Albania
 

to 29 Jul 1913	Jun - 28 Nov 1912 Autonomous Albanians	28 Nov 1912 - 29 Jul 1913
12 Oct 1913 - 12 Feb 1914 (and 5 Oct 1914 - 27 Feb 1916  for Estat Toptani government)	7 Mar 1914 - 20 Jan 1920	Sep 1914 - 1916  (de facto)
22 Jun 1917 - 20 Jan 1920 Italian zone	20 Jan 1920 - 8 Aug 1929	8 Aug 1929 - 1934
1934 - 3 Jun 1939, 25 Jul - 20 Oct 1943	3 Jun 1939 - 25 Jul 1943	20 Oct 1943 - 14 Mar 1946
14 Sep 1943 - 10 Oct 1944  (provisional; Communist govt.)	10 Oct 1944 - 14 Mar 1946 (provisional)	14 Mar 1946 - 7 Apr 1992
Adopted 7 Apr 1992

Map of Albania Hear National Anthem "Hymni i Flamurit" (Hymn to the Flag) Text of National Anthem Adopted 1912 Constitution (28 Nov 1998) Royal Constitutions (1 Dec 1928-1944) Capital: Tirana (Tiranë) (Gheg Albanian: Tirona) (Durrësi/Durrës 7 Mar 1914 - 11 Feb 1920; Vlora/Vlorë 28 Sep 1912 - 7 Mar 1914; Lezha/Lezhë 1444-1478; Kruja/Krujë 1190-1258, 1444-1478; Durazzo/Durrësi 1258-1286,  1304-1392) Currency: Lek (ALL); 1926-1946 Albanian Franka  (ALF); 1938-1944 Italian Lira  (ITL); 1943-1944 German Reichskreditkassenscheine (XDEK); 1912-1925 Austrian  Kronen (ATK), French Franc  (FRF) and Italian Lira (ITL) National Holiday: 28 Nov (1912) Pavarësisë së Shqipërisë (Independence Day of Albania) (also known as Dita e Flamurit [Flag Day]) Population: 3,107,100 (2024) GDP: $49.6 billion (2023)  Exports: $9.18 billion (2023) Imports: $10.37 billion (2023) Ethnic groups: Albanian 82.6%, Greek 0.9%, other 1% (including  Vlach, Romani [Gypsy], Macedonian, Montenegrin, and Egyptian), unspecified 15.5% (2011) Total Active Armed Forces: 8,500 (2021) Merchant marine: 69 ships (2023) Religions: Muslim 56.7%, Roman Catholic 10%, Orthodox Christian 6.8%,  atheist 2.5%, Bektashi (a Sufi order) 2.1%, other 5.7%,  unspecified 16.2% (2011) International Organizations/Treaties: APM, BSEC, BTWC, CCM, CD, CE, CEFTA, CEI, CTBT, CWC, EAPC, EBRD, EITI, ESCR, EU (candidate), Eutelsat, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NATO, NPT, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PAM, PCA, SECP, SELEC, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Albania Index Chronology c.500 BC - 146 BC          Part of Epirus (Ípeiros/Épeiros).         146 BC - 17 Jan 395 AD     Part of the Roman Empire.   17 Jan 395                 Part of the Eastern (Byzantine) Roman Empire. c.809                      Organized as separate theme of Dyrrachion (théma                              Dyrráchion). 986 - 1005                 Bulgarian occupation. 1005 - 1203                Byzantine Empire rule (restored). 118. - 1256                An Albanian principality in Árvanon/Arbër (Arbanon)                             (at Krujë in modern central Albania) autonomous                              under Byzantine (from 1203, Epirus) rule. 1203 - 1213                Venetian rule (Duchy of Durazzo [Duchi di Durazzo]). 1213 - 1230                Despotate of Epirus (Ípeiros) suzerainty.  1230 - 1240                Under Bulgarian suzerainty. 1240 - 1256                Despotate of Epirus (Ípeiros) suzerainty.  1256 - 1258                Byzantine (Nicean) occupation. 1257 - 1272                Sicily ("Naples") occupies coastal parts of Albania                              with headquarters at Durrachium/Durazzo/Durrësi,                              under suzerainty of Epirus. 1258 - 21 Feb 1272         Part of Despotate of Epirus.     27 May 1267                Claim over Albania ceded from Byzantine Empire to                              Sicily ("Naples") by treaty. 21 Feb 1272                Kingdom of Albania (Regnum Albaniae); Sicilian                              domains are formally separated from Epirus under                              the rule of Sicily ("Naples"). 1286 - 1296                Byzantine occupation (of Durazzo/Durrësi from 1288). 13 Aug 1294                Son of king of Sicily ("Naples") invested with Anjou                              possessions and claims in Albania and Greece                              (effected 9 Oct 1304 by take-over). 1296 -  9 Oct 1304         Part of Serbia.  9 Oct 1304                Kingdom of Albania (re-established) under lordship                              of junior members of the Neapolitan royal house                              who use title "Lords of the Kingdom of Albania."   17 Dec 1332                Exchanged with Achaia by agreement (ratified 14 Mar                              1338 by Sicily). With the Kingdom of Albania                              greatly reduced in size, the new rulers adopt the                              style Dux Duracii ("Duke of Durazzo"). Mar 1368                   Anjou are ousted by force by Karl Topia who makes                              Durazzo/Durrësi part of his enlarged domain. He                               is styled Albaniae princeps et Durachii dominus                              ("Prince of Albania and Lord of Durazzo").  1376 - 1377                Durazzo occupied by the Navarese Company. 28 May 1386 - 28 Jun 1797  Butrinto/Bouthrotó/Butrint under Venetian rule,                              under Corfu (Ottoman occupied 1655-1660). 18 Aug 1392 - 17 Aug 1501  Durazzo/Durrësi ceded to Venice, administered as                              part of Albania Veneta (see under Montenegro) 14 Apr 1396 - 26 Jan 1479  Scutari/Skadar/Shkodra ceded to Venice. 1417                       Ottoman Empire rule as Arvanid (Albanian) sanjak                              (sancak-i Arvanid)(by submission), within Eyalet                              of Rumelia. Jun 1417                   Ottomans take Valona/Avlóna/Vlorë/Avlonya. 28 Nov 1443                Albanian uprising launched by regional alliance.  2 Mar 1444 - 15 Jun 1478  Albania League (in Lezha) in central Albania, a                              confederation of Albanian principalities in                              revolt against Ottoman rule.  Jul 1466                   Split into Avlona (Avlonya) and Elbasan (İlbasan)                              sanjaks as part of Rumelia Eyalet (see Bulgaria). 15 Jun 1478                Kruja/Krujë part of the Ottoman Empire. 26 Jan 1479                Shkodra/Ishkodra/Skadar/Scutari part of the Ottoman                              Empire. 17 Aug 1501                Durrësi/Durazzo part of the Ottoman Empire. 18 Sep 1690 -  6 Mar 1691  Valona/Avlóna/Vlorë occupied by Venice. 1691                       Center of the sanjak of Avlona (Avlonya) relocated                              to Berat and the sanjak was gradually renamed as                              sanjak of Berat. 1768 - Oct 1831            Ishkodra (Işkodra) Pashalik autonomous. 1774 - 1808                Separate Berat Pashalik semi-autonomous in central                              Albania (from 1808, annexed to Yanya [Janina]). 28 Jun 1797 - 26 Oct 1798  Butrinto/Butrint occupied by France. 21 Jan 1867                Area separated from Rumelia as vilayet of Uskudar                              (Üsküdar vilayeti).  4 Sep 1912                Ottoman Empire grants autonomy by the Agreement of                              Skopje (New Style date 17 Sep 1912)(not effected). 28 Nov 1912                Independence proclaimed (Albania [Shqipëri])                              (O.S. 15 Nov 1912). 29 Nov 1912 - Apr 1913     Drač (Durrësi), Elbasan, Lješ (Lezha), and Tirana                              annexed by Serbia as Drač County (Drački okrug)                              (O.S. date 16 Nov 1912). Dec 1912                   New Style (Gregorian) calendar adopted. 24 Apr 1913 - 14 May 1913  Shkodra/Shkodër occupied by Montenegro. 14 May 1913 - 21 Aug 1914  Shkodra under International military administration. 30 May 1913                Autonomy granted to Albania by Allies. 29 Jul 1913                Independence as a principality by statute adopted by                              conference of ambassadors in London (effected on                              7 Mar 1914). 16 Oct 1913                International Control Commission established. 22 Jan 1914                Provisional government resigns under pressure,                              International Control Commission takes over.  7 Mar 1914                Prince Wied-Neuwied takes over, the formal state                              name remains Albania (Shqipëri) rather than                              Principality of Albania (Principata Shqiptare). 10 Apr 1914                Organic Statute of Albania (Statuti Organik i                              Shqipërisë) promulgated.  3 Sep 1914                Prince departs for Venice, handing over power to                              an International Control Commission. 27 Oct 1914 - 15 Nov 1916  Greek administration of Northern Epirus. 28 Dec 1914 -  3 Sep 1920  Valona/Vlora occupied by Italy.  26 Apr 1915                In (secret) Treaty of London the Allies promise                              Italy, Valona/Vlora and protectorate over Albania. 27 Jun 1915 - 23 Jan 1916  Shkodra re-occupied by Montenegro.  3 Jan 1916 - 13 Nov 1918  Occupied by Austria-Hungary (from 23 Jan 1916 in                              Shkodra, 9 Feb 1916 Tirana, and 27 Feb 1916 Durrës)                              and Bulgaria (in east 10 Dec 1915 - 9 Sep 1917). 24 Mar 1916                Albanian government forced into exile. 15 Nov 1916 - 26 May 1920  Korça occupied by France (autonomous 1916-1918). 10 Dec 1916                France proclaims an Autonomous Albania under a                              French protectorate.  3 Jan 1917                Independence of Albania under Austro-Hungarian                              protection declared by Austria-Hungary.  3 Jun 1917                Independence of all Albania under Italian                               protectorate proclaimed by Italy. 14 Oct 1918 -  3 Sep 1920  Durazzo/Durrësi (and from 15 Oct 1918 Tirana)                              occupied by Italy following Austrian withdrawal                              in wake of military collapse of Bulgaria. 31 Oct 1918 - 11 Mar 1920  Shkodra occupied by Allied military forces. 25 Dec 1918                Provisional government elected in Durrës by a                              congress. 30 Jan 1920                Statute of Lushnja (Statut i Lushnjës) adopted, High                              Council established (by congress at Lushnja). The                              Statute is extended by parliament on 8 Dec 1922                              (Albanian State [Shtet Shqiptar]). 11 Mar 1920                French forces in Shkodra evacuated, Shkodra district                              incorporated into Albania. 26 May 1920                Korça district incorporated into Albania (French                              forces withdrawn 21 Jun 1920). 17 Ju1 1921 -  9 Aug 1921  Rebellion in North Central Albania (see Mirditë).  2 Aug 1920                Independence recognized by Italy, protectorate is                              relinquished effective 5 Aug 1920. Last Italian                              forces evacuated on 3 Sep 1920 (except for Saseno/                              Sazan Island).  1 Nov 1921 - 20 Nov 1921  North central Albania occupied by Yugoslavia.  9 Nov 1921                Conference of Ambassadors of the Principal Allied and                              Associated Powers confirms the independence of                               Albania within the frontiers of 1913 and the                              'special interest' of Italy in 'protecting' it. 31 Jan 1925                Albanian Republic (Republika Shqiptare)(by                              proclamation of 21 Jan 1925). 27 Nov 1926                Italo-Albanian Alliance and Security Treaty of                              Tirana signed (along with 15 Mar 1925 convention                              and 22 Nov 1927 treaty, Albania becomes a de facto                              protectorate of Italy).  1 Sep 1928                Albanian Kingdom (Mbretëri Shqiptare [in Gheg Albanian:                              Mbretnija Shqiptare]).  8 Apr 1939                Italian invasion. 12 Apr 1939                Kingship offered to the King of Italy (accepted 16 Apr 1939,                              effective on 23 Apr 1939 by viceroy take-over). 23 Apr 1939 -  3 Sep 1943  Personal union with Italy (de facto annexation): Kingdom                              of Albania (Mbretni e Shqipnisë [Regno d'Albania]).  8 Dec 1940 - 24 Apr 1941  Greek occupation of Northern Epirus (see below). 10 Jul 1941 - 20 Oct 1944  Kosovo, parts of western Macedonia (Kičevo, Debar,                              Tetovo, and Struga), and from 3 Dec 1941 parts of                              Montenegro (Bar, Gusinje Plav, Peć, and Ulcinj)                              are annexed to Albania. From Sep 1944, Kumanovo                              and surroundings in former Bulgarian occupied                              Macedonia are also annexed to Albania.  9 Sep 1943 - 17 Nov 1944  German occupation (last forces expelled 29 Nov 1944). 14 Sep 1943                Independence declared (Albanian State [Shtet                              Shqiptar])(recognized by Germany on 13 Jul 1944). 27 May 1944                Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation (Komitet                              Antifashist Nacional-Çlirimtar) established in                              rebellion. 22 Oct 1944                Democratic Government of Albania (Qeveri Demokratike                              të Shqipërisë), in opposition to German occupation                              until 17 Nov 1944. 28 Nov 1944                Tiranë under Communist control (by take-over). 11 Jan 1946                People's Republic of Albania (Republika Popullore                              e Shqipërisë). 28 Dec 1976                People's Socialist Republic of Albania (Republika                              Popullore Socialiste e Shqipërisë). 29 Apr 1991                Republic of Albania (Republika e Shqipërisë). 16 Apr 1997 - 12 Aug 1997  Multinational Protection Force deployed in Albania to                              stabilize country following an economic collapse.  6 Jul 1997                Referendum rejects restoration of monarchy by 66.7%-33.2%. Venetian Butrinto  (1386-1797) Venetian Durazzo  (1392-1501) French Korce  (1916-1920) Italian Valona (1914-1920) Northern Epirus (1914, 1940-41) Mirditë Republic (1921) Saseno Island (1914-1944) Shkodra (Shkodër) (1913-1914, 1918-1920) Albanian Orthodox Church Historical Maps of Albania

