Yemen
 

Adopted 22 May 1990 Map of Yemen Hear National Anthem "al-Ghumhuriyatu l-Muttahida"  (United Republic) Text of National Anthem Adopted 22 May 1990 Constitution     (16 May 1991)  Capital: Sana (South Yemen: Aden 1968-90; Hadi govt.: Aden 2015-2019, Ataq from 26 Sep 2019) Currency: Yemeni Rial (YER) National Holiday: 22 May (1990) Unification Day (National Day) Population: 29,884,405 (2019) GDP: $73.63 billion (2017) Exports: $384.5 million (2017) Imports: $4.1 billion (2017) Ethnic groups: Arab 92.8%, Somali 3.7%, black 1.1%, Indo-Pakistani 1%, other 1.4% (2000) Total Active Armed Forces: 66,700 (2010) Merchant marine: 34 ships (2019) Religions: Muslim 99.1% (official; virtually all are citizens, an estimated 65% are Sunni and 35% are Shia), other 0.9% (includes Jewish, Baha'i, Hindu, and Christian; many are  refugees or temporary foreign residents) (2010) International Organizations/Treaties: AFESD, AL, AMF, AOAD, APA, APM, Arabsat, BTWC, CAEU, CD, CTBT (signatory), CWC, EITI (suspended), ENMOD, ESCR, FAO, G-77, GAFTA, GCC (applicant), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IOM, IORA, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISESCO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OST, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA (signatory), UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Yemen Index Chronology 27 Jul 1538                Aden part of the Ottoman Empire. 19 Jan 1839                British occupation of Aden Sep 1839                   Aden a British colony. 1876 - 1905                North Yemen (Sana) annexed to Ottoman Empire. 30 Oct 1918                Independence of Yemen (Sana) from Ottoman Empire. 27 Sep 1962                Yemen Arab Republic (Yemen [Sana]). 30 Nov 1967                Independence of Yemen (Aden) from Britain                              (People's Republic of South Yemen).  30 Nov 1970                People's Democratic Republic of Yemen                               (Yemen [Aden]). 22 May 1990                Unification as Republic of Yemen 21 May 1994 -  7 Jul 1994  Former South Yemen in secession as                               (Democratic Republic of Yemen). 11 May 2017 -              Secessionist Southern Transitional Council formed                              at Aden. Yemen (since 1990) States of Aden Protectorates (to 1967) South Yemen (Aden) (1839-1990, 1994) Kamran Island (1915-1967) Perim Island (1857-1967) North Yemen (Sana) (861-1990) Mutawakkilite Kingdom in Exile (1962-1970) Dutch Mocha (1621-1623, 1657-1739) Map of Arabia of the Aden  Protectorates Ethnoreligious Map of Yemen

South Yemen (Aden)
 

to 16 Jan 1839    16 Jan 1839 - 1 Apr 1937   1 Apr 1937 - 18 Jan 1963 Aden Colony   11 Feb 1959 - 4 Apr 1962 Federation of Arab Emirates of the South 4 Apr 1962 - 30 Nov 1967 Federation of South Arabia 18 Jan 1963 - 30 Nov 1967 State of Aden 30 Nov 1967 - 22 May 1990; 21 May 1994 - 7 Jul 1994 (in rebellion); from 11 May 2017 (in rebellion)   Map of South Yemen Hear National Anthem untitled; Adopted 1979 Former National Anthem untitled (1967 - 1979) Constitution (24 Jan 1971) --------------------------- Federation Constitution  (11 Feb 1959- 1967) -------------------------- Aden Constitution (9 Oct 1962-1967) Capital: Aden (Madinat ash Sha'b 1967-1968; al-Ittihad City  Sep 1959-1967; Bir Ahmad 11 Feb-Sep 1959) Currency: 1965-1990 South Yemeni Dinar (YDD); 1951-65 East African Shilling (XEAS); 1892-1951 Indian Rupee (INR) National Holidays: 14 Oct (1967) Revolution Day ---------------------------------- 30 Nov (1967) Independence Day Population: 2,585,484 (1990) Aden: 138,441 (1955) Federation: 750,000 (1965) GDP: $1.2 billion (1988) Exports: $113.8 million (1989) Imports: $553.9 million (1988) Ethnic groups: Arab 75%, Indian 11%, Somali  8%, and others Total Armed Forces: 21,300 (1976) Aden Police: 648 (1947) Federal South Arabian Army: 8,500 (1967) Merchant marine: 3 ships (1990) Religions: Sunni Muslim 91%, Christian 4%, Hindu 3.5% International Organizations/Treaties: AFESD, AL, AMF, AOAD, Arabsat, BTWC, CAEU, Comecon (observer), ENMOD, ESCR, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intersputnik, IOC, IPU, ISESCO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OIC, OST, UN, UNCLOS (signatory), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNPO (2016-2017), UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Eastern and Western Aden Protectorates

