aug 1701 -
1702
Karl Magnus friherre
Stuart (b. 1650 - d.
1705)
1702 - Aug
1705
Adam Ludwig greve
Lewenhaupt (b. 1659 - d.
1719)
(1st time)
Aug 1705 - Mar
1706 Rudolf
Felix
Bauer
(b. 1667 - d. 1717)
(Russian governor)
Mar 1706 - Sep
1709 Adam
Ludwig greve Lewenhaupt
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
Dukes
21 Jan 1711 - 4 May 1737 Ferdinand
(in Danzig exile)
(s.a.)
1711 - Jan
1730
Anna Ivanovna Romanova (f)-Regent
(b. 1693 - d. 1740)
(informal: "Duchess-dowager")
1726 -
1727
Moritz Graf von Sachsen
(b. 1696 - d. 1750)
(informal: "Duke-heir"; in competition)
4 May 1737 - 13 Jul 1737 Christoph
Friedrich von der Osten (b. 1697 - d. 1759)
gen. Sacken-Appricken -Regent
(1st time)(Landhofmeister, in the name of
the Kollegium der Oberräte, regents)
13 Jul 1737 - 16 Nov 1758 Ernst Johann
(1st
time)
(b. 1690 - d. 1772)
(from 20 Nov 1740, Russian prisoner)
20 Nov 1740 - 16 Nov 1758 Christoph
Friedrich von der Osten (s.a.)
gen. Sacken-Appricken -Regent
(2nd time)(Landhofmeister, in the name of
the Kollegium der Oberräte, regents)
16 Nov 1758 - 23 Jan 1763
Karl
(b. 1731 - d. 1796)
(= Karl Christian Joseph Herzog von Sachsen)
23 Jan 1763 - 21 Feb 1763 Heinrich
Christain
von
(b. 1696 - d. 1781)
Offenberg? -Regent (Landhofmeister,
in
the name of the Kollegium der Oberräte, regents)
21 Feb 1763 - 25 Nov 1769 Ernst Johann
(2nd
time)
(s.a.)
25 Nov 1769 - 28 Mar 1795
Peter
(b. 1724 - d. 1800)
28 Mar 1795 - 26 Apr 1795 Carl Ferdinand
von Orgies, gen. (b. 1741 - d. 1801)
Rutenberg -Regent (Landhofmeister, in
the
name of the Kollegium der Oberräte, regents)
Governor-general of Courland and Pilten
26 Apr 1795 - 28 Jan 1796 Peter Ludwig
Graf von der Pahlen (b. 1745 -
d. 1826)
(Pyotr Alekseyevich Graf fon der Palen)
Governors of Courland
28 Jan 1796 - 9 Nov 1798 Gustav
Matthias Jakob von der (b. 1745
- d. 1823)
Wenge, gen. Lambsdorff
9 Nov 1798 - 20 Oct 1800 Carl
Wilhelm Heinrich von der (b.
1746 - d. 1827)
Osten, gen. Driesen
20 Oct 1800 - 18 Nov 1808 Nikolay
Ivanovich
Arsenyev (b.
1760 - d. 1830)
18 Nov 1808 - 21 Nov 1808 Jakob
Maximilian von Brieskorn
(1st time) (acting)
21 Nov 1808 - 18 Aug 1811 Johann Wilhelm
von Hogguer (b. 1755 - d.
1838)
(from 1810, Johann Wilhelm
Baron von Hogguer)
18 Aug 1811 - 12 Sep 1811 Jakob
Maximilian von Brieskorn
(2nd time) (acting)
23 Sep 1811 - Jan 1816
Friedrich Wilhelm Graf
von (b. 1748 -
d. 1823)
Sievers
(in Riga exile 20 Jul - Dec 1812)
French Military Commander (of the 10th Corps)
20 Jul 1812 - 8 Oct 1812 Jacques
Étienne Joseph Alexandre (b. 1765 - d. 1840)
MacDonald, duc de Tarente
Intendant of Courland, Semigallia, and Pilten (for
civil affairs)
Jul 1812 - 20 Dec 1812
Auguste Jules Barthélémy Rolland (b. 1790 -
d. 1862)
de Chambaudoin
Governor-General of Courland, Semigallia and Pilten
8 Oct 1812 - 20 Dec 1812 Jacques
David Martin, baron de (b. 1761 - d.
1837)
Campredon
Governors of Courland
Jan 1816 - 18 Feb 1824
Emmanuil Yakovlevich Staneke (b.
1750 - d. 1838)
(= Emannuel von Stanecke)
(acting to 16 Feb 1816)
18 Feb 1824 - 7 Dec 1827 Paul Baron
von
Hahn
(b. 1793 - d. 1862)
(=
Baron Pavel Vasilyevich fon Gan)
7 Dec 1827 - 22 May 1853 Christoph
Engelbrecht von Brevern (b. 1782 - d. 1863)
22 May 1853 - 14 Jun 1853 Aleksandr
Petrovich Beklemishev (b. 1824 - d. 1877)
(acting)
14 Jun 1853 - 10 May 1858 Pyotr
Aleksandrovich Valuyev (b.
1814 - d. 1890)
10 May 1858 - 21 May 1858 Julius Gustav
von Cube (acting) (b. 1815 - d. 1888)
(= Yuliy Leontyevich Kube)
21 May 1858 - 2 Sep 1868 Johann von
Brevern
(b. 1812 - d. 1885)
2 Sep 1868 - 23 Dec 1885 Paul
Fromhold Ignatius
von (b. 1829 -
d. 1903)
Lilienfeld (= Pavel Fyodorovich fon Liliyenfeld)
(from 1883, Paul Fromhold Ignatius von
Lilienfeld-Toal)
23 Dec 1885 - 31 Dec 1885 Aleksandr
Alekseyevich Manyos (b. 1846 -
d. 1916?)
(= Aleksandr Alekseyevich Manzhos)
(acting)
31 Dec 1885 - 12 Apr 1888 Konstantin
Ivanovich Pashchenko (b. 1830 - d. 1900)
12 Apr 1888 - 1 Jan 1892 Dmitriy
Sergeyevich Sipyagin (b. 1853 -
d. 1902)
1 Jan 1892 - 23 Oct 1905 Dmitriy
Dmitriyevich Sverbeyev (b. 1842 - d. 1919)
23 Oct 1905 - 23 Jul 1910 Leonid
Mikhaylovich Knyazev
(b. 1851 - d. 1929)
Dec 1905 - Jan
1906 Jānis
Lencmanis
(b. 1881 - d. 1939) LSDSP
+ Semyon Mikhaylovich Nakhimson (b. 1885 -
d. 1918) Bund
(leaders of the Coordination Committee
of Liepāja [Libau], in rebellion)
23 Jul 1910 - 5 Sep 1910 Knyaz'
Nikolay Dmitriyevich (b.
1872 - d. 1937)
Kropotkin (acting)
5 Sep 1910 - 25 May 1915 Sergey
Dmitriyevich Nabokov
(b. 1866 - d. 1940)
May 1915 - May
1916 Nikita
Alekseyevich Tatishchev (b. 1879 - d. 1948)
(in Tartu, Estonia exile)
30 May 1916 - 30 Dec 1916 Graf
Pyotr Vasilyevich Gendrikov (b. 1883 - d.
1942)
(= Peter Graf von Hendrik)(in Tartu exile)
30 Dec 1916 -
1917
Strakhov (in Tartu exile)
Governorate-Commissar of the (Russian)
Provisional Government
17 May 1917 - 4 Oct 1917 Jānis Čakste (= Yanis
Chakste) (b. 1859 - d. 1927) LZS
(in Tartu exile)
Commander of the German 8th Army
26 May 1915 - 16 Aug 1915 Friedrich von
Scholtz
(b. 1851 - d. 1927) Mil
Head of the German Military Administration for
Courland
16 Aug 1915 - 1 Sep 1918 Alfred
Freiherr von Gossler
(b. 1867 - d. 1946) Mil
Reichskommissars for the Baltic Sea
Regions
15 Mar 1918 - 5 Jun 1918 Robert
Franz Karl Graf
von (b. 1866 -
d. 1959) Non-party
Keyserlingk-Cammerau
5 Jun 1918 - 31 Jun 1918 Friedrich
Karl Alexander Cäsar
(b. 1869 - d. 1946) Non-party
Freiherr von Falkenhausen
Chancellors of the Duchies of Courland and
Semigallia
(style Kanzler des Herzogtums Kurland und
Semgallen)
1562 -
1566
Jost Clodt von
Jürgensburg
(b. 1517 - d. 1572)
1566 - 1579
Michael von Brunnow
(b. c.1520 - d. 1583)
1579 - 1606?
Georg von
Tiesenhausen
(d. 1608)
1606 - c.1623
Michael von Manteuffel
(b. c.1572 - d. 1625)
(Manteufeln)
c.1626 - c.1643
Christoph von
Fircks
(d. 1649)
1650 - 27 Sep
1665
Melchior von Fölckersam
(b. 1601 - d. 1665)
16.. - 1677
Ewald von Franck (Francken)
1678 - 1701
Christoph Heinrich von
Puttkamer (b. 16.. - d. 1701)
1701 - 1703
Friedrich von
Brackel
(b. 1634 – d. 1708)
1703 -
1709
Heinrich Christian von den
(b. 1648 - d. 1729)
Brincken
1709
Ernst von der Brüggen
(b. 1639 - d. 1713)
1709 - 28 Jul
1718
Ewald von der Osten-Sacken
(b. bf.1682 - d. 1718)
1718 -
1727
Johann Heinrich von Keyserlingk (b. 1680 -
d. 1734)
1727 -
1729
Casimir Christoph von Brackel
(b. 1686 - d. 1742)
1729 - 1731
Heinrich Georg von
Mirbach (b.
1674 - d. 1736)
1731 -
1736
Christoph Friedrich von der Osten (b. c.1697 - d. 1759)
-Sacken, gen. Sacken auf Appricken
1736 - 14 Feb 1758
Hermann Christoph Finck von
(b. 1693 - d. 1758)
Finckenstein
1758 -
1759
Otto Christopher von der Howen
(b. 1699 - d. 1775)
1759 -
1763
Dietrich von
Keyserling
(b. 1713 - d. 1793)
1763 -
1776
Johann Ernst von
Kopmann
(b. 1725 - d. 1786)
1776 - 1787
Ernst Johann von
Taube
(b. 1740 - d. 1794)
1787 -
1794
Carl Ferdinand von Orgies, gen. (s.a.)
Rutenberg
1794 - 26 Apr 1795
Georg Christoph von Lüdinghausen- (b. 1751 - d. 1807)
Wolff
Chancellor
of the Government of Kurland (style Kanzler des
Gouvernements Kurland)
26 Apr 1795 - 26 Jan 1796 Georg
Christoph von Lüdinghausen- (s.a.)
Wolff
Chairmen of the Ducal (from 26 Apr 1795 Provisional)
Government
(styled Landhofmeister im Herzogtum Kurland und
Semgallen)
1562 - 1617
....
1617 - 1638
Matthias von der Recke
(b. 1565 - d. 1638)
1649 - 1671
Friedrich Johann von der Recke
(b. 1606 - d. 1671)
c.1677
Ewald von Franck (Francken)
1681 - 24 Jun
1701
Christoph Heinrich von Puttkamer (s.a.)
(chancellor and acting chairman to
1683)
1701 -
1708
Friedrich von
Brackel
(s.a.)
(chancellor and acting chairman to 1703)
1708 -
1727
Heinrich Christian von
den (s.a.)
Brincken (chancellor and acting
chairman
to 1709)
1727 -
1729
Adam Kazimierz Kościuszko
(d. 1729)
1729 - 18 Jan
1731
Casimir Christoph von Brackel
(b. 1686 - d. 1742)
18 Jan 1731 - 15 Apr 1736 Heinrich Georg
von Mirbach
(s.a.)
15 Apr 1736 -
1759
Christoph Friedrich von der Osten,(s.a.)
gen. Sacken-Appricken
1759 -
1763
Otto Christoph von der
Howen (s.a.)
(1st time) (chancellor and acting
chairman to 1759)
1763 -
1767
Heinrich Christian von Offenberg (s.a.)
1767 - 8 Dec
1775
Otto Christoph von der
Howen (s.a.)
(2nd time)
8 Dec 1775 -
1786
Johann Ernst von
Klopmann
(s.a.)
(chancellor and acting chairman to 1776)
1786 - 21 Dec
1786
Ernst Johann von Taube (1st time) (s.a.)
(chancellor and acting chairman)
21 Dec 1786 -
1787
Christian Ernst von
Oelsen (b.