Note: dates before 1912 are given according to Old Style (Julian) calendar, and after according to New Style (Gregorian) calendar. New Style was formally introduced in Albania Dec 1912.

General Secretary of the Communist Party of Albania
(from Nov 1948, Party of Labour of Albania)
 8 Nov 1941 - 17 Jul 1954  Enver Hoxha                       (b. 1908 - d. 1985)
                           (secretary of the Central Committee to 22 Mar 1943)
First Secretaries of the (Communist) Party of Labour of Albania
17 Jul 1954 - 11 Apr 1985  Enver Hoxha                       (s.a.)
11 Apr 1985 - 13 Apr 1985  Secretaries
                           - Vangjel Misto Çërrava           (b. 1941)
                           - Lenka Çuko (f)                  (b. 1938)
                           - Simon Stefani                   (b. 1929 - d. 2000)
                           (acting)
13 Apr 1985 -  4 May 1991  Ramiz Tafë Alia                   (b. 1925 - d. 2011)
                         ("leading role" of the Party abolished 11 Dec 1990)

Archons (Árchontes)¹ (in Kruja/Krujë)
(Greek names with Albanian in parentheses)      
118. - c.1198              Prógonos (Progon)                 (b. 11.. - d. c.1198)           
c.1198 - 1208              Gínis (Gjin)                      (b. 11.. - d. 1208)             
1208 - 1216                Dimítrios (Dhimitër Progoni)      (b. 11.. - d. 1216)
1216 - 12..                Grigórios Kamonás (Grigor Kamona)
12.. - 1256                Goulámos (Golem)
Greek Commander               
1256 - 1258                Konstantínos Chaváron
1258 - 21 Feb 1272         part of Epirus       
Kings of Albania¹  
Feb 1272 - 1286            the kings of Sicily ("Naples")
1286 - 1296                Byzantine rule
1296 -  9 Oct 1304         part of Serbia  
Sicilian Captains and Vicars-general in the Kingdom of Albania¹ (in Durrachium/Durrësi)
25 Feb 1272 - May? 1273    Gazzo Chinardo 
May? 1273 - Mar? 1274      Anselme de Caen (Chaus)           (b. 12.. - d. 1274)  
Mar? 1274 - May 1274       Johannes de Bussiaco (acting)
May 1274 - Oct 1275        Narzone de Tuziaco (Toucy)
Oct 1275 - Oct 1277        Guillelmo Bernardi (1st time)
                             (Guillaume Bernard)
Oct 1277 - Jun? 1279       Johan (Jean) de Vaubecourt   
Jun? 1279 - 1282           Johan Scocto (Jean Scotto)
1282 - 1286                Guillelmo Bernardi (2nd time) 
Lords of the Kingdom of Albania¹ (in Durazzo/Durrësi)
(Italian names with French in parentheses)
 9 Oct 1304 - 26 Dec 1331  Filippo, principe di Taranto      (b. 1278 - d. 1331)
                             (6 Oct 1304 - 29 Jul 1313, e Acaia)
                             (Philippe, prince de Tarente et d'Achaïe)
26 Dec 1331 - 17 Dec 1332  Roberto, principe di Taranto      (b. 1326 - d. 1364)
                             (Robert, prince de Tarente)
26 Dec 1331 - 17 Dec 1332  Caterina (f) -Regent              (b. 1303 - d. 1346)
                             (Cathérine de Valois)
Dukes of Durazzo, Lords of the Kingdom of Albania¹ (in Durazzo/Durrësi)
(Italian names with French in parentheses)
17 Dec 1332 - 1. May 1335  Giovanni (Jean de Gravina)        (b. 1294 - d. 1335) 
1. May 1335 - 22 May 1348  Carlo (Charles)                   (b. 1323? - d. 1348)
18 Jul 1337 - 22 May 1346  Ludovico (Louis)(acting)          (b. 1327 - d. 1362)
                             (vicar and captain-general)
22 May 1348 - Mar 1368     Giovanna (Jeanne)(f) -Duchess     (b. 1344 - d. 1387)
                           - jointly with -
19 Jun 1366 - Mar 1368     Ludovico (Louis d'Évreux)         (b. 1341 - d. 1372)
Princes of Albania and Lords of Durazzo¹ (in Durazzo/Durrësi)
(Albanian names with Greek in parentheses)  
Mar 1368 - Jan 1388        Karl Andreas Topia                (b. 134. - d. 1388)
                             (Károlos Andréou "o Theopías")
1383 - 18 Sep 1385         Balša Balšić Zetskoi              (b. 133. - d. 1385)
                             (pretender, in dissidence)
Jan 1388 - 18 Aug 1392     Gjerj Karl Topia                  (b. 137. - d. 1392)
                             (Geórgios Karólou "o Theopías")
18 Aug 1392 - 1417         Venetian rule  
1417 -  2 Mar 1444         Turkish rule
Captains-general of the Albania League (in Kruja/Krujë)      
(Albanian names with Greek in parentheses)  
 2 Mar 1444 - 17 Jan 1468  Gjergj Gjon Kastrioti             (b. 1406 - d. 1468)
                             (Geórgios Ioánnou Kastriótis)      
                             (from c.1459, Iskandar Beg "Skanderbeg")
17 Jan 1468 - 15 Jun 1478  Gjon Gjergj Kastrioti             (b. 144. - d. af.1495)
                             (Giánnis Georgíou Kastriótis)
Ottoman Sanjakbeys of Arvanid (Albania)
1417 - 1437                ....
bf.1432                    Ali Bey Evrenosoğlu
1437                       Yakup Bey (Jakup Beu)(1st time)   (d. 1442)
1437 - 1439                Hadim Shehabeddin Pasha           (d. 1453)
1441 - Sep 1442            Yakup Bey (Jakup Beu)(2nd time)   (s.a.)
1442 - 1466                ....
Ottoman Sanjakbeys of Avlonya (Valona/Vlorë)
1466 - 1774                ....
1479                       Gedik Ahmed Pasha
1506                       Bali Bey
1516                       Mehmed Beg Isaković
bf.1570                    Muzaffer Pasha 
15.. - 16..                Mustafa Pasha (Bin Abdullah)
1712 - 1714                Sari Ahmed Pasha  
1714 - 1774                ....
Walis of Yanya (Janina) 
1670 - 1911                see under Greece
Walis of Ishkodra (Shkodra/Shkodër)
1479 - 173.                ....
1496 - 1502                Firuz Bey Mihaloğlu
c.1604                     Ali Bey
c.1614                     Mehmed Bey Ballichienovich
                             (Balicenovic)
1683? - 1692               Süleyman Pacha Bushatli
1693 - ....                Ali Pasha
173. - 173.                Hodaverdi
173. - 1740                Süleyman Pasha Çausholli
1740 - 1747                Jusuf Pasha Çausholli
1746                       Mehmet Bushatli (in rebellion)
1747 - 1755                ....
1755 - 1768                Ömer Pasha Kavajë 
Pashas of Ishkodra
1768 - 1774                Mehmed Pasha Bushati               (d. 1774)
1774 - 1778                Mustafa Pasha Bushati              (d. 1778)
1778 - 22 Sep 1796         Kara Mahmud Pasha Bushati          (b. c.1749 - d. 1796)
22 Sep 1796 - 1810         Ibrahim Pasha Bushati              (d. 1810)
1810 -  9 Oct 1831         Mustafa Reshit Pasha Bushati       (b. 1797 - d. 1860)
Pashas of Berat
1774 - 1787                Ahmet Kurt Pasha                   (d. 1787)
1787 - 1808                Ibrahim Pasha
Walis of Ishkodra (Shkodra/Shkodër/Üsküdar)
1831 - 1832                Morali Namik Ali Pasha
1833 - 1835                Çerkes Hafiz Pasha
1835 - 1838                Bayram Beg
1838 - 1842                Hasan Pasha
1842 - 1843                Reza Pasha
1843 - 1854                Osman Mazhar Pasha