1513                       First recorded visit of the Portuguese to Aden.
 3 Aug 1538 - 1548         Aden part of the Ottoman Empire.
1548 - 1551                Aden occupied by Portugal.
1551 - 1635                Aden part of the Ottoman Empire.
 3 May 1799 -  1 Sep 1799  Perim Island occupied by the British.
19 Jan 1839                British occupation of Aden.
Sep 1839                   Subordinated to Bombay (see provinces of British India).
12 Jan 1857                Perim Island re-acquired, part of Aden colony.
1868                       British purchase Little Aden from the Sheikh of Aqrabi.
1873                       Aden protectorates begun to be acquired (completed by 1918).
 9 Jun 1915                Kamaran Island acquired; subject to Aden.
 1 Apr 1932                Aden a separate province of British India
                             (Chief Commissioner's Province of Aden).
 1 Apr 1937                British Aden colony and protectorates (separated from British
                             India).
11 Feb 1959                Federation of Arab Emirates of the South
                           - Lahj (from 5 Oct 1959)
                           - `Aqrabi (from Feb 1960)
                           - `Awdhali
                           - Lower `Awlaqi (from Feb 1960)
                           - Upper `Awlaqi Sheikhdom
                           - Bayhan
                           - Dali`
                           - Dathina (from Feb 1960)
                           - Fadli
                           - Lower Yafa`
                           - Wahidi (from 1 Apr 1962)
 4 Apr 1962                Federation of South Arabia
                           - Aden (from 18 Jan 1963)
                           - Lahj
                           - `Alawi (from 1965)
                           - `Aqrabi
                           - `Awdhali
                           - Lower `Awlaqi
                           - Upper `Awlaqi Sultanate (from Jun 1964)
                           - Upper `Awlaqi Sheikhdom
                           - Bayhan
                           - Dali`
                           - Fadli
                           - Hawshabi (from 30 Mar 1963)
                           - Sha`ib (from 30 Mar 1963)
                           - Lower Yafa`
                           - Maflahi (from 1965)
                           - Wahidi
18 Jan 1963                Colony of Aden becomes State of Aden (part of Federation of
                             South Arabia).
14 Oct 1963 - 30 Nov 1967  State of emergency declared.
30 Nov 1967                Independence (People's Republic of South Yemen).
30 Nov 1970                People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
22 May 1990                Unification with Yemen (Sana) as Republic of Yemen.
22 May 1994 -  7 Jul 1994  Former South Yemen in secession from Yemen as
                             Democratic Republic of Yemen.
11 May 2017 -              Southern Transitional Council, a secessionist body in Yemen, whose
                             members include the governors of five southern governorates and
                             two government ministers (in opposition to Huthi and in on and
                             off alliance with Hadi government). Takes control of Aden
                             10 Aug 2019. On 26 Apr 2020, declares self-rule over Aden and
                             the southern provinces. On 20 Jun 2020 takes Socotra Island.

Secretary Generals of the Central Committee of the Socialist Party of Yemen
11 Oct 1978 - 21 Apr 1980  Abdul Fattah Islamil (1st time)     (b. 1939 - d. 1986)
21 Apr 1980 - 12 Feb 1985  Ali Nasir Muhammad Husani           (b. 1939)
                             (1st time) 
12 Feb 1985 - 24 Jan 1986  Abdul Fattah Ismail (2nd time)      (s.a.)
24 Jan 1986 -  6 Feb 1986  Ali Nasir Muhammad Husani           (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) 
 6 Feb 1986 - 22 May 1990  Ali Salim al-Beidh                  (b. 1939) 