1729 - d. 1787)
1787 -
1794
Ernst Johann von Taube (2nd time) (s.a.)
(chancellor and acting chairman to 1788)
1794 - 28 Jan
1796
Carl Ferdinand von Orgies, gen. (s.a.)
Rutenberg (chancellor and acting
chairman
to 1794)
Presidents of the Land Government (under French
occupation)
1 Aug 1812 - 20 Dec 1812 Karl
Johann Friedrich Graf von (b. 1762 -
d. 1827)
Medem
Oct 1812 - Nov 1812
Friedrich Ewald von Fircks
(b. 1762 - d. 1832)
(acting for Medem)
Chairman of the Executive Committee of the
Provisional
Provincial Assembly of Courland Province
10 May 1917 - 5 Oct 1917 Karlis
Pauluks (Kārlis Pauļuks) (b. 1870 - d.
1945) LZS
(in Tartu exile)
Chairman of the Land Council of Courland (Kurländischer
Landesrat)
8 Mar 1918 - 8 Nov 1918
Alexander Emanuel Freiherr von (b. 1859 -
d. 1920) VDK
Rahden-Maihof
1According
to the Constitution (Formula Regiminis)
of Courland of 28 Mar 1617, the ducal
authority during the vacancy, minority,
disability and even absence of the duke is exercised by
the cabinet, the Supreme Council (Kollegium
der Oberräte), however, usually the
actual
regents were other persons in competition with
the formal regents.
Noble titles: Greve/Graf
= Count; Friherre/Freiherr = Baron; Herzog/Herzogin
= Duke/Duchess; Knyaz' = Prince.
Party abbreviations: Bund = Algemeyner Yidisher Arbeter Bund in Lite, Poyln un Rusland (General Jewish Labour Bund of Lithuania, Poland and Russia, Jewish social-democratic, 7 Oct 1897-19 Apr 1920, merged into RCP); LSDSP = Latvijas Sociāldemokrātiskā Strādnieku Partija (Social Democratic Workers' Party of Latvia, social-democratic, 1904-1906, 17 Jun 1918-16 May 1934, re-est.3 Dec 1989); LZS = Latviešu Zemnieku Savienība (Latvian Farmers' Union, agrarian, conservative, 12 May 1917-16 May 1934); VDK = Vereins der Deutschen in Kurland (Association of Germans in Courland, ethnic German, 1906-1919)
Pilten
-
![[Banner of the Bishop of
Courland to 1583]](courland-bishop.png "[Banner of the Bishop of Courland to
1583]")
- Bishop of Courland Banner to
1583
- Sep
1234
Bishopric of Courland (Episcopatus
Curoniensis) established
- (declared in 11 Feb 1232), consisting of three separate enclaves
- after numerous distributions of the Couronian lands among the
- Bishops of Courland, and of Riga, and the Teutonic Order.
-
Note:
the bishops were also rulers of the island of
Runö
(now Ruhnu in southwest Estonia) from c.1341. - 1290 The cathedral chapter is incorporated into the Teutonic Order
- lands, the bishopric is subjected to the Order.
- 1434 Dondangen (Kirchspiel Dondangen) is sold to the Bishop of Courland
-
by the Bishop
of Riga.
- Jan 1521 Pliten made a sovereign Prince-bishopric of the Holy Roman Empire,
- but the style of Prince is not used (Stiftsvogt von Piltenes).
- 20 May
1560
Sold to the King of Denmark,
given as part of an appanage
-
(Stift Kurland)
to the brother of the King, Magnus Herzog von
- Holstein.
- 1578
Bishop Magnus accepts suzerainty of Poland (but this
is not
ratified by the Diet of Poland or recognized by Denmark). - 28 Feb 1583 - 15 Apr 1585 Sovereignty over the district of Pilten (Kreis Pilten) is contested
- between Courland and Denmark.
- 15 Apr
1585
Danish claim sold to Poland,
which Courland could not contest,
-
by the Treaty of Kronenborg.
- 1609 - 1611 Poland mortgages the district of Piltene (Pilten)(including Grobin
-
and Hasenpoth) to
Brandenburg (Brandenburg-Prussia).
- 1611 -
1656
Administered by Poland-Lithuania.
- 9 May
1617
"Piltensche Regimentsformel" (Ordinatio
regiminis et judiciorum in
-
Districu Piltensi Ducatus Curlandiae et
Semigalliae) grants
- Pilten local autonomy.
- 1656 The Duke of Courland purchases sovereign rights over Pilten.
- 1701 - 1709 Occupied by Sweden (interrupted by Russian occupation 1705-06).
- 1717 Pilten reverts to Polish administration.
- 28 Mar 1795 Pilten Landtag approves annexation to Russia, suzerainty of
- Poland is declared void.
- 26 Apr 1795 Annexed by Russia along with Courland, autonomy guaranteed.
- 28 Jan 1796 Autonomy abolished, fully incorporated into Courland.
- 1 Feb 1797 Local autonomy restored, within the province of Courland.
- Jul 1812 - Dec 1812 Occupied by France and Lower Courland (Courlande Inférieure) made
- part of the Duchy of Courland, Semigallia and of the District of
-
Pilten (see under Courland).
- 2 Mar 1818 Fully incorporated into Courland, remaining autonomy abolished.
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(Aizpute) |
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Piltensche Regimentsformel (Ordinatio regiminis et judiciorum in Districu Piltensi Ducatus Curlandiae et Semigalliae) (9 May 1617-1818) |
Bishops of Courland
1232 - 1234
Balduin von Alna, bei Thuin
(d. 1243)
1234 - 1242
Engelbrecht (Engelbert)
(d. c.1242)
1245 - 5 Mar 1263
Heinrich I von
Lützelburg
(d. 1273)
(acting
to 3 Mar 1251)
5 Mar 1263 -
1298 Edmund
von
Werth
(d. 1298)
1300 -
1311
Burchard
(d. c.1320)
5 Mar 1322 -
1326
Paul I
11 Oct 1328 - 1331/32
Johannes
I
(d. 1331/32)
1332 - 5 Jun
1353
Johannes
II
(d. 1353)
14 Mar 1354 -
1359
Ludolf
(d. 1359)
25 Jan 1360 -
1371
Jakob
(d. 1371)
8 Jun 1371 -
1398
Otto
(d. 1398)
12 Jun 1399 -
1404
Rutger von
Brüggenei
(d. 1404)
12 Jan 1405 - 17 Nov 1424 Gottschalk
Schutte
(d. 1424)
1424 - 1425
Dietrich Tanke
15 Jan 1425 - 28 Nov 1456 Johannes III
Tiergart
(d. 1456)
20 Jun 1457 - 9 Jul 1473 Paul II Einwald
9 Jul 1473 - 31 Jan 1500 Martin
Lewitz
(d. 1500)
4 May 1500 - 4 Nov 1500 Michael
Sculteti
(d. 1500)
12 Feb 1501 -
1523
Heinrich II
Basedow
(b. bf.1459 - d. 1523)
2 Mar 1524 - 1539
Hermann II
Ronneberg
(d. 1539)
16 Jul 1540 - Apr 1560 Johannes
IV von Münchhausen
(d. 1572)
1560 - 28 Feb 1583 Magnus
Herzog von Holstein
(b. 1540 - d. 1583)
(installed as "king" of Livonia by
Russia 1570-1577)
Vögte
1424 - 14..
Frowin Schnutte
1442 - c.1457
Paul Bucking (Buking)(1st
time)
1463 - 1465?
Bertold Korpis
1465 -
1470
Paul Bucking (2nd time)
1474
Odert Korbis
1482
Michael Schmidt
1490 - c.1506
Heinrich von Sacken
1506 - 1507
Merten Brink
1508 - 151.
Heinrich von Galen
1511
Heinrich
von Galen
(or Godtke Pleszkow)
1513 - 15..
Godtke Pleszkow
1536 - 15..
Hermann Rump
1542 - c.1547
Johann Heyking
1548 - 1549
Lukas Massow
1550 - 1551
Hermann
Dunstorp
1561 - c.1576
Karl Zoege (Soie)
c.1581
Emmerich von Mirbach
(b. c.1525 - d. 1597)
1583 -
1585
Johann von Behr-Edwahlen
(b. 1543 - d. 1613)
Oberhauptleute (Polish: Starosta)
1585 -
1603
Johann von
Behr-Edwahlen
(s.a.)
1603 -
1611
Christoph von
Rappe-Telsen
(b. 1566 - d. 1619)
1611 -
1616
Wilhelm Herzog in Livland zu Kurland(b. 1574 - d. 1640)
1616 - 1619
Jacob Godemann
1619 -
1639
Hermann von
Maydell
(d. bf.1642)
(officially appointed 1621)
1639 -
1670
Otto Ernst von
Maydell
(b. 1608 - d. 1670)
1670 –
1687
Anna Sibylla von Maydell
(f) (b. c.1620
– d. 1687)
1687 – 6 Oct
1697
Friedrich Johann von
Maydell (d.
1697)
1697 -
1698?
Dietrich von
Maydell
(b. 16.. - d. 1711)
1698 -
1705
Georg Johann von
Keyserlingk
(b. 1629 - d. 1705)
1705 -
1715
Ulrich von
Behr
(b. 1667 - d. 1722)
1715 -
1717
Ernst Ewald von
Heyking
(b. 1677 - d. 1724)
1717 - 26 Apr
1795 Vacant?
French Intendant of Lower Courland (in
Libau/Liepāja; subordinate to Intendant of Courland)
Jul 1812 - Dec 1812
Charles de Montigny
Commandant of Pilten and Goldingen Districts (in
Libau/Liepāja)
Oct 1812 - Dec 1812
Guillaume Marcellin Proteau
(b. 1772 - d. 1837)
Präsidenten des Landratskollegiums
1617 -
1623
Reinhold von Brackel auf Nigranden (d. 1623)
1623 -
1638
Hermann von
Maydell
(s.a.)
1638 -
1651
Johann von Ambotten auf Paddern (d.
1651?)
1651 -
1660
Ewald von Sacken auf
Bahten
(b. 1590 - d. 1660)
1662 - 1670
Otto
Ernst von Maydell
(s.a.)
1674 -
1710
Friedrich von
Sacken
(d. 1714)
1710 -
1714
Wilhelm Alexander von
Heyking (b. 1649 -
d. 1714)
1714
-
1735
Ulrich von
Behr
(b. 1669 - d. 1749)
(acting to 1717)
1735
- 15 Jun
1750
Ernst von Koskull auf Tergeln
(b. 1678 - d. 1750)
1750
- 23 Feb
1764
Magnus Ernst von Fircks auf Nogallen(b. 1703 - d. 1764)
1764
-
1779
Johann Ernst von Heyking auf Sirgen (b. 1716 - d. 1782)
1779
-
1782
Friedrich Hermann von Behr auf (b.
1729 - d. 1807)
Edwahlen
1782 - 1804
Otto Ulrich von Sacken
auf Alt (b. 1741 - d.
1818)
Peltzen (acting to 1783)
1804 -
1807
Ulrich von Blomberg auf Klein-
(b. 1745 - d. 1813)
Drogen
1807 - 1818
Carl Gustav von
Offenberg auf Grösen(b. 1755 - d. 1835)
1237
Part of the Bishopric (from 1255,
Archbishopric) of Riga.
1245
First mentioned as Donedange
(Kirchspiel Dondangen)(captured
by
Livonian Order in 1318, 1359 and 1383).
1434
Sold to the Bishop of Courland.
20 May
1560
Sold to the King of Denmark,
given as part of an appanage (Stift
Kurland), to the
brother of the King, Magnus Herzog von Holstein.
20 Apr
1585
Sold by Denmark to Poland.
17 Jun
1585
Lordship of Dondangen (Herrschaft Dondangen),
a "throne fief"
(thronlehen) of the Polish
crown.
1639
Formal union with Pilten,
retaining special status and privileges.
1652
Passed to the Maydell family.
1701 -
1709
Occupied by Sweden (interrupted by Russian
occupation 1705-06).
21 Jun
1711
Passed to the Osten-Sacken family.
26 Apr
1795
Annexed by Russia along with Pilten
and Courland (from this point
follows Courland).
Lords (style Erbherr/Erbherrin
von Dondangen)
17 Jun 1585 -
1588
Márton Berzeviczy
(b. 1538 - d. 1596)
(Martino von Berzevitz)
1588 -
1610
Levin von
Bülow
(b. c.1581 - d. 1610)
1610 - 20 Jun
1652
Friedrich von Bülow
(d. 1652)
1652 - 1656
Anna Sibilla
von Sacken (f) -Lady (b.