Jul 1854 - Sep 1854        Osman Pasha
Sep 1854 - Jan 1855        Sarayli Mehmed Ragib Pasha
Jan 1855 - Mar 1855        Hekimbashi Ismail Pasha
Apr 1855 - Dec 1855        Agha Abdulaziz Pasha               (d. 1855)
Dec 1855 - Nov 1857        Ataullah Pasha
Nov 1857 - Oct 1861        Çerkes Abdi Pasha (1st time)
Oct 1861 - Apr 1862        Mehmed Rashid Pasha
Apr 1862 - Apr 1863        Çerkes Abdi Pasha (2nd time)
Apr 1863 - Dec 1864        Aziz Pasha
Dec 1864 - May 1868        Divitçi Ismail Hakki Pasha
                             (1st time)
May 1868 - Dec 1868        Kücük Omer Fevzi Pasha             (b. 1818 - d. 1878)
Dec 1868 - Aug 1870        Sakizli Ahmed Esad Pasha
Aug 1870 - Sep 1871        Divitçi Ismail Hakki Pasha
                             (2nd time)
Sep 1871 - Jan 1872        Giritli Mustafa Asim Pasha
                             (1st time)
Apr 1872 - Jan 1873        Sevket Pasha
Jan 1873 - Mar 1873        Fosfor Mustafa Sidki Pasha
Mar 1873 - May 1873        Gürcü Ali Pasha
May 1873 -  7 Nov 1873     Sevket Pasha                       (d. 1873)
Nov 1873 - Sep 1874        Ahmed Razim Pasha                  (b. 1826 - d. 1897)
Oct 1874 - May 1876        Mustafa Eshref Pasha               (d. 1873)
May 1876 - Aug 1876        Yakali Ali Pasha                   (d. 1876)
Aug 1876 - Jul 1878        Alyanak Mustafa Pasha              (d. 1884)
1878                       Hüseyin Pasha
Nov 1878 - Nov 1879        Arif Pasha
Nov 1879 - Aug 1880        Mehmed Izzet Pasha
Aug 1880 - Apr 1882        Çürüksulu Osman Ziya Pasha         (d. 1908)
Apr 1882 - Jul 1883        Abdi Pasha
Aug 1883 - May 1884        Hasan Pasha
May 1884 - Jan 1887        Giritli Mustafa Asim Pasha
                             (2nd time)
Jan 1887 - Aug 1888        Tahir Pasha                        (d. 1913)
Aug 1888 - Jan 1891        Çürüksulu Süleyman Bahri Pasha     (b. 1840 - d. 1915)      
Oct 1891 - Jul 1894        Bursali Abdülkerim Pasha           (b. 1839 - d. 1912)
Jul 1894 - Jun 1896        Osman Fevzi Pasha                  (d. 1924)
Jun 1896 - Jul 1898        Hasan (Edip) Adib Pasha            (b. 1834 - d. 1904)
Jul 1897 - Nov 1901        Alpa Kazim Pasha                   (b. 1839 - d. 1936)
Nov 1901 - May 1903        Shakir Pasha
May 1903 - Apr 1906        Haydar Pasha
Apr 1906 - Feb 1907        Salih Sekki (Zeki) Pasha           (b. 1848 - d. 1908)
Feb 1907 - Dec 1907        Hilmi Pashaa
Dec 1907 - Feb 1908        Dagistanli Seyfullah Pasha
Jun 1908 - Sep 1908        Mustafa Nuri Bey                   (b. 1851 - d. 1923)
Sep 1908 - Dec 1908        Yenisher Fenerli Seyfettin Bey     (b. 1860 - d. 1938)
Dec 1908 - May 1909        Fahri Pasha
May 1909 - Sep 1910        Agabeyzade Çemal Pasha             (b. 1872 - d. 1922)
Sep 1910 - May 1911        Manastırlı Hasan Bedrieddin Beg    (b. 1850 - d. 1912)
May 1911 - Jan 1912        Mustafa Nedim Beg
Jan 1912 - Mar 1912        Hayri Pasha
Mar 1912 - 30 Jan 1913     Hasan Riza Pasha                   (b. 1871 - d. 1913)     
Apr 1912 - 23 Aug 1912     Hasan Bej Prishtina (in rebellion) (b. 1873 - d. 1933)
Serbian District Chiefs of Drač County (Drački okrug)(in Drač/Durrësi)  
29 Nov 1912 - 1912         Ivan Ivanić                        (b. 1867 - d. 1935)  Non-party
1912 - Apr 1913            Dragutin Anastasijević             (b. 1877 - d. 1950)  Non-party
Chairman of the National Assembly (in Vlora)
28 Nov 1912                Ismail Mahmut Qemali Bej Vlora     (b. 1844 - d. 1919)  Lib
Chairman of the Provisional Government (in Vlora) 
28 Nov 1912 - 22 Jan 1914  Ismail Mahmut Qemali Bej Vlora     (s.a.)               Lib
12 Oct 1913 - 12 Feb 1914  Esat Ali Pashë Toptani             (b. 1863 - d. 1920)  Non-party
                            (chairman of Council of Elders of Central Albania,
                             in dissidence in Durrësi)
22 Jan 1914 -  7 Mar 1914  International Commission of Control (in Durrësi)
                           - Léon Alphonse Thaddé Krajewski   (b. 1863 - d.af.1931)
                               (Krajevsky)(France)
                           - Harry Harling Lamb (U.K.)        (b. 1857 - d. 1948)
                               (to Aug 1914)
                           - Alessandro di Luigi Leoni        (b. 1852 - d. 1918)
                               (Italy) (to Aug 1914)
                           - Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Petryayev (b. 1875 - d. 1933)
                               (Russia)
                           - Aristoteles (Aristotel) Petrović (b. 1868 - d. 19..)
                               (Austria-Hungary)(to 24 Feb 1914)
                           - August Kral (Austria-Hungary)    (b. 1869 - d. 1953)
                               (from 24 Feb 1914)
                           - Julius Winckel (Germany)         (b. 1857 - d. 1941)
                               (to 6 Aug 1914)
                           - Rudolf Nadolny (Germany)         (b. 1873 - d. 1953)
                               (acting for Winckel 31 Jan - 18 Jun 1914)
                           - Ahmet Myfit Neki Bej Libohova    (b. 1876 - d. 1927) 
                               (Albania)(to 17 Mar 1914)
                           - Mehdi Abdyl Bej Frashëri         (b. 1872 - d. 1963)
                               (Albania)(17 Mar - 3 Sep 1914)
King¹
 7 Mar 1914 -  3 Sep 1914  Vilhelm I Vidi                     (b. 1876 - d. 1945)
                            (= Wilhelm Friedrich Heinrich Prinz zu Wied-Neuwied)
                            (accepted throne in Neuwied, Germany 21 Feb 1914,
                             arrived 7 Mar 1914; in exile formally until 31 Jan 1925)
 3 Sep 1914 -  5 Oct 1914  International Commission of Control (in Durrësi)
                           - Léon Alphonse Thadée Krajewski   (s.a.) 
                               (Krajevsky)(France)
                           - Nicholas John Summa (U.K.)       (b. 18.. - d. 1918)      
                               (from Aug 1914) (acting)
                           - Carlo Galli (Italy)              (b. 1878 - d. 1966)
                               (from Aug 1914)
                           - Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Petryayev (s.a.)
                               (Russia)
                           - Hellmuth Eduard Ferdinand        (b. 1869 - d. 1934)
                               Lucius von Stoedten (Germany)
                               (to Sep 1914)
                           - August Kral (Austria-Hungary)    (s.a.)
Chairman of the General Center (in Shiyak)
 3 Jun 1914 - 10 Sep 1914  Mustafa Hilmi Bej Ibrahim Aga
                             Zade Ndroqi
                            (in rebellion, at Shijak to 6 Sep 1914)
Chairman of the General Council of the Albanian Senate (in Shiyak)
10 Sep 1914 - 23 Sep 1914  Mustafa Hilmi Bej Ibrahim Aga
                             Zade Ndroqi