British Commissioner in the Red Sea
 3 May 1799 - Mar 1800     John Murray                         (b. 1768 - d. 1827)
                             (on Perim Island to 1 Sep 1799, then Aden)
British Agents
19 Jan 1839 - Jun 1854     Stafford Bettesworth Haines         (b. 1802 - d. 1860)
                             (commander to Sep 1839)
Jun 1854 - Sep 1854        James Outram                        (b. 1803 - d. 1863)
Sep 1854 - 1859            William Marcus Coghlan              (b. 1803 - d. 1885)
Residents
1859 - 1863                William Marcus Coghlan              (s.a.)
1863 - 1867                William Lockyer Merewether          (b. 1825 - d. 1880)
1867 - 1870                Edward Lechmere Russell             (b. 1818 - d. 1904)
1870 - 1872                Charles William Tremenheere         (b. 1813 - d. 1898)
1872 - 1878                John William Schneider              (b. 1822 - d. 1903)
1878 - 1882                Francis Adam Ellis Loch             (b. 1827 - d. 1891)
1882 - 1885                James Blair                         (b. 1828 - d. 1905)
1885                       Frederick Mercer Hunter (acting)    (b. 1844 - d. 1898)
1885 - 1890                Adam George Forbes Hogg             (b. 1836 - d. 1908)
1890 - 1895                John Jopp                           (b. 1840 - d. 1923)
May 1894 - Jul 1894        Charles William Henry Sealy         (b. 1846 - d. 1932)
                             (acting for Jopp)
1895 - Feb 1898            Charles Alexander Cunningham        (b. 1842 - d. 1925)
                             (1st time)
Feb 1898 - Dec 1898        Garratt O'Moore Creagh (1st time)   (b. 1848 - d. 1923)
1895 - 22 Jan 1899         Charles Alexander Cunningham        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
22 Jun 1899 - 30 Jun 1900  Garratt O'Moore Creagh (2nd time)   (s.a.)
30 Jun 1900 - 24 Feb 1901  Herbert Edward Penton (acting)      (b. 1850 - d. 1922)
Mar 1901 - 24 Jun 1901     Geore Hand More-Molyneux (acting)   (b. 1851 - d. 1903)
24 Jun 1901 - 1904         Pelham James Maitland               (b. 1847 - d. 1935)
1904 - 1906                Harry Macan Mason                   (b. 1850 - d. 1929)
Nov 1906 - Apr 1910        Ernest de Brath                     (b. 1858 - d. 1933)
1910 - 1915                James Alexander Bell                (b. 1856 - d. 1926)
                             (from 27 Nov 1911, Sir James Alexander Bell)
1915 - 16 Jul 1915         David George Levigne Shaw (acting)  (b. 1860/61 - d. 1930)
16 Jul 1915 - 11 Sep 1915  George John Younghusband (acting)   (b. 1859 - d. 1944)
11 Sep 1915 - 1916         Charles Henry Uvedale Price         (b. 1862 - d. 1942)
19 Feb 1916 - 1916         William Walton (acting)             (b. 1864 - d. 1937)
16 Jul 1916 - 1919         James Marshall Stewart (1st time)   (b. 1861 - d. 1943)
1919                       Lionel Nicholson Beatty (acting)    (b. 1867 - d. 1929)
1919                       Walter Sinclair Delamain (acting)   (b. 1862 – d. 1932)
1919 - 1921                James Marshall Stewart (2nd time)   (s.a.)
1921 - 1925                Thomas Edwin Scott                  (b. 1867 - d. 1937)
 7 Jul 1922 –  5 Nov 1922  Cyril Charles Johnson Barrett       (b. 1884 - d. 1933)
                             (acting for Scott)
29 May 1924 – 13 Sep 1924  Cyril Charles Johnson Barrett       (s.a.)
                             (acting for Scott)
Mar 1925 - 22 Apr 1928     John Henry Keith Stewart            (b. 1872 - d. 1955)
24 Jun 1926 –  9 Jan 1927  Bernard Rawdon Reilly               (b. 1882 - d. 1966)
                             (acting for Stewart)
 1 Sep 1927 – 30 Oct 1927  Trenchard Craven William Fowle      (b. 1884 - d. 1940)
                             (acting for Stewart)
 5 Apr 1928 – 16 Jul 1928  Trenchard Craven William Fowle      (s.a.)
                             (acting for Stewart, then for Symes)
22 Apr 1928 -  7 Mar 1931  George Stewart Symes                (b. 1882 - d. 1962)
                             (from 4 Jun 1928, Sir George Stewart Symes)
 8 May 1930 – 27 Sep 1930  Bernard Rawdon Reilly               (s.a.)
                             (acting for Symes)
18 Apr 1931 - 18 Apr 1932  Bernard Rawdon Reilly               (s.a.)