1620? - d. 1687)
(1st time)
1656 - 30 Jul 1670
Otto Ernst
von Maydell
(b. 1608 - d. 1670)
30 Jul 1670 -
1687 Anna Sibilla von
Maydell (f) -Lady (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1687 - 21 Jun 1711
Dietrich von Maydell
(b. c.1648 - d.
1711)
21 Jun 1711 - 28
Jul 1718 Ewald von der Osten-Sacken
(b. 1665 - d. 1718)
28 Jul 1718 -
6 Aug 1731 Johann Ulrich von der
Osten-Sacken (b. 1674 - d. 1731)
6
Aug 1731 - 31 Dec 1794 Carl von der
Osten-Sacken
(b. 1721 - d. 1794)
(from 8 Mar 1763, Karl Graf von der
Osten, gen. Sacken; from 15 Oct 1786
Karl Fürst von der Osten, gen. Sacken)
31 Dec 1794 - 26
Apr 1795 Christiane (f) -Lady
(b. 1733 - d. 1811)
(Christiane Charlotte Sophie Fürstin
von der Osten-Sacken, geb. Freiin
von Dieskau aus Thüringen)
Russian Western Volunteer Army (ZDA)
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![[insignia of the
Russian Western Volunteer Army 1919]](ru-mlt2.gif "[insignia of the Russian Western
Volunteer Army 1919]")
17 May
1919
Russian Volunteer Unit formed from "White" Russian
prisoners
of war in Germany.
12 Jun
1919
Moved from Germany to Jelgava (Mitau), Latvia.
18 Aug
1919
Upgraded to Western Volunteer Corps, under the
North-Western Army.
5 Sep
1919
Separated from North-Western Army as Western Russian
Volunteer
Army (Zapadno-russkaya Dobrovol'cheskaya Armiya)(ZDA).
20 Sep
1919
Claimed "entire authority" in the Baltics for the
Russian state.
3 Oct
1919
Germans transfer all German units in Jelgava, Latvia,
and
Lithuania to the Western Russian Volunteer Army (the
transfer is
reversed on 18 Nov 1919).
8 Oct
1919
Unilateral offensive against Riga started (western part
of the city
occupied 9 Oct – 11 Nov 1919), eventually most of
Courland and
Samogitia occupied by the ZDA.
3 Nov
1919
Latvian-Allied counter-offensive results in defeat of
ZDA forces
(Jelgava lost by ZDA on 21 Nov 1919).
28 Nov
1919
Evacuated from Latvia to Lithuania.
2 Dec
1919
Western Russian Volunteer Army dissolved into Special
Russian Unit.
13 Dec
1919
Evacuated from Lithuania to East Prussia.
Commander of the Western Russian Volunteer Army
(in Jelgava to 19 Nov 1919)
5 Sep 1919 - 2 Dec 1919 Pavel
Rafaylovich
Bermondt
(b. 1877 - d. 1974) Mil
(from 9 Oct 1919, Knyaz' Mikhaylovich Avalov-Bermondt)
(left for Germany in late Nov 1919)
late Nov 1919 - 2 Dec 1919 Dmitriy Vasilyevich
Al'tfater (b. 1874 - d.
1931) Mil
(acting for Bermondt)
Chairman of the Administrative Council with the
Commander (in Jelgava)
6 Oct 1919 - 19 Nov 1919 Graf Konstantin
Konstantinovich (b. 1861 - d.
1923) Non-party
fon der Palen
Livonia
|
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![[Banner
of Archbishop of Riga to 1563]](riga-archbishop.png "[Banner
of Archbishop of Riga to 1563]")
![[Poland]](pl.gif "[Poland]")
![[Flag of Sweden]](se.gif "[Flag of Sweden]")
![[Livonian
Communist "Iskolat" flag, 1917-1918
(Latvia)]](su-lb.gif "[Livonian Communist
\"Iskolat\" flag, 1917-1918 (Latvia)]")
- 1201 Seat of Bishopric of Livonia (established in 1186) moved from Üxküll
- (Ikšķile) to the newly founded city of Riga. Gradual conquest
- of the peoples of modern Latvia begins; completed 1290.
- 2 Feb 1207 Bishop of Riga takes the style of Prince of Livonia
- (Fürst von Livland) and makes Livonia part of the Holy Roman
- Empire (formally 1 Dec 1225). Part of bishop's territories
- given as a fief to his standing army, the Swordbrothers
-
Order (Schwertbrüderorden,
formally Fratres Militiae Christi
- Livoniae, established in 1202).
- 12 May 1237 Swordbrothers Order is incorporated into the Teutonic Order as
- a separate branch or province, informally known as the 'Livonian
- Order' (Livländischer Orden) and administered by the Land-Master
- of the Teutonic Order in Livonia (see under Courland).
- 1253 Archbishop of Livonia, Prussia and Estonia, previously having no
- separate diocese, becomes also the Bishop of Riga. Both offices
- formally merged 20 Jan 1255.
- 1282 Riga becomes a member of the Hanseatic League.
- 7 May 1366 Nominal suzerainty of Archbishop of Riga over the possessions
- of the Livonian Order is formally abolished.
- 1420 Livonian Confederation (Livländischer Bund) established,
- includes the Archbishop of Riga, bishops of Dorpat, Courland,
-
Ösel-Wiek and Reval, their chapters (Domkapitel),
Master of
- the Livonian Order, vassals of bishops and the Order and
- cities of Riga, Dorpat (Tartu) and Reval (Tallinn).
- Possessions of all these rulers were known in common as
- Livonia during 13th-16th centuries.
- 1520 - 1562
Government of Livonia is formally shared between the
Archbishop
of Riga and the Landmeister of
the Livonian Province of the - 1560 - 13
Mar
1609
Grobin Amt pledged to Prussia by the last
bailiff (vogt) Klaus von
Streithorst (occupied by Sweden 1659-1660). - 1561 -
1660
Constant conflict among Poland, Lithuania, Russia, and
Sweden
- over the possession of Livonia.
- 5 Mar 1562 Principality of Livonia (Principatus Livoniae) includes Livonia proper
- [except the city of Riga] and Lettgallia) established in personal
- (actually subordinate) union with Lithuania.
- 26 Dec 1566 Principality of Livonia becomes Duchy (formal name Ducatus
- Livoniae Ultradunensis [Transdunenian Duchy]) in full union with
- Lithuania. In Latin and German the style is Duke of Livonia, in
- Lithuanian and Polish the style is rendered as "Prince of Livonia."
- 4 Jul 1569 Poland and Lithuania enjoy equal rights regarding the Duchy of
- Livonia (in Polish: Księstwo Inflanckie).
- 1570 - 1577 Ivan IV of Russia installs Magnus, Herzog von Holstein as the king
- of Livonia and grants him as a fief some parts of the area
- controlled by Russia (in present-day central and southern Estonia
- and northern Latvia).
- 14 Jan 1582 Riga, having been the Free City (Freie Stadt Riga) of Empire since
- 5 March 1562, is incorporated into Poland-Lithuania as a part of
- Livonia (remains an autonomous city under the Polish-Lithuanian
- sovereignty to 1621).
- 26 Sep 1621 City of Riga surrenders to the Swedish forces (occupation of the
- western part of Duchy of Livonia completed by 1625).
- 26 Sep
1629
Poland-Lithuania provisionally cedes the western part
of the
-
Duchy of Livonia (Livonia (proper) and southern part
of modern
-
Estonia) to Sweden
(extended on 12 Sep 1635 and confirmed on
-
3 May 1660). Poland-Lithuania retains the eastern part
of the
-
Duchy
of Livonia (Lettgallia), thereafter informally called
- Polish Livonia.
- 30 May
1630
Swedish part of Livonia, informally known as "Swedish
Livonia"
-
(Svenska Livland), Livland or "Great Livonia"
formally organized
-
as the Duchy (or Province) of Livonia with capital in
Riga. King
- of Sweden additionally styled the "Duke of Livonia" from 1660.
- 15 Jul 1710 City of Riga surrenders to Russian forces (occupation of
- Swedish Livonia, begun in 1704, completed). Swedish Livonia
- is annexed by Russia and autonomy guaranteed. Thereafter
- informally Russian Livonia (Russkaya Livoniya)(until 1772) and in
-
semi-official local usage Duchy (rendered Principality
in Russian)
-
of Livonia (until 1783). The Russian Tsar adopts the
style of
- Prince of Livonia.
- 8 Aug 1713 Province or Government of Riga (Rizhskaya Guberniya) formed.
- 10 Sep 1721 Swedish Livonia formally ceded by Sweden to Russia under the
- Peace of Nystad.
- 1775 - Nov 1917 Province of Livonia subordinated, with some interruptions, to
- governors-general, or other overall administrations, of
- the Baltic Provinces.
- 14 Jul
1783
Province of Livonia (Liflyandskaya
Guberniya) fully incorporated
- into Russia, autonomy abolished.
- 28 Nov 1796 Limited local autonomy restored (confirmed by all successive
- Emperors of Russia on their accession until 1855).
- 26 Sep 1885 Russian made the official government language.
- 1889 Full integration of Livonia and Courland into the Russian Empire.
- Oct 1905 - Jan 1906 Local revolutionary governments (action committees) control most of
-
the province of Livonia. Their activities are
coordinated by the
- Federated Committee of Riga related to Russian Revolution of 1905.
- 5 Jul 1917 Autonomy granted to the province of Livonia.
- 3 Sep 1917 Germany occupies the city of Riga and its surroundings. Russian
- administrations of Livonia and the Baltic Provinces evacuated to
- Valmiera.
- 9 Nov 1917 - 21 Nov 1917 Bolshevik troops gradually take over the province of Livonia (on
- 21 Nov 1917 military administration of Livonia is replaced by the
-
Soviet of Workers', Soldiers' and Landless Deputies'
of Latvia
- ["Iskolat"] which is located at Valka, Estonia).
- 29 Dec 1917 Autonomous Latvian Soviet government within the Russian Soviet
- Republic declared, covering the province of Livonia (excluding
- German-occupied Riga), which from 27 Dec 1917 includes also
- Lettgallia.
- 18 Feb 1918 - 22 Feb 1918 Livonia gradually occupied by Germany.
- 3 Mar 1918 By the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Brzecz-Litewski) Russia retains
- sovereignty over the rest of Livonia, which is to remain "occupied
-
by a German police force until
security is insured by proper
- national institutions".
- 1 Aug 1918 German administrations for the Administrative Regions of Livonia,
- Estonia, Courland, Ösel, and Riga united into a central Military
- Administration of the Baltic Lands (Militärverwaltung der
- Baltischen Lände), located in Riga.
- 11 Nov 1918 In the Armistice at Compiegne, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk is
- declared void and all German troops to be withdrawn (fixed time
- not given). Military Administration of the Baltic Lands
- functions until 26 Nov 1918.
- 18 Nov 1918 Part of independent Latvia.
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(Polish Livonia - Fellin [Viljandi] 1561-1621) |
|
Articles of Accord (1710-1783) |
Teutonic Order {Landmeister des Deutschen Ordens in Livland}.
Rulers in Latgale (Lettgallia)
- in Jersika (Gercike) -
11.. – 1209
Visvaldis (Vsevolod, Vasily?)(rex)(d.
1239)
- in Koknese (Kukenois) –
11.. – 1207
Vetseke (Vyachko, Vyacheslav?)
(d. 1224)
(rex, regulus)
- in Tālava (Tholowa) -
11.. – 1214
Tālivaldis (princeps, senior)
(d. 1215)
1214
Ramēķis
(Rameka)
(d. af. 1225)
Rulers of Livonians (Livs)
(from 1211, in rebellion against the bishop)
- in Sala (Holme) –
11.. – Jun 1206
Ako (princeps, senior)
(d. 1206)
- in Turaida (Thoreda) -
bf.1191 – Sep 1204
Kaupo (quasi rex, primus)
(d. 1217)
120. -
1206
Anno
(d. af.1207)
1211? -
1212
Vesik
(princeps)
(d. af.1219)
Masters of the Swordbrothers Order
1207 -
1209
Vinno (Wenno) von
Rohrbach (d.
1209)
1209 - 22 Sep
1236
Volkwin (Wolquin) von Naumburg (d. 1236)
zu Winterstätten
22 Sep 1236 - 12 May 1237 Rutger
(acting)
Land-Masters of the Teutonic Order in
Livland
(Landmeister des Deutschen Ordens in Livland)
12 May 1237 -
1238
Hermann
Balk
(b. 11.. - d. 1239)
1238 -
1241
Dietrich von Grüningen (1st time) (b. c.1210 - d.