Chairmen of the Provisional Government (in Durrësi)
23 Sep 1914 -  5 Oct 1914  Mustafa Hilmi Bej Ibrahim Aga
                             Zade Ndroqi
 5 Oct 1914 - 27 Feb 1916  Esat Ali Pashë Toptani             (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (in exile from 24 Feb 1916)
1915 - 1916                Hasan Basri Bej Dukagjini                               Non-party
                             (chairman of Council of Elders, in
                             eastern Albania under Bulgarian occupation)
27 Feb 1916 - 28 Dec 1918  No national government
Austro-Hungarian Military Commandants in Albania (in Skutari/Shkodra)
27 Feb 1916 - 17 Mar 1916  Hermann Freiherr Kövess von        (b. 1854 - d. 1924)  Mil
                             Kövessháza (commandant 3rd Army)
17 Mar 1916 - Oct 1917     Ignaz Trollmann                    (b. 1860 - d. 1919)  Mil
                             (from 17 Aug 1917, Ignaz Freiherr Trollmann)  
                             (commandant of the XIX Corps)
Oct 1917 - 13 Jul 1918     Ludwig Koennen-Horák, Edler von    (b. 1861 - d. 1938)  Mil
                             Höhenkampf
                             (commandant of the XIX Corps)
13 Jul 1918 - 14 Oct 1918  Karl Freiherr von Pflanzer-Baltin  (b. 1855 - d. 1925)  Mil
                             (commander of Heeresgruppe Albanien [Army Group Albania])
Chairman of the Provisional Government (in Durrësi)
25 Dec 1918 - 20 Feb 1920  Turhan Pashë Përmeti               (b. 1839 - d. 1927)  Non-party
Chairman of the Albanian National Government (in Tiranë)
28 Jan 1920 - 30 Jan 1920  Sylejman Bej Delvina               (b. 1882 - d. 1932)  Non-party
31 Jan 1920 - 25 Dec 1921  High Council
                           - Aqif Pashë Biçakçiu Elbasani     (b. 1860 - d. 1926)
                             (to 22 Dec 1922)
                           - Abdi Adem Bej Toptani            (b. 1864 - d. 1942)
                           - Luigj Gjon Bumçi, mitropolit     (b. 1872 - d. 1945) 
                               Lezhë (to 22 Dec 1922)
                           - Mihal Turtulli Bej Korça         (b. 1856 - d. 1935)
25 Dec 1921 - 31 Jan 1925  High Council
                           - Omer (Ymer) Pashë Vrioni         (b. 1839 - d. 1928)
                             (to 3 Oct 1922)
                           - Ndoc Pistulli  
                             (to 3 Oct 1922)
                           - Sotir Jovan Peci                 (b. 1873 - d. 1932)
                             (absent 2 Jul 1924 - 13 Nov 1924)
                           - Refik Seit Bej Toptani           (b. 1870 - d. 1937)
                             (absent 10 Jun 1924 - 24 Dec 1924)
                           - Xhafer Asilan Bej Ypi            (b. 1880 - d. 1940)
                             (from 2 Dec 1922; absent 10 Jun 1924 - 24 Dec 1924)
                           - Gjon F. Çoba                     (b. 1874 - d. 1943)  PPo
                             (2 Dec 1922 - 24 May 1924)
 2 Jul 1924 - 24 Dec 1924  Fan Noli                           (b. 1882 - d. 1965)  PPo
                            (= mitropolit Theofan Stylian Noli)
                            (acting for the High Council)
President (literally Chairman of the Republic)
31 Jan 1925 -  1 Sep 1928  Ahmet Zogu                         (b. 1895 - d. 1961)  Con
                            (= Ahmet Xhemal Muhtar Bej Zogolli-Mati)
Kings¹
 1 Sep 1928 -  8 Apr 1939  Zog I (in exile to 11 Jan 1946)    (s.a.)
 9 Apr 1939 - 12 Apr 1939  Xhafer Asilan Bej Ypi              (s.a.)               Non-party
                            (chief of the Provisional Administrative Committee)
12 Apr 1939 - 23 Apr 1939  Shefqet Ismail Bej Vërlaci         (b. 1877 - d. 1946)  PFS
                            (acting head of state)
23 Apr 1939 -  8 Sep 1943  Viktor Emanueli III                (b. 1869 - d. 1947)
                            (= King of Italy Vittorio Emanuele III)
Italian Commander of the Overseas Expeditionary Corps - Tirana (Corpo di Spedizione Oltre Mare - Tirana)
 8 Apr 1939 - 23 Apr 1939  Alfredo Guzzoni                    (b. 1877 - d. 1965)  Mil 
Lieutenants-general (representing Vittorio Emanuele III)
23 Apr 1939 - 18 Mar 1943  Francesco Jacomoni di San Savino   (b. 1893 - d. 1973)  PNF
18 Mar 1943 -  9 Sep 1943  Alberto Pariani                    (b. 1876 - d. 1955)  Mil
German Commanding General of the 21st Mountain Army Corps (XXI. Gebirgs-Armeekorps)
 9 Sep 1943 -  3 Oct 1943  Paul Bader                         (b. 1883 - d. 1971)  Mil
German Military Commander in Albania and Montenegro
 9 Sep 1943 -  3 Oct 1943  Theodor Geib                       (b. 1885 - d. 1944)  Mil
German Agents General in Albania
 3 Oct 1943 - 31 May 1944  Theodor Geib                       (s.a.)               Mil
 1 Jun 1944 - 30 Oct 1944  Otto Gullmann                      (b. 1887 - d. 1963)  Mil
31 Oct 1944 - 17 Nov 1944  Ernst Ulrich Hans von Leyser       (b. 1889 - d. 1962)  Mil 
Chairman of Provisional Executive Committee
14 Sep 1943 - 20 Oct 1943  Ibrahim Aqif Bej Biçakçiu (Biçaku) (b. 1905 - d. 1977)  BK
Chairman of High Council of Regency 
20 Oct 1943 - 26 Oct 1944  Mehdi Abdyl Bej Frashëri           (s.a.)               BK
Chairman Presidium of the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation
27 May 1944 - 12 Jan 1946  Omer Nishani                       (b. 1887 - d. 1954)  Non-party
                            (in dissidence to 26 Oct 1944)
Chairman of the Presidium of Constituent Assembly 
12 Jan 1946 - 16 Mar 1946  Omer Nishani                       (s.a.)               PCS
Chairmen of the Presidium of the People's Assembly
16 Mar 1946 -  1 Aug 1953  Omer Nishani                       (s.a.)               PCS;1948 PPS
 1 Aug 1953 - 22 Nov 1982  Haxhi Halit Lleshi                 (b. 1913 - d. 1998)  PPS
22 Nov 1982 - 29 Apr 1991  Ramiz Tafë Alia                    (s.a.)               PPS
Presidents
29 Apr 1991 -  3 Apr 1992  Ramiz Tafë Alia                    (s.a.)               PSS
 3 Apr 1992 -  6 Apr 1992  Kastriot Selman Islami (acting)    (b. 1952)            PSS
 6 Apr 1992 -  9 Apr 1992  Pjetër Filip Arbnori (acting)      (b. 1935 - d. 2006)  PDS
 9 Apr 1992 - 23 Jul 1997  Sali Ram Berisha                   (b. 1944)            PDS 
24 Jul 1997  (hours)       Skënder Et´hem Gjinushi (acting)   (b. 1949)            PDS
24 Jul 1997 - 24 Jul 2002  Rexhep Kemal Meidani               (b. 1944)            PSS 
24 Jul 2002 - 24 Jul 2007  Alfred Spiro Moisiu                (b. 1929)            Non-party
24 Jul 2007 - 24 Jul 2012  Bamir Myrteza Topi                 (b. 1957)            Non-party
24 Jul 2012 - 24 Jul 2017  Bujar Faik Nishani                 (b. 1966 - d. 2022)  PDS
24 Jul 2017 - 24 Jul 2022  Ilir Rexhep Meta                   (b. 1969)            LSI
24 Jul 2022 -              Bajram Begaj                       (b. 1967)            Non-party

Director general of the Internal Affairs
22 Jan 1914 - 17 Mar 1914  Fejzi Hasan Bej Alizoti            (b. 1874 - d. 1945)  Non-party
Prime minister (minister-president)
17 Mar 1914 -  3 Sep 1914  Turhan Pashë Përmeti               (s.a.)               Non-party
 3 Sep 1914 - 11 Feb 1920  Vacant
Austro-Hungarian Civilian State Commissioner (Zivillandeskommissär)
 4 Apr 1916 - 17 Oct 1918  August Kral                        (s.a.)               Non-party 
                             (from 4 Sep 1917, August Ritter von Kral)
Prime ministers (minister-presidents)
11 Feb 1920 - 20 Nov 1920  Sulejman Bej Delvina               (s.a.)               Non-party
20 Nov 1920 - 16 Oct 1921  Ilias Bej Vrioni (1st time)        (b. 1882 - d. 1932)  Non-party
16 Oct 1921 -  6 Dec 1921  Pandeli Jano Evangjeli (1st time)  (b. 1859 - d. 1949)  Non-party
 6 Dec 1921 -  7 Dec 1921  Qazim Muhamet Koculi               (b. 1887 - d. 1943)  PPë
 7 Dec 1921 - 12 Dec 1921  Hasan Bej Prishtina                (b. 1873 - d. 1933)  Lib
12 Dec 1921 - 24 Dec 1921  Idhomene Kosturi                   (b. 1873 - d. 1943)  PPë
24 Dec 1921 -  2 Dec 1922  Xhafer Asilan Bej Ypi              (s.a.)               PPo
 2 Dec 1922 - 25 Feb 1924  Ahmet Zogu (1st time)              (s.a.)               Con
25 Feb 1924 -  5 Mar 1924  Pandeli Jano Evangjeli (2nd time)  (s.a.)               Con
                             (interim)
 5 Mar 1924 - 27 May 1924  Shefqet Bej Vërlaci (1st time)     (s.a.)               PPë
27 May 1924 - 10 Jun 1924  Ilias Bej Vrioni (2nd time)        (s.a.)               Non-party
10 Jun 1924 - 24 Dec 1924  Fan Noli                           (s.a.)               PPo
24 Dec 1924 -  6 Jan 1925  Ilias Bej Vrioni (3rd time)        (s.a.)               Non-party
 6 Jan 1925 - 31 Jan 1925  Ahmet Zogu (2nd time)              (s.a.)               Con
 1 Feb 1925 -  5 Sep 1928  Post abolished
 5 Sep 1928 -  6 Mar 1930  Kostaq "Koço" Nuçi Kota (1st time) (b. 1889 - d. 1949)  Con
 6 Mar 1930 - 22 Oct 1935  Pandeli Jano Evangjeli (3rd time)  (s.a.)               Con
22 Oct 1935 -  9 Nov 1936  Mehdi Abdyl Bej Frashëri           (s.a.)               Con
 9 Nov 1936 -  8 Apr 1939  Kostaq "Koço" Nuçi Kota (2nd time) (s.a.)               Con
 8 Apr 1939 - 12 Apr 1939  Vacant
12 Apr 1939 -  3 Dec 1941  Shefqet Bej Vërlaci (2nd time)     (s.a.)               PFS
 3 Dec 1941 - 18 Jan 1943  Mustafa Merlika-Kruja              (b. 1887 - d. 1958)  PFS
18 Jan 1943 - 12 Feb 1943  Eqrem Bej Libohova (1st time)      (b. 1882 - d. 1948)  PFS
12 Feb 1943 - 11 May 1943  Maliq Bej Bushati                  (b. 1880 - d. 1946)  PFS
11 May 1943 -  8 Sep 1943  Eqrem Bej Libohova (2nd time)      (s.a.)               PFS;1943 GSHM
 8 Sep 1943 -  5 Nov 1943  Vacant
 5 Nov 1943 - 18 Jul 1944  Rexhep Bej Mitrovica               (b. 1887 - d. 1967)  BK
18 Jul 1944 -  6 Sep 1944  Fiqri Bej Dine                     (b. 1897 - d. 1960)  BK
 6 Sep 1944 - 26 Oct 1944  Ibrahim Aqif Bej Biçakçiu (Biçaku) (s.a.)               BK
Chairmen of the Government
28 May 1944 - 20 Jul 1954  Enver Hoxha                        (s.a.)               PCS;1948 PPS
                            (chairman of the Anti-Fascist Committee
                             of National Liberation to 22 Oct 1944
                             [in dissidence to 26 Oct 1944])
20 Jul 1954 - 28 Dec 1976  Mehmet Ismail Shehu                (b. 1913 - d. 1981)  PPS
Chairmen of the Council of ministers (prime ministers)
28 Dec 1976 - 18 Dec 1981  Mehmet Ismail Shehu                (s.a.)               PPS
18 Dec 1981 - 22 Feb 1991  Adil Haki Çarçani                  (b. 1922 - d. 1997)  PPS
                             (acting to 15 Jan 1982)
22 Feb 1991 - 11 Jun 1991  Fatos Thanas Nano (1st time)       (b. 1952)            PPS
11 Jun 1991 - 18 Dec 1991  Ylli Sokrat Bufi                   (b. 1948)            PSS 
18 Dec 1991 - 13 Apr 1992  Vilson Faik Ahmeti                 (b. 1951)            Non-party
13 Apr 1992 - 11 Mar 1997  Aleksandër Gabriel Meksi           (b. 1939)            PDS
11 Mar 1997 - 25 Jul 1997  Bashkim Muhamet Fino               (b. 1962 - d. 2021)  PSS
25 Jul 1997 -  2 Oct 1998  Fatos Thanas Nano (2nd time)       (s.a.)               PSS
 2 Oct 1998 - 28 Nov 1998  Pandeli Sotir Majko                (b. 1967)            PSS
Prime ministers (minister-presidents)
28 Nov 1998 - 29 Oct 1999  Pandeli Sotir Majko (1st time)     (s.a.)               PSS
29 Oct 1999 - 22 Feb 2002  Ilir Rexhep Meta                   (s.a.)               PSS
22 Feb 2002 - 29 Jul 2002  Pandeli Sotir Majko (2nd time)     (s.a.)               PSS
29 Jul 2002 - 10 Sep 2005  Fatos Thanas Nano (3rd time)       (s.a.)               PSS
10 Sep 2005 - 15 Sep 2013  Sali Ram Berisha                   (s.a.)               PDS
15 Sep 2013 -              Edi Kristaq Rama                   (b. 1964)            PSS
 