1259)
1241 -
1242
Andreas von Velven (Felben)
(1st time)
1242 -
1246
Dietrich von Grüningen (2nd time) (s.a.)
1246 -
1248
Heinrich von Heimburg
1248 -
1253
Andreas von Velven (Felben)
(2nd time)
1253 -
1254
Eberhard von Sayn
(acting) (d.
1258)
1254 - 1256
Anno von Sangerhausen
(d. af.1273)
1257 - 13 Jul
1260
Burchard von Hornhausen
(d. 1260)
1261
Georg von Eichstädt
1261 - Feb
1263
Werner von Breithausen
Feb 1263 -
1266
Konrad von
Mandern
(d. 1295)
1267 - 16 Feb
1270
Otto von
Lauterberg
(d. 1270)
16 Feb 1270 -
1270
Andreas von Westfalen -Regent
1270 -
1273
Walter von
Nordeck
(d. af.1287)
1274 - 5 Mar
1279
Ernst von
Ratzeburg
(d. 1279)
1279 -
1281
Konrad von
Feuchtwangen
(d. 1296)
5 Mar 1279 -
1280
Gerhard Graf von
Katzenelnbogen-Regent
(d. 1280)
1281 -
1282
Mangold von Sternberg -Regent
(d. 1283)
1282 - 26 Mar
1287
Wilken von Endorp (regent to 1283)(d. 1287)
(Wilhelm von Nindorf)
1288 -
1289
Konrad von Hazzigenstein
(d. af.1303)
(Cuno von Hattenstein)
1290 -
1293
Balthasar Holte
1293 -
1295
....
1295 - 28 Oct
1296
Hinrich von Dinkelaghe (Dincklage)(d. 1296)
28 Oct 1296 - 1 Jun 1298 Bruno
(regent to
1297)
(d. 1298)
1298 - Nov
1307
Gottfried Rogge
Nov 1309 -
1322
Gerhard von Jork
1322 -
1324
Konrad Kesselhut -Regent
(d. 1334)
1324 - 25 May
1328
Reimar Hahn (Reymar Hane)
25 May 1328 - 24 Jun 1340 Eberhard von
Monheim
(b. c.1275 - d. af.1346)
24 Jun 1340 - 14 Dec 1345 Burchard von
Dreileben
(b. 129. - d. af.1366)
(Borchart van Dreinlove)
14 Dec 1345 - 10 Sep 1359 Goswin von
Herreke
(d. 1359)
10 Sep 1359 - Feb
1360 Andreas von Steinberg
(1st time) (d. af.1375)
(acting)
Feb 1306 - 11 Jul
1364 Arnold von
Vietinghoff
(d. 1364)
11 Jul 1364 - 29 Sep 1364 Andreas von
Steinberg (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
29 Sep 1364 - Mar
1385 Wilhelm von
Friemersheim
(d. 1385)
Mar 1385 - 10 Aug
1388 Robin von
Eltz
(d. 1388)
(acting to ... 1385)
Sep 1388 -
1389
Johann von Ohle
(acting)
(d. af.1403)
1389 -
1401
Wennemar von
Brüggenei
(d. 1401)
1401 - 21 Oct
1401
Bernhard Hövelmann
(acting) (d.
af.1404)
21 Oct 1401 - 14 Feb 1413 Konrad von
Vietinghoff
(d. 1413)
Feb 1413 - 17 Aug
1415 Dietrich
Tork
(d. 1415)
(acting to 13 May 1413)
Sep 1415 - 31 Mar
1424 Siegfried Lander von
Sponheim (d. 1424)
31 Mar 1424 - May
1424 Dietrich Kra
(acting)
(d. af.1427)
May 1424 - Oct
1433 Cisse
von dem
Rutenberg
(d. 1433)
Oct 1433 - 1 Sep
1435 Frank Kirskorf (Franke
Kerskorff) (d. 1435)
(acting to Jan 1434)
1 Sep 1435 - Dec
1437 Heinrich von Böckenförde,
gen. (d. 1437)
Schüngel (acting to Oct 1435)
Dec 1437 - May
1438
Gottfried von Rodenberg (acting) (d. af.1448)
May 1438 - 29 Jun
1450 Heidenrich Vincke von
Overberg (d. 1450)
(regent to 19 Jun 1439)
29 Jun 1450 - 6 Sep 1450 Gotthard
von Plettenberg (acting) (d. af.1461)
6 Sep 1450 - 15 Aug 1469 Johann
von Mengede, gen. Osthof (b. c.1421 - d.
1469)
15 Aug 1469 - 7 Jan 1470 Johann
von Krieckenbeck, gen. Spor(d. 1472)
(acting)
7 Jan 1470 - Oct
1471 Johann Wolthus von Herse
(d. 1472)
(Johann Waldhaus von Heerse)
Oct 1471 - Nov
1483
Bernhard (Bernd) von der Borch
(d. 1488)
(acting to 1472)
Nov 1483 - 26 May
1494 Johann Freitag von
Loringhofe (b. 143. - d.
1494)
(regent to 10 Jan 1485)
26 May 1494 - 28 Feb 1535 Wolter von
Plettenberg
(b. c.1450 - d. 1535)
(acting to 7 Jul 1494)
1501 -
1502
Wennemar von Dellwig (acting)
(d. 1510)
28 Feb 1535 - 4 Feb 1549 Hermann
Brüggenei, gen. Hasenkamp (b. c.1475 - d. 1549)
(co-adjutor from 1533)
4 Feb 1549 - 18 May 1551 Johann
von der
Recke
(b. c.1480 - d. 1551)
(co-adjutor from 1541)
18 May 1551 - 30 May 1557 Heinrich von
Galen
(b. 1480 - d. 1557)
(acting to Jun 1551)
1 Jun 1557 - 17 Sep 1559 Johann
Wilhelm Graf
von
(b. c.1500 - d. 1568)
Fürstenberg (co-adjutor from 1556)
17 Sep 1559 - 5 Mar 1562 Gotthard
Ketteler
(b. 1517 - d. 1587)
(co-adjutor from 9 Jul 1558)
Polish Military governors
1559 -
1560
Jan Hieronim Chodkiewicz, herbu (b. c.1537 -
d. 1579)
Gryf z Mieczem
- jointly with -
1559 -
1560
Jerzy Zenowicz
(b. c.1550 - d. 1614)
16 Jun 1560 - 28 Nov 1561 Mikołaj
Radziwiłł "Rudy,"
herbu (b. 1512 - d. 1584)
Trąby
Polish Governors of Livonia
28 Nov 1561 - 15 May 1562? Mikołaj
Radziwiłł "Rudy," herbu
(s.a.)
Trąby (1st time)
5 Mar 1562 - 26 Dec 1566
Gotthard Ketteler Herzog
von (b. 1517 - d. 1587)
Kurland und Semgallen
2 Aug 1566 - 26 May 1578 Jan
Hieronim Chodkiewicz, herbu (s.a.)
Gryf z Mieczem (administrator) (s.a.)
14 Jan 1578-af.2 Apr 1578 Aleksander
Chodkiewicz (acting) (b. c.1544 - d. c.1578)
3 Jun 1578 - 11 Nov 1584 Mikołaj
Radziwiłł "Rudy," herbu (s.a.)
Trąby (2nd time)
Mar/Apr1582-bf.12 Jul 1588 Stanisław
Pękosławski, herbu (d. 1588)
Abdank
1588 - 1589
Vacant
1589 - 20 Nov
1603 Krzysztof
Radziwiłł Piorun, (b. 1547 - d.
1603)
herbu Trąby
2 Nov 1589 - Apr 1601
Jan Abramowicz (or Abrahamowicz), (d. 1602)
herbu
Jastrzębie
(president of Dorpat province)
1603 - 24 Sep
1621 Jan
Karol Chodkiewicz,
(b. 1560 - d. 1621)
hrabia na Szkłowie (administrator;
from
c.17 Mar 1604 also commissar)
Swedish Governors of Livland
1621 - 1622
Kaspar Kruse (Kruus)
19 Aug 1622 - Jun 1628
Jakob Pontusson de la Gardie,
(b. 1583 - d. 1652)
greve Lecko
Jun 1628 -
1629
Gustaf Horn (acting)
(b. 1577 - d. 1645)
29 Nov 1629 -
1633
Johann Bengtson
Schroderus, (b. 1577
- d. 1645)
friherre Skytte af Duderhof
1633 -
1634
Nils Assersson Mannersköld
(b. 1586 - d. 1655)
(acting)
16 Oct 1634 - 9 Jun 1643 Bengt
Bengtsson,
friherre
(b. 1591 - d. 1643)
Oxenstierna af Eka och Lindö
2 Aug 1643 - 11 Mar 1644 Hermann
Hansson Wrangell (b.
1587 - d. 1643)
30 May 1644 -
1644
Erik Erikson friherre
Ryning (b. 1592 - d. 1654)
Oct 1645 - 8 Sep
1647 Gabriel Bengtson,
friherre (b.
1586 - d. 1656)
Oxenstierna
1647 - 1649
Erik Gustavsson, greve
Stenbock (b. 1612 - d. 1659)
till Bogesund
11 May 1649 -
1652
Magnus Gabriel Jakobson, greve (b. 1622 -
d. 1686)
de la Gardie (1st time)
12 Oct 1652 - 21 Feb 1653 Gustaf Karlsson
Horn af Kankas, (b. 1592 - d. 1657)
greve Björneburg
1653 - 1655
Gustav Adolf Lewenhaupt
(b. 1619 - d. 1656)
19 May 1655 -
1658
Magnus Gabriel Jakobson, greve (s.a.)
de la Gardie (2nd time)
25 May 1658 - Jul 1661
Robert Patrickson, greve Douglas (b. 1611 - d.
1662)
1661 -
1662
Axel Gustafson, greve
Lillje (b. 1603 - d. 1662)
1662 - 11 Aug
1666
Bengt Gabrielson Oxenstierna,
(b. 1623 - d. 1702)
greve Korsholm
Sep 1666 - 14 Jul 1671
Claes Akesson, greve
Tott (b.
1616 - d. 1674)
1671 -
1674
Fabian von Fersen, friherre von (b. 1626 -
d. 1677)
Cronendahl (acting)
1674 -
1686
Krister Claesson,
friherre (b.
1622 - d. 1692)
Horn af Amyne
14 Jun 1686 - 24 Dec 1695 Jakob Johann
Ewoldson, greve (b. 1647 -
d. 1695)
Hastfer
1 Oct 1696 - 18 Apr 1702 Erik
Jonsson, greve Dahlberg
(b. 1625 - d. 1703)
18 Apr 1702 - 17 Jan 1706 Karl Gustaf
Hansson, friherre (b. 1637 - d.
1714)
Frölich
17 Jan 1706 - Sep 1709
Adam Ludwig, greve Lewenhaupt
(b. 1659 - d. 1719)
Sep 1709 - 23 Oct 1709
Henrik Otto von Albedyl (acting) (b. 1666 - d.
1738)
23 Oct 1709 - 15 Jul 1710 Niels Jonsson,
greve Strömberg af (b. 1646 - d. 1723)
Clästorp
Russian Governors of Riga
15 Jul 1710 - Mar 1711
Knyaz' Anikita Ivanovich Repnin- (b. 1668 - d.
1726)
Obolenskiy (1st time)(interim)
Mar 1711 - May
1719 Knyaz'
Aleksandr Danilovich
(b. 1673 - d. 1729)
Menshikov (also of Estonia)
May 1719 - 14 Jul 1726
Knyaz' Anikita Ivanovich Repnin- (s.a.)
Obolenskiy (2nd time)
Jul 1726 - Jan
1727 Herman
Jensen de Bohn (acting) (b. 1672 - d.
1743)
Jan 1727 - May
1729 Graf
Grigoriy Petrovich
(b. 1672 - d. 1745)
Chernyshev
27 May 1729 - 30 Apr 1751 Graf
Pyotr Petrovich fon Lassi (b.
1678 - d. 1751)
(= Peter Graf von Lacy)
(from 25 Feb 1740 governor-general)
30 Apr 1751 - Jun 1753
Vladimir Chernyshev (acting)
Jun 1753 - 1 Apr
1758 Fyodor
Matveyevich Voyeykov (b. 1703 - d.