Italian Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary
(since the first Italo-Albanian Treaty of Tirana)
 9 Mar 1926 - 1927         Pompeo, barone Aloisi              (b. 1875 - d. 1949)
 4 Jul 1927 - 1930         Ugo Sola                           (b. 1888 - d. 1968)
1930 - 1932                Antonio, marchese Meli-Lupi di     (b. 1885 - d. 1971)
                             Soragna 
Nov 1932 - 1934            Ottaviano Armando Koch             (b. 1888 - d. 1979)
1934 - 1936                Mario, barone Indelli              (b. 1886 - d. 1956)
 9 Sep 1936 - 22 Apr 1939  Francesco Jacomoni di San Savino   (s.a.)               PNF
Commanders, Italian Forces in Albania (and from 1941, Montenegro)
 7 Apr 1939 -  5 Dec 1939  Alfredo Guzzoni                    (s.a.)
 5 Dec 1939 -  5 Jun 1940  Carlo Geloso                       (b. 1879 - d. 1957)
 5 Jun 1940 - 11 Sep 1940  Sebastiano Visconti Prasca         (b. 1883 - d. 1961)
11 Sep 1940 - 30 Dec 1940  Ubaldo Soddu                       (b. 1889 - d. 1949)
30 Dec 1940 - Jan 1941     Conte Ugo Cavallero                (b. 1880 - d. 1943)
13 Jan 1941 - Mar 1941     Mario Vercellino                   (b. 1879 - d. 1961)
Mar 1941 - Jul 1941        Alessandro Pirzio Biroli           (b. 1877 - d. 1962)
Jul 1941 -  1 Oct 1942     Camillo Mercalli                   (b. 1882 - d. 1974)
 1 Oct 1942 -  9 Jan 1943  Lorenzo Dalmazzo (1st time)        (b. 1886 - d. 1959)
11 Jan 1943 - Jul 1943     Alberto Pariani                    (s.a.)
Jul 1943 - Sep 1943        Lorenzo Dalmazzo (2nd time)        (s.a.)     
    

Multinational Protection Force in Albania 

Commander of the Multinational Protection Force (FMP)
16 Apr 1997 - 12 Aug 1997  Luciano Forlani (Italy)            (b. 1940)            Mil

Modern Noble and Ecclesiastical Titles: bej, beg = chieftain; conte = count; freiherr, barone = baron; marchese = marquess; principe, prinz = prince; mitropolit = metropolitan.

 ¹Full style of the ruler: 
(a) 118. - 1256 (in Greek): Árchontes ("Rulers");
(b) Feb 1272 - 1286 (in Latin): Rex Albaniae ("King of Albania"), the royal Captains and Vicars-general were styled Capitanei et vicarii generales in regno Albaniae ("Captains and Vicars-general in the Kingdom of Albania");
(c) 9 Oct 1304 - 29 Jul 1313: Despot Romaniae et Dominus regni Albaniae ("Despot of Romania and Lord of the Kingdom of Albania"); from
(d) 29 Jul 1313 - 17 Dec 1332: Constantinopolitani imperatores, Despoti Romaniae et Domini regni Albaniae ("Emperors of Constantinpole, Despots of Romania and Lords of the Kingdom of Albania);
(e) 17 Dec 1332 - Mar 1368: Dux Duracii regni Albaniae et honoris Montis Sancti Angeli dominus ac Gravine comes ("Duke of Durazzo, Lord of the Kingdom of Albania and the fief of Monte Sant' Angelo [in Sicily "Naples"], as well as Count of Gravina");
(f) Mar 1368 - 18 Aug 1392: Albaniae princeps et Durachii dominus ("Prince of Albania and Lord of Durazzo"), 1388-1392 dominus Durachii ("Lord of Durazzo");        
(g) 7 Mar 1914 - 3 Sep 1914: formally Mbret i Shqipnis ("King of Albania"), semi-official and frequently informally Mbret i Shqiptarëve ("King of the Albanians"), Mbret internationally translated as "Prince." The Organic Statute of Albania promulgated by the International Commission of Control 10 Apr 1914 refers to the sovereign as Prince (original version of the Statute was drafted in French);
(h) 1 Sep 1928 - 8 Apr 1939: Mbret i Shqiptarëve ("King of the Albanians"). Sentences were passed in the name of Me vullnet të Popullit Mbret' i Shqiptarëvet ("By the will of the Nation, King of the Albanians");
(i) 23 Apr 1939 - 8 Sep 1943: Për Hir të Zotit e Për Vullnet të Kombit Mbret i Italis dhe (e) i Shqipnis Perandor i Etiopis ("By the Grace of God and the will of the Nation King of Italy and of Albania, Emperor of Ethiopia").
The use of the titles Re di Albania/Mbret i Shqipnis and Imperatore d'Etiopia/Perandor i Etiopis was informally discontinued after 23 Sep 1943; official change of the royal style was sanctioned by the decree of 27 Nov 1943 (period of application backdated to 8 Sep 1943; published in Italy Official Gazette, No. 4, 8 Dec 1943).

Territorial Disputes: None.

Party abbreviations: LSI = Lëvizja Socialiste për Integrim (Socialist Movement for Integration, social-democratic, pro-European, split from PSS, est.6 Sep 2004); PDS = Partia Demokratike e Shqipërisë (Democratic Party of Albania, conservative, center-right, est.12 Dec 1990); PSS = Partia Socialiste e Shqipërisë (Socialist Party of Albania, social-democratic, center-left, former PPS, est.5 Jun 1991); Mil = Military; 
- Former parties: BK = Balli Kombëtar (National Front, Albanian nationalist, anti-communist, Nov 1942-1944); Con = Conservative; GSHM = Garda e Shqipërisë së Madhe (Guard of Greater Albania, Albanian fascist, former PFS, 27 Jul 1943-10 Sep 1943); Lib = Liberal; PD = Partia Demokratike (Democratic Party, radical liberal, Jul 1924-1924); PFS = Partia Fashiste e Shqipërisë (Fascist Party of Albania, Albanian fascist, nationalist, only legal party, 2 Jun 1939-27 Jul 1943, renamed GSHM); PNF = Partito Nazionale Fascista (National Fascist Party, Italian fascist, nationalist, authoritarian, 1921-27 Jul 1943, successor Partito Fascista Repubblicano); PPë = Partia Përparimtare (Progressive Party, conservative, rejected agrarian reform, pro-Italian, 21 Nov 1920-1924); PPo = Partia Popullore (People's Party, conservative liberal, 10 Oct 1920-1924); PPS = Partia e Punës e Shqipërisë (Party of Labour of Albania, communist, Nov 1948-5 Jun 1991, named Partia Komuniste e Shqipërisë [Communist Party of Albania] PCS Dec 1941-Nov 1948, state party 1948-11 Dec 1990, then PSS)

10 Dec 1916 - 16 Feb 1918

Prefect of Police
10 Dec 1916 -  7 Nov 1917  Themistokli Gërmenji                (b. 1871 - d. 1917)
                             (Themistocle Germenji)
Chairman of the Albanian Administrative Council
c.Mar 1917 - Feb 1918      Qani Bej Dishnica 

28 Dec 1914                Italy occupies Valona/Vlora/Vlorë and adjacent territory.
26 Apr 1915                In (secret) Treaty of London the Allies promise Italy the port
                             of Valona/Vlora and a protectorate over Albania.
24 Dec 1915                Italian presence enlarged into Corpo Speciale d'Albania.
 3 Jun 1917                Independence of all Albania under Italian protectorate proclaimed
                             by Italy.
27 Oct 1918                Subordinated to Comando Superiore delle Forze Italiane nei Balcani.
13 Nov 1918                Austria-Hungary evacuates Albania and Italy occupies most of
                             Albania.
25 Dec 1918                Albanian provisional government is recognized by Italy as the sole
                             legal government of Albania.
 2 Aug 1920                Independence of Albania recognized by Italy, and the protectorate
                             is relinquished effective 5 Aug 1920.
 3 Sep 1920                Last Italian forces evacuated (except for Saseno/Sazan island).

Italian Commissioners
1919 - 1920                Bartolomeo Vincenzi                                       Mil
Mar 1920 - Jun 1920        Fortunato Castoldi                   (b. 1876 - d. 1961)  Mil
1920 -  3 Sep 1920         Gaetano, conte Manzoni               (b. 1871 - d. 1937)  Non-party

Italian Commanders of the Corps of Occupation of Valona (Corpo di Occupazione di Valona)
28 Dec 1914 - 20 Nov 1915  Emanuele Mosca
20 Nov 1915 - 24 Dec 1915  Emilio Bertotti                      (b. 1855 - d. 1934)
Commanders of the Special Corps of Albania (Corpo Speciale d'Albania)(in Valona/Vlora)
24 Dec 1915 -  8 Mar 1916  Emilio Bertotti                      (s.a.)
 8 Mar 1916 - 19 Mar 1916  Settimio di Tommaso Piacentini       (b. 1859 - d. 1921)
Commanders of the XVI Army Corps (XVI Corpo d'Armata)(in Valona/Vlora)
20 Mar 1916 - 17 Jun 1916  Settimio di Tommaso Piacentini       (s.a.)
18 Jun 1916 - 19 Jun 1916  Oreste di Giovanni Bandini           (b. 1860 - d. 1916)
Commanders of Troops of Occupation of Albania (Truppe d'Occupazione d'Albania)(in Valona/Vlora)
20 Jun 1916 - 11 Dec 1916  Oreste di Giovanni Bandini           (s.a.)  
11 Dec 1916 - 15 May 1917  Giacinto di Luigi Ferrero            (b. 1862 - d. 1922) 
Commander of the XVI Army Corps (XVI Corpo d'Armata)(in Valona/Vlora)
16 May 1917 - 10 Apr 1919  Giacinto di Luigi Ferrero            (s.a.)
Superior Commander of the Italian Forces in Balkans (Forze Italiane in Balcania)
27 Oct 1918 - 10 Apr 1919  Settimio di Tommaso Piacentini       (s.a.)
Italian Commander of the Troops in Albania (Truppe in Albania)    
10 Apr 1919 -  3 Sep 1920  Settimio di Tommaso Piacentini       (s.a.)