1778)
(acting)
1 Apr 1758 - 11 Jun 1761 Knyaz'
Vladimir
Petrovich
(b. 1696 - d. 1761)
Dolgorukiy (Dolgorukov)
1761 - 12 Mar 1762
Yakov Stepanovich
Arshenevskiy (d. 1771)
(acting)
Governor-general of Riga (from
1775, also in Estonia)
12 Mar 1762 - 29 Sep 1792 Yuriy
Broun
(b.
1698 - d. 1792)
(from 1774, Graf Yuriy
Broun)
(= Georg Graf Braun)
Governors of Riga (from 1796, Livonia)
20 Jun 1782 - 1783
Ivan Alferyevich Pil (Piell) (b.
c.1730 - d. 1801)
Jul 1783 -
1783
Nikolay Sergeyevich Naumov
(d. 1783)
19 Dec 1783 - 5 Dec 1790 Aleksandr
Andreyevich Bekleshov (b. 1745 - d. 1808)
5 Dec 1790 - 17 Mar 1792 Johann von
Reck
17 Mar 1792 - 28 May 1795 Peter Ludwig
Freiherr von der (b. 1745 - d.
1826)
Pahlen
(= Baron Pyotr Alekseyevich fon der Palen)
28 May 1795 - 24 Jan 1797 Gerhard Konrad
Kasimir Freiherr (b. 1749 - d. 1813)
von Meyendorff
24 Jan 1797 - 26 Feb 1797 Balthasar
Freiherr
von
(b. 1745 - d. 1800)
Campenhausen
26 Feb 1797 - 6 Sep 1797 Ernst
Burchard Graf von Mengden, (b. 1738 - d. 1797)
Freiherr von Altenwoga
12 Sep 1797 - 29 Aug 1808 Christoph Adam
von Richter
(b. 1751 - d. 1815)
29 Aug 1808 - 13 May 1811
Ivan Nikolayevich Repyev
(b. 1755 - d. 1833)
13 May 1811 - 5 Nov
1827 Osip Osipovich Dyugamel
(b. 1768 - d. 1840)
(= Joseph Du Hamel)
27 Nov 1827 - 29 Apr 1829 Baron Pavel Vasilyevich
fon Gan (b. 1793 - d. 1862)
(= Paul Freiherr von Hahn)
29 Apr 1829 - 23 May 1829 Ludwig Johann Ferdinand
von (b. 1788 - d. 1855)
Cube (1st time) (acting)
23 May 1829 - 25 Feb 1847 Georg Friedrich
von Fölkersahm (b. 1766
- d. 1848)
(Foelkersam)
(= Yegor Fyodorovich fon Fyolkerzam)
25 Feb 1847 - 8 Jun 1847 Ludwig
Johann Ferdinand von
(s.a.)
Cube (2nd time) (acting)
8 Jun 1847 - 30 May 1862 Heinrich
Magnus Wilhelm von
(b. 1796 - d. 1869)
Essen
30 May 1862 - 31 Jan 1868 August Georg
Friedrich von
(b. 1823 - d. 1908)
Öttingen
31 Jan 1868 - 24 Nov 1871 Friedrich
Woldemar von Lysander (b. 1816 - d. 1893)
24 Nov 1871 - 10 Feb 1872 Julius Gustav
von Cube (acting) (b. 1815 - d. 1888)
(= Yuliy Leontyevich Kube)
10 Feb 1872 - 4 Dec 1874 Michael
Freiherr von Wrangell (b. 1836 -
d. 1899)
(= Mikhail Baron fon Vrangel')
4 Dec 1874 - 1 Dec 1882 Alexander Karl
Abraham Freiherr
von
Üxküll-Güldenbandt
(b. 1840 - d. 1912)
(acting to 18 Dec 1874)
1 Dec 1882 - 18 Jan 1883 Hermann
Friedrich Johannes von (b. 1845 - d. 1917)
Tobiesen
(1st time)(acting)
(German Avgustovich Tobizen)
18 Jan 1883 - 13 May 1885 Ivan Yegorovich Shevich
(b. 1838 - d.
1912)
13 May 1885 - 21 Jun 1885 Hermann
Friedrich Johannes von (s.a.)
Tobiesen
(2nd time) (acting)
21 Jun 1885 - 14 Dec 1895 Mikhail
Alekseyevich Zinovyev (b. 1838 -
d. 1895)
14 Dec 1895 - 7 Mar 1896 Aleksandr
Nikolayevich Bulygin (b. 1842 - d.
1902)
(1st time) (acting)
7 Mar 1896 - 21 Sep 1900 Vladimir
Dmitriyevich Surovtsev (b. 1856 - d. 1900)
21 Sep 1900 - 9 Feb 1901 Aleksandr
Nikolayevich Bulygin (s.a.)
(2nd time) (acting)
9 Feb 1901 - 27 Jun 1905 Mikhail
Alekseyevich Pashkov (b. 1853 - d.
1908)
(acting to 13 Jan 1902)
28 Jun 1905 - 28 Jul 1905 Pyotr Petrovich Neklyudov
(acting)(b. 1854 - d. 1934)
28 Jul 1905 - 17 Aug 1905 Yakov
Dmitriyevich Bologovskiy (b. 1863 -
d.af.1913)
(acting)
17 Aug 1905 - 23 Nov 1914 Nikolay
Aleksandrovich Zvegintsov (b. 1848 - d. 1920)
Oct 1905 - Jan
1906 Janis
Ozols (Jānis Ozols)
(b. 1878 - d.
1968) LSDP
+ Samuil "Maksim"
Klevanskiy (d. 1941)
Bund
(leaders of the Federated Committee
of Riga; in rebellion)
23 Nov 1914 - Jan 1916
Arkadiy Ippolitovich Kelepovskiy (b. 1870 - d.
1925)
Jan 1916 - 1 Feb
1916 Sergey Sergeyevich
Podolinskiy (b. 1879 - d. 1944)
(acting)
1 Feb 1916 - 8 Feb 1917
Nikolay Nikolayevich Lavrinovskiy (b. 1875 - d. 1930)
20 Feb 1917 - 18 Mar 1917 Sergey
Alekseyevich Shidlovskiy (b. 1864 - d.
1922)
(Schidlowski)
Governorate-Commissars of the (Russian) Provisional
Government
(and chairman of Provisional Provincial Assembly of
Livonia province)
18 Mar 1917 - 3 Apr 1917 Andrejs
Krastkalns
(b. 1868 - d. 1939)
LTP
(= Andrey Krastkalns)
3 Apr 1917 - Nov 1917 Andrejs
(Andrievs) Priedkalns
(b. 1873 - d. 1923) LSDSP
(= Andrey Priedkalns)
(acting to 27 May 1917)
Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Committee of
the 12th Army
9 Nov 1917 - 21 Nov 1917 Jurijs
Kariņš (= Yuriy Karins)
(b. 1887 - d. 1922) LSDSP
Commissar for the 12th Army
Nov 1917 - 22 Feb 1918
Semyon Mikhaylovich Nakhimson
(b. 1885 - d. 1918) Bund
Chairmen of the Executive Committee of
the Soviet of Workers',
Soldiers' and Landless Deputies of Latvia
("Iskolat")
21 Nov 1917 - 22 Nov 1917 Oto
Kārkliņš
(b. 1884 - d. 1942) LSDSP
(= Otto Yanovich Karklin)
22 Nov 1917 - 22 Feb 1918 Fricis Roziņš
(b. 1870 - d. 1919) LSDSP
(= Fritsis Adamovich Rozin')
(in Soviet Russia exile to Mar 1918)
Commander of the German 8th Army (in Livonia)
18 Feb 1918 - 8 Mar 1918 Günther
Graf von
Kirchbach (b.
1850 - d. 1925) Mil
Head of the Military Administration for Livland
8 Mar 1918 - 31 Jul 1918 Prinz
Albert Wilhelm Heinrich (b. 1862 - d.
1929) Mil
von Preussen
Landmarschälle
1710
Georg Reinhold von Tiesenhausen (b. 1650 -
d. 1734)
Freiherr zu Erlaa
1710
Johann Albrecht von
Mengden (b. 1663 -
d. 1720)
Freiherr von Altenwoga
1710 -
1712
Magnus Gustav von
Mengden
(b. 1663 - d. 1726)
Freiherr von Altenwoga
1712 -
1715
Magnus Johann von dem Broele,
(d. 1718)
gen. Plater
1715 -
1717
Berend Dietrich von Bock
(b. 1670 - d. 1737)
1717 -
1720
Otto Chistoph von
Richter
(b. 1678 - d. 1729)
1720 -
1723
Woldemar Johann Freiherr
von (b. 1684 - d. 1741)
Ungern-Sternberg
1723 -
1727
Gotthard Wilhelm Freiherr von
(b. 1685 - d. 1749)
Budberg, gen. Bönninghausen
1727 -
1730
Gotthard Wilhelm von
Berg (b.
1682 - d. 1756)
1730 -
1737
Caspar Friedrich von Buddenbrock (d. 1737)
1737 -
1742
Johann Gustav Freiherr
von (b. 1693 -
d. 1754)
Budberg, gen. Bönninghausen
1742 -
1747
Heinrich Gustav von
Patkul (b.
1698 - d. 1778)
1747 -
1759
Gustav Henrich von
Igelström (b. 1695 - d.
1771)
1759 -
1765
Leonhard Johann Freiherr
von (b. 1727 - d. 1796)
Budberg, gen. Bönninghausen
1765 -
1769
Adolf Heinrich von
Anrep
(b. 1717 - d. 1765)
1769 -
1775
Carl Gustav von Mengden Freiherr (b. 1723 - d.
1775)
von Altenwoga
1775 -
1777
Caspar Heinrich von Rosenkampf (b.
1734 - d. 1790)
1777 -
1783
Franz Wilhelm von Rennenkampf (b. 1743 -
d. 1784)
1In co-charge of the Landratskollegium, a body of 12 members, were two Residierende Landräte, rotating every month. Their monthly terms and division in 12 lines are currently unavailable.
Noble titles: Greve/Graf
= Count; Friherre/Freiherr = Baron; Herzog
= Duke; Knyaz' = Prince.
Party abbreviations: Bund
= Algemeyner Yidisher Arbeter Bund in Lite, Poyln un
Rusland (General Jewish Labour Bund of Lithuania, Poland
and Russia, Jewish social-democratic, 7 Oct 1897-19 Apr
1920, merged into RCP); LSD-L
= Latvijas Sociāldemokrātija (Lielinieki) (Social
Democracy of Latvia [Bolshevik], communist,
branch of RSDRP-B, split from LSDSP, May 1918-Mar 1919,
renamed LKP); LSDSP-M
= Latvijas Sociāldemokrātiskā Strādnieku Partija
(Mazinieki)(Social Democratic Workers' of Latvia
[Menshevik], social-democratic,
split from LSDSP, May 1918-1919); LSDSP
= Latvijas Sociāldemokrātiskā Strādnieku
Partija (Social Democratic Workers' Party of Latvia,
center-left, democratic-socialist, 1904-1906, 17 Jun
1918-16 May 1934, re-est.3 Dec 1989); LTP
= Latviešu Tautas Partija (Latvian
People's Party, conservative, 1905-1918); LZS
= Latviešu Zemnieku Savienība (Latvian
Farmers' Union, agrarian, conservative, 12 May 1917-16
May 1934)
Riga
|
![[Riga merchant
flag, 1270-1582]](lv-rig3.gif "[Riga merchant flag,
1270-1582]")
| Map of Riga | Capital: Riga | Population: N/A |
1201 Seat of Bishopric of Livonia (established in 1186) moves from Üxküll
(Ikšķile) to the newly founded city of Riga. Gradual conquest
of the peoples of modern Latvia begins; completed 1290.
2 Feb 1207 Bishop of Riga takes the style of Prince of Livonia
(Fürst von Livland) and makes Livonia part of the Holy Roman
Empire (formally 1 Dec 1225). Part of the bishop's territories
given as a fief to his standing army, the Swordbrothers
Order (Schwertbrüderorden, formally Fratres Militiae Christi
Livoniae, established in 1202).
1221 - 1223 Riga a vassal of Denmark.
1226 Riga granted city rights.
12 May 1237 Swordbrothers Order is incorporated into the Teutonic Order as
a separate branch or province, informally known as the Livonian
Order (Livländischer Orden) and administered by the Land-Master
of the Teutonic Order in Livonia (see under Courland).
1253 Archbishop of Livonia, Prussia and Estonia, previously having no
separate diocese, becomes also the Bishop of Riga. Both offices
formally merged 20 Jan 1255.
middle 13th cent. Archbishop waived authority over city of Riga and left the city at
the beginning of the 14th century (first to Rome and Avignon, but
from early 15th century to 1560 he resided at Koknese, Rauna or
Limbaži, in Livonia).