Head of the Secretariat for Civil Affairs of Albania
 9 Mar 1916 - 191.         Ugo Capialbi                         (b. 1880 - d. 1930)

13 Mar 1913 - 28 Apr 1914  Northern Epirus under Greek administration.
17 Dec 1913                Assigned to Albania (by protocol to 30 May 1913 peace treaty).
 1 Mar 1914                Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus (Aftónomis Dimokratías
                             tís Voreíou Epeírou) established.
 1 Mar 1914                Korça district integrated into Albania.
28 Apr 1914                Greek withdrawal completed.
17 May 1914                Autonomy recognized by Albania (ratified 23 Jun 1914).
 8 Jul 1914                Korytsá (Korça) part of autonomous territory.
14 Oct 1914                Greek occupation of Argyrókastro (Gjirokastra)(and from 27 Oct 1914,
                             Korça), autonomous government is disbanded.
27 Oct 1914 - 15 Nov 1916  Greek administration.
28 Oct 1940                Italian invasion of Greece.
22 Nov 1940 - 22 Apr 1941  Greek occupation (of Korça to 14 Apr 1941, and from 8 Dec 1940
                             of Gjirokastra).

Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Autonomous Republic
of Northern Epirus (in Argyrókastro [Gjirokastra])
 1 Mar 1914 - 27 Oct 1914  Geórgios Christáki Zográfos         (b. 1863 - d. 1920)  Non-party
                             (Christakis Zographos)
Greek Commanders of the Army Group of Western Macedonia (in Korytsá [Korça])
22 Nov 1940 -  8 Mar 1941  Ioánnis Dimitríou Pitsíkas          (b. 1881 - d. 1975)  Mil
 9 Mar 1941 - 14 Apr 1941  Geórgios Konstantínou Tsolákoglou   (b. 1886 - d. 1948)  Mil
Greek Commanders of the 1st Army Corps (in Dervitsáni [Derviçan]) 
12 Dec 1940 -  5 Mar 1941  Geórgios Ioánnou Kosmás             (b. 1886 - d. 1964)  Mil
 6 Mar 1941 - 22 Apr 1941  Panagiótis Pétrou Deméstichas       (b. 1885 - d. 1960)  Mil

17 Jul 1921 - 9 Aug 1921

1921 Reported Variant

17 Jul 1921                Mirditë Republic (Republika e Mirditës) proclaimed in north central
                             Albania by Roman Catholic Mirditë clans which is supported by
                             Yugoslavia.
 9 Aug 1921                Re-occupied by Albania.   
 1 Nov 1921 - 20 Nov 1921  Occupied by Yugoslavia.
 1 Nov 1921                Restored under Yugoslav occupation.
20 Nov 1921                Dissolved.

President
17 Ju1 1921 -  9 Aug 1921  Gjon Markagjoni (1st time)          (b. 1888 - d. 1966)
 1 Nov 1921 - 20 Nov 1921  Gjon Markagjoni (2nd time)          (s.a.)

Shkodra (Shkodër)

24 Apr 1913 - 14 May 1913  Scutari/Skadar (Shkodra/Shkodër) occupied by Montenegro.
14 May 1913 - 21 Aug 1914  International military administration (by Austria-Hungary,
                             France, Germany, Italy and U.K.).
27 Jun 1915 - 23 Jan 1916  Occupied by Montenegro.
23 Jan 1916 - 31 Oct 1918  Occupied by Austria-Hungary (see above).
31 Oct 1918 - 11 Mar 1920  Occupied by the Principal Allied and Associated Powers.
11 Mar 1920                Allied forces withdrawn, Shkodra district incorporated into
                             Albania.

Montenegrin Military governors
24 Apr 1913 - 1914         Janko Vukotić                       (b. 1866 - d. 1927)
1914 - 24 May 1914         Jovo Bečir                          (b. 1870 - d. 1942)
Montenegrin Civil governor
24 Apr 1913 - 14 May 1914  Petar Plamenac
Chairman of the International Military Commission for Shkodër (Shkodra)
14 May 1913 - 15 Oct 1913  Sir Cecil Burney (U.K.)             (b. 1858 - d. 1926)
Commanders and Military governors of Shkodër (Shkodra)
15 May 1913 - 15 Oct 1913  Lebrecht von Klitzing (Germany)     (b. 1872 - d. 1945) 
15 Oct 1913 -  1 Aug 1914  George Fraser Phillips (U.K.)       (b. 1863 - d. 1921)
 1 Aug 1914 - 21 Aug 1914  Alessandro Vigliani (Italy)         (b. 1863 - d. 19..)
Allied Commander
31 Oct 1918 - 11 Mar 1920  Joseph Marie François Albert Bardi  (b. 1866 - d. 1945)
                             de Fourtou (France)

1696 - 1797                Venetian rule (part of the Ionian Islands).
 5 Nov 1815                Sáson (Saseno) Island, commanding the Bay of Vlora/Vlorë, is part
                             of Ionian Islands British Protectorate (see under Greece).
 2 Jun 1864                Ceded to Greece with the rest of the Ionian Islands, but it is
                             unoccupied, coming under de facto Ottoman control. It was not
                             until 1912 that Greece landed soldiers on the island formally
                             claiming it.
 6 Dec 1912                Occupied by Greece.
19 Dec 1913                Allied Ambassadors Conference includes Saseno within Albania
                             in protocol of Florence.
18 Jun 1914                Ceded to Albania by Greece.
30 Oct 1914                Occupied by Italy.
26 Apr 1915                Promised to Italy by the Treaty of London.
 2 Aug 1920                Ceded to Italy by Albania (Isola di Saseno). 
19 Dec 1920                Made part of the Italian commune of Lagosta.
18 Jan 1923 -  7 Jun 1941  Included within Italian province of Zara.
 7 Jun 1941                Included within Italian province of Cattaro (within Dalmatia).
10 Sep 1943 - 15 Oct 1944  Occupied by Germany.
15 Oct 1944                Occupied by Albania.
10 Feb 1947                Formally ceded by Italy to Albania (Sazan/Sazani).
May 1957 - Jun 1961        Soviet Union leased naval base.

Italian Commanders of Saseno (in Valona/Vlora)
30 Oct 1914 - 12 Dec 1914  Mario Calderara                     (b. 1879 - d. 1944)
12 Dec 1914 - 17 May 1916  ....
17 May 1916 – 17 Feb 1917  Enrico Millo                        (b. 1885 - d. 1930)
Feb 1917 – 14 Mar 1917     Emilio Solari                       (b. 1864 - d. 1954)
14 Mar 1917 –  7 Jun 1917  Mario Casanuova Ierserinch          (b. 1867 - d. 1949)
 7 Jun 1917 – 20 Nov 1917  Stefano Morino
21 Nov 1917 –  8 Jan 1918  Ugo Rombo                           (b. 1865 - d. 1941)
 8 Jan 1918 –  6 Mar 1918  Paolo Marzolo                       (b. 1864 - d. 1919)
 6 Mar 1918 – 15 Oct 1918  Diego Simonetti                     (b. 1865 - d. 1926)
15 Oct 1918 – 1918?        Pio Lobetti-Bodoni                  (b. 1867 - d. 1949)
1918? - 31 Aug 1920        ....
Commanders on Saseno
31 Aug 1920 - 1921         Edoardo Gaio
13 Sep 1921 - 1922         Roberto Somigli
 8 Apr 1922 - 1922         Gaetano Sansone
 1 Sep 1922 - 1923         Antonio Celozzi
16 Apr 1923 - 1923         Emilio Brenta                       (b. 1889 - d. 1978)
1923 - 1924                Edoardo Roggeri
1924 - 1926                Pietro Barone
1926 - 1937                Emilio Bonfigli (1st time)
1927 - 1928                Gaetano Correale
1928 - 1929                Giuseppe Fiorentino
1929 - 1930                Carlo Petrusio
1930 - 1931                Emilio Bonfigli (2nd time)
1931 - 1935                Enzo Vannini
29 Mar 1935 – 21 Feb 1938  Giacinto Mazzella
 4 Jun 1938 - 1940         Giuseppe Lauricella
 8 Aug 1940 - 1943         Giuseppe Donegani
 6 Jun 1943 – 10 Sep 1943  Domenico Vigliotta
10 Sep 1943 - 15 Oct 1944  .... (Germany)