1282 Riga becomes a member of the Hanseatic League.
18 Mar 1330 - 18 May 1484 Riga forced to surrender to the Livonian Order (Riga is the seat of
the Master of the Livonian Order 1340s-1429, 1434-1470 & 1471-1480).
7 May 1366 Nominal suzerainty of Archbishop of Riga over the possessions
of the Livonian Order is formally abolished.
30 Mar 1491 Riga again forced to surrender to the Livonian Order.
14 Jan 1582 Riga, having been a Free City (Freie Stadt Riga) of since 5 Mar 1562
is incorporated into Poland-Lithuania as a part of Livonia
(Riga remains an autonomous city under the Polish-Lithuanian
sovereignty to 1621).
26 Sep 1621 City of Riga surrenders to Swedish forces.
15 Jul 1710 Riga surrenders to Russian troops. Annexed by Russia, city autonomy
guaranteed.
10 Sep 1721 Ceded by Sweden to Russia as part of Livonia under the Peace of
Nystad, autonomy of city is confirmed.
1762 – 19 Jan 1787 Russian government gradually abolishes city autonomy.
3 Sep 1917 Occupied by Germany, administered separately from Ober Ost
(from 1 Sep 1918, under the Military Administration of the
Baltic Lands).
3 Mar 1918 By the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the district of Riga is "no
longer subject to Russian sovereignty", but Germany
"determines the future status of these territories in
agreement with their population".
12 Apr 1918 – 28 Nov 1918 Included in the Baltic State/Duchy.
11 Nov 1918 In the Armistice at Compiegne, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk is
declared void and German troops to be withdrawn (German troops
left Riga by the end of Dec 1918).
18 Nov 1918 Independent Republic of Latvia proclaimed.
3 Jan 1919 - 22 May 1919 Soviet rule in Riga, part of the Latvian S.S.R.
22 May 1919 Stormed by troops (Latvian [formerly Baltic] Landeswehr) loyal to
the Latvian government of Andrievs Niedra.
27 Jun 1919 - 3 Jul 1919 German troops take over Riga in absence of Latvian authority.
3 Jul 1919 According to the Truce of Strazdumuiža (Strasdenhof), German troops
to be withdrawn from Latvia (Germans left Riga 5 Jul 1919) and
temporary Allied administration established in Riga.
7 Jul 1919 Riga restored to the government of the Republic of Latvia.
9 Oct 1919 – 11 Nov 1919 Western Russian Army occupies Pārdaugava, the western half of Riga.
Bishops of Livonia (in Üxküll)
1186 - 12 Oct 1196 Meinhard (Meinhardus) (b. c.1140 - d. 1196)
1196 - 24 Aug 1198 Berthold Schulte (d. 1198)
Mar 1199 - 1201 Albrecht von Buxhövden (b. c.1165 - d. 1229)
Bishops of Riga (from 1207, also Princes of Livland)
1201 - 17 Jan 1229 Albrecht I von Buxhövden (s.a.)
8 Apr 1231 - Dec 1253 Nikolaus von Nauen (d. 1253)
1254 - 20 Jan 1255 Albrecht II Suerbeer (d. 1273)
Archbishops of Riga and Princes of Livland
20 Jan 1255 - 1273 Albrecht II Suerbeer (s.a.)
17 May 1274 - 1285 Johannes I von Lünen (d. 1285)
10 Jan 1286 - 1294 Johannes II von Vechten (d. 1294)
18 Apr 1295 - 1300 Johannes III Graf von Schwerin (d. 1300)
19 Dec 1300 - 11 Apr 1302 Isarno Morlane (d. 1303)
(= Isarno Tacconi, Isarnus Fontianost)
11 Apr 1302 - 1304 Jens Grand (b. c.1260 - d. 1327)
21 Mar 1304 - Mar 1341 Friedrich Banner von Pernstein (b. c.1270 - d. 1341)
(= Friedrich Baro)
18 Oct 1341 - 9 Sep 1347 Engelbrecht von Dolen (d. 1347)
17 Mar 1348 - 28 Dec 1369 Fromhold von Vyshusen (Vyffhusen) (d. 1369)
11 Feb 1370 - 30 Jun 1374 Siegfried von Blomberg (d. 1374)
23 Oct 1374 - 24 Sep 1393 Johannes IV von Ziten (Sinten) (d. 1397)
24 Sep 1393 - 8 Apr 1395 Vacant
8 Apr 1395 - 30 May 1418 Johannes V von Wallenrode (b. c.1370 - d. 1419)
(Wallenrodt)
11 Jul 1418 - 14 May 1424 Johannes VI Ambundi (d. 1424)
13 Oct 1424 - 5 Apr 1448 Henning Scharpenberg (d. 1448)
9 Oct 1448 - 12 Jul 1479 Silvester Stodewäscher (d. 1479)
12 Jul 1479 - 22 Mar 1480 Vacant
22 Mar 1480 - 20 Dec 1483 Stephan Grube (d. 1483)
4 Jun 1484 - 5 Feb 1509 Michael Hildebrand (b. 1433 - d. 1509)
23 May 1509 - 29 Jun 1524 Casper (Jasper) Linde (d. 1524)
29 Jun 1524 - 9 Sep 1527 Johannes VII Blankenfeld (b. 1481 - d. 1527)
18 Jan 1531 - 11 Aug 1539 Thomas Schöning (d. 1539)
7 Sep 1539 - 4 Feb 1563 Wilhelm von Hohenzollern Markgraf
von Brandenburg (b. 1498 - d. 1563)
Wortführender Bürgermeister
15.. - 1693 ....
1693 – 14 Jan 1709 Paul Brockhausen (b. 1632 – d. 1709)
1709 – 19 Aug 1717 Johann von Oettingen (b. 1638 – d. 1717)
1717 - 1719 Johann von Benkendorff (b. 1659 – d. 1727)
1719 - 1725 Christian Zimmermann (b. 1675 – d. 1737)
bf.1734 – 21 Nov 1740 Melchior von Wiedau "der Ältere" (b. 1679 – d. 1740)
1740 - 8 Dec 1753 Georg Berens (b. 1684 – d. 1753)
bf.1762 – 10 Sep 1764 Gotthard von Vegesack "der (b. 1686 – d. 1764)
Jungere"
1764 – 1767 Andreas Stoever (b. 1709 – d. 1773)
1767 - 1772 Melchior von Wiedau "der Jungere" (b. 1716 – d. 1787)
1772 - 19 Jan 1787 Johann Heinrich Schick (b. 1717 – d. 1789)
German Military Commander (of the 8th Army)
3 Sep 1917 - 4 Sep 1917 Oskar Emil von Hutier (b. 1857 - d. 1934) Mil
Governors of Riga, Chiefs of Administration
4 Sep 1917 - Jul 1918 Karl Wilhelm Benedix von Alten (b. 1852 – d. 1937) Mil
Jul 1918 - 31 Aug 1918 Arnold von Engelbrechten (b. 1870 - d. 1953) Mil
Governors of Riga
27 Jun 1919 - 3 Jul 1919 Friedrich Sixt von Arnim (b. 1851 - d. 1936) Mil
(Germany)
3 Jul 1919 - 7 Jul 1919 Stephen George Tallents (U.K.) (b. 1884 - d. 1958) Non-party
(civil governor)
+ Ernest Joseph Dawley (U.S.) (b. 1886 - d. 1973) Mil
(military governor)
Western Russian Commander (of Eiserne Division)(in western half of Riga)
9 Oct 1919 – 11 Nov 1919 Josef Bischoff (b. 1872 – d. 1948) Mil
Latgale (Polish Livonia)
|
![[Polish
Livonia (Inflanty Polskie) 1629-1772
(Poland)]](lv-livonia.png "[Polish Livonia (Inflanty
Polskie) 1629-1772 (Poland)]")
| Map of Polish Livonia | Capital: Dyneburg (Daugavpils) | Population: 190,000 (1782) | Constitution: Ordinatio (1677-1772) |
26 Sep
1629
Poland-Lithuania retains the
eastern part of the Duchy
of
Livonia (i.e., Lettgallia), thereafter informally
called "Polish Livonia" (Inflanty Polskie)
or "Little
Livonia", which is in full union with the
Polish-Lithuanian
crown. King continues to use the style "Prince of Livonia"
(Książę Inflancki).
1677
Formally made a province (Województwo
Inflancki in Polish;
in Lithuanian: Inflantijos Vaivadija)
of the Poland-Lithuania,
administered as a part of Lithuania, but nominally a
common
possession of both nations. Provincial capital in Dyneburk
(Daugavpils).
1704 -
1710
Secured by Russian troops according to
Treaty of Narva of
19 Aug 1704.
30 Sep
1772
Annexed by Russia in the First
Partition of the Poland-
Lithuania and made part of the government of
Pskov. The diets
of Polish Livonia are held in exile in
Courland to 1789.
4 Sep 1776
Part of the government of Polotsk (see under Belarus).
1794
Daugavpils briefly under rule
by Polish-Lithuanian insurgents.
23 Dec
1796
Part of the government of Belarus.
11 Mar
1802
Part of the government of Vitebsk (see under Belarus).
20 Jul 1812 – 28 Sep
1812 Dinaburg (Dünaburg [modern Daugavpils]) under
French occupation
(subordinated
to the commander of the 10th Corps in Courland).
Jan 1863 - Mar
1863 Rebellion
in Kreslav (Kraslava) in support of the "Second
insurrection" in Poland.
12 Nov 1917
Bolshevik rule (from 9 Dec 1917, part of the Western Kray:
see under Belarus).
27 Dec
1917
Soviet Russian government accepts separation of Latgale
from
government of Vitebsk and its merger with
Livonia, following the
decision of the Latgale Workers', Soldiers' and
Peasants'
Congress of 17 Dec 1917 (largely not effected).
18 Feb 1918
Daugavpils (rest of
Latgale by 20 Feb 1918) occupied by Germany.
3 Mar
1918
By the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Russia retains
sovereignty over
Latgale, which is to remain "occupied by a
German police force
until security is ensured by proper local institutions."
5 Oct 1918
Latgale Land Council,
recognized by the Germans as the principal
local administrative institution, affirms separation of
Latgale
from government of Vitebsk and requests
merger with the Baltics.
18 Nov 1918
Claimed
by the Republic of Latvia.
9 Dec 1918
Daugavpils
(rest of Latgale by 10 Dec 1918) handed over by Germans
to Soviet Russian troops (17 Dec 1918 – 13
Jan 1920 part of the
Latvian S.S.R.). German garrison left Daugavpils on 23
Dec 1918.
3 Jan
1920
Polish and Latvian troops take
Daugavpils (the rest of Latgale
by 1 Feb 1920), Polish troops remain in Latgale to 11
Apr 1920.
11 Aug
1920
Recognized by Soviet Russia as
part of Latvia.
Voivodes of Polish Livonia (in
Polish Województwa Inflanckiego)
(from 30 Sep 1772, only
nominally)
Aug 1677 - 10 Jan 1695
Jan Teodor Schlieben
(b. 1638 - d. 1695)
28 Feb 1695 - 24 Feb
1696 Jan Plater (Jerzy Płatem)
(b. c.1626 - d. 1696)
(palatine to 28 Feb 1695)
17Mar/Aug?1696-27Nov
1705 Otto Fryderyk Felkerzamb
(b. 1641 - d. 1705)
(= Otto Friedrich von Fölkersahm)
27 Nov 1705 – 8 Dec 1705 Władysław
Franciszek Berg (b.
c.1630 - d. 1710)
(castellan)(1st time)(acting)
8 Dec 1705 - Jan
1707 Fabian Ksawery Plater
(b. c.1628 - d.
1707)
Jan 1707 – 24 Jan
1707 Władysław
Franciszek Berg
(s.a.)
(castellan)(2nd time)(acting)
24 Jan 1707 -
1709
Stefan Karol Grothus
(b. 1662 - d. 1717)
4 Nov 1709 - Feb
1713 Józef Mikołaj Koss
(b. 1680 - d. 17132)
20 Feb 1713 - 21 Nov
1722 Piotr Jerzy Przebendowski
(b. c.1674 - d. 1755)
(castellan to 20 Feb 1713)
21 Nov 1722 - 11 Oct 1735 Antoni Andrzej
Morsztyn
(b. 1677 - d. 1735)
11 Oct 1735 – 17 Nov
1735 Mikołaj Swinarski (1st time)
(b. c.1670 - d. 1737)
(castellan) (acting)
17 Nov 1735 - 24 Nov 1736 Jan Ludwik
Plater
(b. c.1686 - d. 1736)
24 Nov 1736 – 16 May
1737 Mikołaj Swinarski (2nd
time) (s.a.)
(castellan) (acting)
16 May 1737 – 8 Jul 1737 Vacant
8 Jul 1737 - 25 Jun 1765 Franciszek
Jakub Szembek
(b. 1690 - d. 1765)
25 Jun 1765 - 9 Jul
1765 Józef Jerzy Hylzen
(acting) (b. 1736 – d. 1786)
(castellan)
9 Jul 1765 - 19 Oct 1767 Jan
Jedrzej Józef Borch (b.
1715 - d. 1780)
(= Johann Andreas Joseph von der Borch)
19 Oct 1767 – 3 Nov 1767 Józafat
Zyberk (1st time)
(b. 1694 - d. 1776)
(castellan) (acting)
3 Nov 1767 - 8 Apr 1769 Stanisław
Brzostowski
(b. 1733 - d. 1769)
8 Apr 1769 - 23 Mar
1775 Józafat Zyberk (2nd time)
(s.a.)
(castellan
to 20 Jun 1769)
10 Apr 1775 -
1778 Jan
Tadeusz Zyberk
(b. 1739 - d. 1806)
3 Oct1778-24Feb/1
Nov1788 Kasper Rogaliński
(b. c.1725 - d. 1788)
20 Oct 1790 - 23 Feb
1794 Adam Ewald Felkerzamb
(b. 1734 - d. 1794)
(= Adam Ewald Fölkersahm)
Polish-Lithuanian Commander
1794
Książę Michał
Kleofas Ogiński (b. 1765 – d. 1833)
French Commanders (of 1st Brigade, then 2nd Brigade of
7th Division)
20 Jul 1812 – Aug 1812 Étienne Pierre
Sylvestre, baron (b. 1771 – d. 1843)
Ricard
Aug 1812 - 28 Sep 1812 Książę
Michał Gedeon Hieronim (b. 1778 - d. 1850)
Radziwiłł (= Prince Michael Radziwill)
Commander in Kreslav (Kraslava)
Jan 1863 - Mar
1863 Leon
Joachim Błażej
(b. c.1836 - d. 1863)
Broel-Plater (in rebellion)
Chairman of the Executive Committee of the
Latgale Provisional Workers',
Soldiers' and Peasants' Soviet (in
Rēzekne)
17 Dec 1917 - 1918
A.
Malyshenko
RSDRP-B
German Commanders (of Army Detachment D,
from 2 Oct 1918 XX Army Corps)
18 Feb 1918 - 2 Oct 1918 Hans von
Kirchbach
(b. 1849 - d. 1925) Mil
(arrived 28 Feb 1918)
2 Oct 1918 - 23 Dec 1918 Viktor
Albrecht
(b. 1859 – d.
1930) Mil
Chairman of the Board of the Latgale Land
Council (chief civil authority)
5 Oct 1918 - Nov 1918
Rudolph "Ralf" Heinrich (b.
1874 – d. 1948) Non-party
Freiherr von Engelhardt
Soviet Russian Commanders (of Western Army's
Latvian Group; from 7 Jun 1919, 15th Army)
8 Dec 1918 – 27 Dec 1918 G.
Andreyev
Mil
7 Jun 1919 – 25 Jun 1919 Pyotr
Antonovich
Slaven
(b. 1874 – d. 1919) Mil
(= Pēteris Slavens)
25 Jun 1919 – 31 Jul 1919 Sergey Dmitriyevich
Kharlamov (b. 1881 – d. 1965) Mil
(acting)
31 Jul 1919 – 15 Oct 1919 Avgust Ivanovich Kork
(1st time)(b. 1887 – d. 1937) Mil
(= August Kork)
15 Oct 1919 – 22 Oct 1919 Aleksandr Ivanovich Kuk
(acting)(b. 1886 - d. 1932) Mil
(= Aleksandr Kukk)
22 Oct 1919 – 1 Feb 1920 Avgust Ivanovich
Kork (2nd time)(s.a.)
Mil
Polish Commander (of Operational Group "Dzwina")
Jan 1920 – Mar
1920 Edward
Rydz-Śmigły
(b. 1886 – d. 1941) Mil
Russian Baltic Provinces
| Map of Baltic Provinces | Capital: Riga | Population:
2,000 (1785) |
1775
Russian governors-general of province of Livonia also
permanently
governors-general of province of Estonia.
14
Jul
1783
Offices of governors of Livonia
and Estonia established,
subordinated to governor-general, owing reorganization
of
administration and incorporation of Livonia and Estonia
into Russia.
8
Oct
1800
Livonia, Estonia
and Courland permanently under
single governor-
general for all three provinces with residence in Riga.
30
Jun
1801
Office of single overall governor-general of Livonia,
Estonia and
Courland formally established. All three provinces know
thereafter informally as the "Baltic Provinces" or
"Baltic Sea
Provinces" (Ostseeprovinzen or
[from the late 19th century]
Baltische Provinzen in German; Pribaltiyskiye
Gubernii [Baltic
Governorates] or Ostzeyskiye Gubernii
[Ostsee Governorates] in
Russian)
or "Baltic Region" (Pribaltiyskiy
Kray).
19
Aug 1808 - 5 Apr 1819 Separate
governor-general for Estonia (office sometimes vacant).
7
Feb
1876
Government-general abolished.
23
Aug 1905 - 28 Apr 1909 Government-general
temporarily restored in Courland (11 Dec 1905
in Livonia, 25 Dec 1905 in Estonia).
2
Aug 1914 - 20 Nov 1917 Temporary overall
administration of special plenipotentiaries.
Governors-general of Livonia and Estonia
14 Jul 1783 - 29 Sep 1792 Georg
Graf Braun
(b. 1698 - d. 1792)
(= Count George Browne)
29 Sep 1792 - 11 Oct 1792 Vacant
11 Oct 1792 - Oct 1798
Knyaz' Nikolay Vasilyevich Repnin (b. 1734 - d.
1801)
Oct 1798 - 9 Nov
1798 Vacant
9 Nov 1798 - 8 Oct 1800
Ludwig von Nagel
(b. 17.. - d. 1807)
(= Larion Timofeyevich Nagel')
Governors-General of Livonia, Estonia and Courland (in
Riga)
8 Oct 1800 - 29 Jun 1801 Peter
Ludwig Graf von der Pahlen (b. 1745 - d.
1826)
(= Graf Pyotr Lyudvig Alekseyevich fon Palen)
29 Jun 1801 - 21 Jul 1801 Vacant
21 Jul 1801 - 23 Sep 1803 Knyaz' Sergey
Fyodorovich Golitsyn (b. 1748 - d. 1810)
23 Sep 1803 - 6 Feb 1807 Friedrich
Wilhelm Graf
von (b.
1750 - d. 1811)
Buxhövden (1st time)
(= Fyodor Fyodorovich Graf fon Buksgevden)
6 Feb 1807 - 27 Mar 1807 Vacant
27 Mar 1807 - 25 Dec 1807 Aleksandr
Petrovich Tormasov
(b. 1752 - d. 1819)
(acting)
25 Dec 1807 - 19 Aug 1808 Friedrich
Wilhelm Graf
von
(s.a.)
Buxhövden (2nd time)
Governors-General of Livonia and Courland (in
Riga)
19 Aug 1808 - 29 Dec 1810 Friedrich
Wilhelm Graf
von
(s.a.)
Buxhövden
29 Dec 1810 - 17 Jun 1812 Knyaz' Dmitriy
Ivanovich
(b. 1758 - d. 1838)
Lobanov-Rostovskiy
17 Jun 1812 - 24 Oct 1812 Johann Magnus
Gustav von Essen (b. 1758 - d.
1813)
(= Ivan Nikolayevich Essen)
24 Oct 1812 - 9 Nov 1812 Vacant
9 Nov 1812 - 5 Apr 1819
Filipo marquis Paulucci
(b. 1779 - d. 1849)
(= Filipp Osipovich Pauluchchi)
(governor-general of Livonia to 4 Jan 1813)
Governors-General of Livonia, Estonia and Courland (in
Riga)
5 Apr 1819 - 11 Jan 1830 Marquis
Filipo
Paulucci
(s.a.)
12 Jan 1830 - 29 Mar 1845 Carl Magnus
Freiherr von der (b. 1779
- d. 1863)
Pahlen
(= Matvey Ivanovich Freiherr fon der
Palen)
29 Mar 1845 - 9 Apr 1845 Vacant
9 Apr 1845 - 13 Jan 1848 Graf
Yevgeniy
Aleksandrovich (b.
1782 - d. 1858)
Golovin
13 Jan 1848 - 13 Nov 1861 Graf Aleksander
Arkadiyevich (b. 1804 -
d. 1882)
Suvorov, Graf Rymnikskiy,
Knyaz'
Italiyskiy
13 Nov 1861 - 14 Dec 1861 Vacant
14 Dec 1861 - 27 Dec 1864 Wilhelm
Heinrich Freiherr von (b.
1799 - d. 1880)
Lieven (Vilgelm Karlovich Baron fon Liven)
27 Dec 1864 - 30 Apr 1866 Graf Pyotr
Andreyevich Shuvalov (b. 1827 - d.
1889)
30 Apr 1866 - 21 Oct 1866 Graf Eduard
Trofimovich Baranov (b. 1811 - d. 1884)
21 Oct 1866 - 29 Jan 1876 Knyaz' Pyotr
Romanovich Bagration (b. 1818 - d. 1876)
Temporary Governors-General of Livonia, Estonia and
Courland (in Riga)
23 Aug 1905 - 25 Dec 1905 Woldemar von
Böckmann
(b. 1848 - d. 1923)
(temporary governor-general of Courland,
then temporary governor-general of
Livonia and Courland to 11 Dec 1905)
25 Dec 1905 - 30 Oct 1906 Graf Vasiliy
Ustinovich Sollogub (b. 1848 - d. 1917)
30 Oct 1906 - 28 Apr 1909 Baron Aleksandr
Nikolayevich (b. 1844 - d. 1928)
Meller-Zakomelskiy
Special Plenipotentiaries for Civil Administration of
Livonia, Estonia and Courland (in Riga)
2 Aug 1914 - Nov
1917 Aleksandr Mikhaylovich
Gerasimov (b. 1861 - d. 1931)
(to 7 Dec 1914 for Estonia and Livonia,
except district of Riga, then for Reval
[Tallinn], Baltischport [Paldiski]
and Dünamünde [Daugavgriva])
2 Aug 1914 - 7 Dec 1914
Churin
(for Courland and district of Riga)
7 Dec 1914 - 15 Aug
1915 Pavel Grigoryevich Komarov-Kurlov (b.
1860 - d. 1923)
15 Aug 1915 - 21 Oct
1915 .... (acting)
21 Oct 1915 - 28 Jul
1917 Radko Ruskov Dimitrov
(acting) (b. 1859 - d. 1918)
28 Jul 1917 - 20 Nov
1917 Vladimir Savelyevich Voytinskiy
(b. 1887 - d. 1960)
(commissioner for civil administration
of Livonia, Estonia and Courland)
Presidents of the Baltic Committee (in
the Russian government)
5 Jun 1846 -
1859
Peter Graf von der
Pahlen
(s.a.)
1859 - 23 Apr
1876
Moritz von
Grünewaldt
(b. 1797 - d. 1877)
German and Allied Military Administrations in Liepāja and Jelgava 1918-1919
Commanders of the German troops in Latvia, Estonia
(to Feb 1919)
and (from Feb 1919) Lithuania
31 Jul 1918 - 14 Jan 1919 Hugo Karl
Gottlieb von Kathen (b. 1855 -
d. 1932) Mil
14 Jan 1919 - 27 Jan 1919 Ludwig von
Estorff
(b. 1859 - d. 1943) Mil
27 Jan 1919 - 3 Feb 1919 Ferdinand
von
Quast
(b. 1850 - d. 1939) Mil
3 Feb 1919 - 3 Oct 1919
Rüdiger Gustav Graf von der Goltz (b. 1865 - d.
1946) Mil
3 Oct 1919 - 13 Dec 1919 Walter von
Eberhardt
(b. 1855 - d. 1939) Mil
German General Plenipotentiaries of the Reich for
Baltic Lands (Latvia and Estonia)
14 Nov 1918 - Jan 1919
August
Winnig
(b. 1878 - d. 1956) Non-party
Jan 1919 - Feb
1919 Wilhelm
Amsinck Burchard-Motz (b. 1878 - d.
1963) Non-party
Head of the Allied Military Mission to the Baltic
States
1919 -
1919
Sir Hubert de la Poer Gough (U.K.)(b. 1870 - d.
1963) Mil
Commanders of the Allied Forces in the Baltic Sea
28 Nov 1918 - 6 Jan 1919 Sir Edwin
Alexander-Sinclair (b.
1865 - d. 1945) Mil
of Freswick (U.K.)
6 Jan 1919 - Dec
1919 Walter Henry Cowan
(U.K.)
(b. 1871 - d. 1956) Mil
Military governors at Liepāja (Libau)
Nov 1918 - 1 Feb
1919 Johann Wilhelm
Neugebauer
(b. 1854 - d. 1932) Mil
(Germany)
1 Feb 1919 - 23 Jun 1919 Rüdiger
Graf von der
Goltz
(s.a.)
Mil
(Germany)
23 Jun 1919 - 11 Jul 1919 Henry
Rowan-Robinson
(U.K.) (b. 1873 - d.
1947) Mil
11 Jul 1919 - Oct 1919
Latvian administration
Oct 1919 - 7 Nov
1919 Lawrence Leopold Dundas
(U.K.) (b. 1874 - d. 1939)
Mil
7 Nov 1919 - 26 Nov 1919 John
Alfred Moreton (U.K.) (b.
1876 - d. 1920) Mil
Reichskommissariat of Ostland
![[War Ensign 1935-1945
(Germany)]](de1935-w.gif "[War Ensign 1935-1945 (Germany)]")
| Map
of Ostland |
Capital: Riga (Kauen [Kaunas] 25 Jul - 1 Sep 1941, Libau [Liepāja] 14 Oct 1944 - Jan 1945) |
Currency: 1941-44 German Reichsmark (DER); 1942-1944 German Reichskreditkassenscheine (XDEK) |
Population: 8,030,088 (1943 est.) |
Decree Regarding Assumption of Authority (18 Aug 1941) |
24 Jun 1941
German occupation of Kaunas and
Vilnius.
1 Jul 1941
German
occupation of Riga.
25 Jul
1941
Reichskommissariat of Ostland (Reichskommissariat
für das Ostland)
established (by decree of 17 Jul 1941).
Composed of the
Generalbezirke
(General Districts) of:
Lettland (Latvia)(until
1 Sep 1941 includes only Courland),
and Litauen (Lithuania)(excludes
Vilnius until 1 Aug 1941).
1 Sep 1941
Generalbezirk Weissruthenien
(central part of Belarus) within
Ostland.
18 Sep
1941
Grodno (Hrodna) area is transferred to Bezirk
(district) Bialystok
(effective 1 Nov 1941).
5 Dec
1941
Generalbezirk Estland (Estonia)
added to Ostland.
1 Apr
1944
Weissruthenien separated from Ostland.
13 Jul 1944
Soviet occupation of Vilnius
(and Kaunas on 1 Aug 1944).
23 Jul
1944
Ostland subordinated to the
commander-in-chief of Army Group North.
17 Sep
1944
Germans evacuate Tallinn.
22 Sep
1944
Soviet occupation of Tallinn.
13 Oct
1944
Riga occupied by Soviet forces.
10 Nov
1944
Generalbezirke (by then only
nominal) are abolished. By Nov 1944
Soviet occupation had reduced the authority of Ostland
to only
the Courland peninsula.
21 Jan
1945
Ostland is formally dissolved by decree.
Reichskommissare für
das Ostland
25 Jul 1941 - 26 Sep 1944 Hinrich
Lohse
(b. 1896 - d. 1964) NSDAP
(left for Germany 12 Aug 1944)
12 Aug 1944 – 2 Sep 1944 Martin
Jürgen Matthiessen (b. 1901
– d. 1990) NSDAP
(1st time)(acting for absent Lohse)
2 Sep 1944 - 21 Jan 1945
Erich Koch
(b.
1896 - d. 1986) NSDAP
(acting [for absent Lohse to 26 Sep
1944],
in East Prussia from c.28 Sep 1944)
Sep 1944 – Jan 1945
Martin Jürgen Matthiessen
(s.a.)
NSDAP
(acting for Koch; from end 1944 in
Germany)
Party abbreviation: NSDAP
= Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei
(National Socialist German Worker's Party, nationalist,
Nazi German fascist, only legal party 1941-44)
Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
|
|
![[Latvian Soviet
Socialist Republic 1940-1953]](su-lv4x.gif "[Latvian
Soviet Socialist Republic 1940-1953]")
![[Latvian Soviet
Socialist Republic 1953-1990]](su-lv.gif "[Latvian
Soviet Socialist Republic 1953-1990]")
| Capital: Riga (Daugavpils Aug - Oct 1944) |
Hear
SSR Anthem "Latvijas Padomju Sociālistiskās Republikas valsts himnas" (State Anthem of the Latvian SSR) (1945-1990) |
Constitution (19 Apr 1978) |
Population: 2,529,000 (1980) |
| Latvian
oblasts (1952-1953) |
21 Jul
1940
Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (Latvijas Padomju
Sociālistiskā
Republika/Latviyskaya Sovetskaya Socialisticheskaya
Respublika).
5 Aug
1940
Accession to the Soviet Union (see
under Russia).
1 Jul 1941 - 13 Oct 1944 German
occupation of Riga (eventually all of Latvia);
from 25 Jul/1 Sep 1941 Latvia part of Reichskommissariat
of Ostland (s.a.)
13 Oct 1988
Latvian is declared the state
language in accordance with a law
passed by the Supreme Soviet on 6 Oct 1988.
28 Jul 1989
Declaration of state
sovereignty.
4 May
1990
Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika).
Note: Latvian names with Russian in
parentheses.
First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the
Communist Party of Latvia (LKP)
(to 13 Oct 1952, Communist
[Bolshevik] Party of Latvia)
25 Aug 1940 - 25 Nov 1959 Jānis Kalnbērziņš
(b. 1893 - d. 1986)
(Yan Eduardovich Kalnberzin)
(in
Russian SFSR exile Jul 1941 - Aug 1944)
25 Nov 1959 - 15 Apr 1966 Arvīds Pelše
(b. 1899 - d. 1983)
(Arvid Yanovich Pelshe)
15 Apr 1966 - 14 Apr 1984 Augusts
Voss
(b.
1916 - d. 1994)
(Avgust Eduardovich
Voss)
14 Apr 1984 - 4 Oct 1988 Boriss Pugo (Boris
Karlovich Pugo) (b. 1937 - d. 1991)
4 Oct 1988 - 7 Apr 1990 Jānis
Vagris (Yan Yanovich Vagris) (b. 1930
- d. 2023)
7 Apr 1990 - 24 Aug 1991 Alfrēds
Rubiks
(b.
1935)
(Alfred Petrovich Rubiks)
("leading role"
of the Party abolished 11 Jan 1990)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
25 Aug 1940 - 11 Apr 1952 Augusts Kirchenšteins
(b. 1872
- d. 1963) LKP
(Avgust Martynovich Kirkhenshteyn)
(in
Russian SFSR exile Jul 1941 - Aug 1944)
11 Apr 1952 - 27 Nov 1959 Kārlis Ozoliņš
(b. 1905 - d. 1987) LKP
(Karl Martynovich Ozolin')
27 Nov 1959 - 5 May 1970 Jānis Kalnbērziņš
(s.a.)
LKP
(Yan Eduardovich Kalnberzin)
5 May 1970 - 20 Aug 1974 Vitālijs
Rubenis
(b. 1914 - d. 1994) LKP
(Vitaliy Petrovich Ruben)
20 Aug 1974 - 22 Jun 1985 Pēteris
Strautmanis
(b. 1919 - d. 2007) LKP
(Pyotr Yakubovich Strautmanis)
22 Jun 1985 - 6 Oct 1988 Jānis
Vagris
(s.a.)
LKP
(Yan Yanovich Vagris)
6 Oct 1988 - 3 May 1990
Anatolijs Gorbunovs
(b.
1942)
LKP
(Anatoliy Valeryanovich Gorbunov)
Chairman of the Supreme Council
3 May 1990 - 4
May 1990 Anatolijs
Gorbunovs
(s.a.)
LKP
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars
25 Aug 1940 - 26 Jul 1946 Vilis Lācis
(b. 1904 - d.
1966) LKP
(Vilis Tenisovich Latis)
(in
Russian SFSR exile Jul 1941 - Aug 1944)
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
26 Jul 1946 - 27 Nov 1959 Vilis
Lācis
(s.a.)
LKP
27 Nov 1959 - 23 Apr 1962 Jānis
Peive
(b.
1906 - d. 1976) LKP
(Yan Vol'demarovich Peyve)
23 Apr 1962 - 5 May 1970 Vitālijs
Rubenis
(s.a.)
LKP
5 May 1970 - 6 Oct 1988
Jurijs Rubenis
(b. 1925 - d.
2004) LKP
(Yuriy Yanovich Ruben)
6 Oct 1988 - 4 May 1990 Vilnis-Edvīns
Bresis
(b. 1938 - d. 2017) LKP
(Vilnis-Edvins
Gedertovich Bresis)
Pro-Soviet Resistance to German Occupation 1942-1944
Note: Soviet resistance groups in Latvia, originally from 1942 under Russian and Byelorussian supervision, were united in Jan 1943 in a separate command directly subordinated to the Central Staff of the Partisan Units in Moscow.
Chief of Staff of the Latvian Partisan Units
Jan 1943 -
1944
Arturs Sproģis
(b. 1904 - d.
1980) Mil/LKP
(Artur Karlovich Sprogis)
Party abbreviation: LKP =
Latvijas Komunistiskā Partija/Kommunistícheskaya
Partiya Latvii (Communist Party of Latvia, communist,
split from LSDSP,
1920-40 banned, named LKP-B Aug 1940-13 Oct 1952
Latvijas Komunistiskā [Boļševiku]
Partija [Communist (Bolshevik) Party of Latvia], 1940-1990
part of CPSU, 1940-11
Jan 1990 state party, Mar
1919-1920 & Jun 1940-10 Sep 1991)
Daugavpils
8 Apr 1952 - 25 Apr 1953 Daugavpils
oblast (Daugavpils apgabals), within
Latvian S.S.R.
First Secretary of the Regional Committee
May 1952 - Jun 1953
Nikolajs Bisenieks
(b. 1906 - d. 1981)
(Nikolay Yakovlevich Bisenek)
Chairman of the Executive Committee
7 May 1952 - Jun 1953
Antons Lūriņš
(b. 1911 - d. 1983) LKP
(Anton Antonovich Lurin')
Liepāja
8 Apr 1952 - 25 Apr 1953 Liepaja oblast
(Liepājas apgabals), within Latvian S.S.R.
First Secretary of the Regional Committee
May 1952 - Jun 1953
Ivans Desmitnieks
(b. 1899 - d. 1965)
(Ivan Ivanovich Desmitnek)
Chairman of the Executive Committee
7 May 1952 - Jun 1953 Pēteris
Ezeriņš
LKP
(Pyotr Adamovich Ezerin)
Riga
8 Apr 1952 - 25 Apr 1953 Riga oblast
(Rīgas apgabals), within Latvian S.S.R.
First Secretary of the Regional Committee
May 1952 - Jun 1953
Vilis Krūmiņš
(b. 1919 – d. 2000)
(Vilis Karlovich Krumin'sh)
Chairman of the Executive Committee
7 May 1952 - Jun 1953 Rodions
Ansons
(b. 1897 – d.
1977) LKP
(Rodion Fyodorovich Anson)
Riga city
8 Apr 1952 - 25 Apr 1953 Riga city (Rīgas
pilsēta) remains a "city of republican
subordination"
(economically, but not administratively separated from
Riga oblast), within Latvian
S.S.R.
First Secretary of the City Committee
May 1952 - 1956
Edgars Apinis
(b. 1902 – d. 1957)
(Edgar Petrovich Apinis)
Chairman of the Executive Committee
May 1952 - 1957
Vilhelms Lecis
(b. 1898 – d. 1977) LKP
(Vil'gel'm Petrovich Letsis)
Party abbreviation: LKP =
Latvijas Komunistiskā Partija/Kommunistícheskaya
Partiya Latvii (Communist Party of Latvia, communist,
split from LSDSP,
1920-40 banned, named LKP-B Aug 1940-13 Oct
1952 Latvijas Komunistiskā [Boļševiku]
Partija [Communist (Bolshevik) Party of Latvia], 1940-1990
part of CPSU, 1940-11 Jan 1990
state party, Mar 1919-1920
& Jun 1940-10 Sep 1991)
© Ben Cahoon