 4 Jun 1931 – 21 Oct 1931  Herbert Milner Wightwick            (b. 1885 - d. 1942)
                             (acting for Reilly)
Chief Commissioner
18 Apr 1932 -  1 Apr 1937  Bernard Rawdon Reilly               (s.a.)
38 May 1936 - 1936         Morice Challoner Lake               (b. 1885 - d. 1943)
                             (acting for Reilly)
Governors and Commanders-in-Chief of the Colony of Aden and
Governors and Commanders-in-Chief the Aden Protectorate
 1 Apr 1937 - 24 Oct 1940  Sir Bernard Rawdon Reilly           (s.a.)
24 Oct 1940 -  1 Jan 1945  John Hathorn Hall                   (b. 1894 - d. 1979)
                             (from 1 Jan 1941, Sir John Hathorn Hall) 
 1 Jan 1945 - 30 Oct 1950  Reginald Stuart Champion            (b. 1895 - d. 1982)
                             (from 1 Jan 1946, Sir Reginald Stuart Champion)
30 Oct 1950 - 15 May 1951  William Allmond Codrington Goode    (b. 1907 - d. 1887)
                             (acting)
15 May 1951 - 13 Jul 1956  Sir Tom Hickinbotham                (b. 1903 - d. 1983)
13 Jul 1956 - 23 Oct 1960  Sir William Henry Tucker Luce       (b. 1907 - d. 1977)
23 Oct 1960 - 18 Jan 1963  Sir Charles Hepburn Johnston        (b. 1912 - d. 1986)
High Commissioners for Aden and the Protectorate of South Arabia
18 Jan 1963 - 17 Jul 1963  Sir Charles Hepburn Johnston        (s.a.)
17 Jul 1963 - 21 Dec 1964  Sir Gerald Kennedy Nicholas         (b. 1915 - d. 1990)
                             Trevaskis
21 Dec 1964 - 22 May 1967  Sir Richard Gordon Turnbull         (b. 1909 - d. 1998)
22 May 1967 - 30 Nov 1967  Sir Humphrey Trevelyan              (b. 1905 - d. 1985)
President of the People's Republic of South Yemen
30 Nov 1967 - 22 Jun 1969  Qahtan Muhammad al-Shaabi           (b. 1920 - d. 1981)  NLF
Chairmen of the Presidential Council
22 Jun 1969 - 23 Jun 1969  Presidential Council
                           - Muhammad Ali Haitham              (b. 1940 - d. 1993)  NLF
                           - Muhammad Salih al-Awlaqi          (b. 1941 - d. 1973)  NLF
                           - Abdul Fattah Ismail               (s.a.)               NLF
                           - Salem Ali Rubayyi                 (b. 1935 - d. 1978)  NLF
                           - Ali Ahmad Nasir Antar al-Bishi    (b. 1937 - d. 1986)  NLF
23 Jun 1969 - 26 Jun 1978  Salem Ali Rubayyi                   (s.a.)               NLF
26 Jun 1978 - 27 Dec 1978  Ali Nasir Muhammad Husani           (s.a.)               NLF
                             (acting to 1 Jul 1978)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Council
27 Dec 1978 - 26 Apr 1980  Abdul Fattah Ismail                 (s.a.)               HIY 
26 Apr 1980 - 24 Jan 1986  Ali Nasir Muhammad Husani           (s.a.)               HIY
25 Jan 1986 - 22 May 1990  Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas            (b. 1939)            HIY
                             (interim to 8 Feb 1986)
President
22 May 1994 -  7 Jul 1994  Ali Salim al-Beidh                  (s.a.)               HIY
                             (in rebellion)
President of the Southern Transitional Council
11 May 2017 -              Aidarus al-Zubaidi (in rebellion)   (b. 1967)            Mil
                             (takes control of Aden 10 Aug 2019)

Chairmen of the Supreme Council of Federation
1959 - Aug 1967           the federal ministers
                           (rotated on the 11th day every month)
Chief ministers of Aden State
17 Jan 1963 - 24 Jun 1963  Hassan Ali Bayyumi                  (b. 1915 - d. 1963)  UNP
24 Jun 1963 - 23 Feb 1965  Zayn Abdu Baharun                                        UNP
                             (acting to 9 Jul 1963)
 3 Mar 1965 - 25 Sep 1965  Abd al-Qawi Makkawi                 (b. 1918 - d. 1998)  PSP
25 Sep 1965 - 30 Nov 1967  High Commissioners' rule
Prime minister of the Federation (designated, did not take office)
 5 Jul 1967 - 27 Jul 1967  Husayn Bayyumi                                           UNP
Prime ministers of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
(to 30 Nov 1970, People's Republic of South Yemen)
 6 Apr 1969 - 22 Jun 1969  Faysal Abd al-Latif al-Shaabi       (b. 1935? - d. 1970) NLF
23 Jun 1969 -  2 Aug 1971  Muhammad Ali Haitham                (s.a.)               NLF
 2 Aug 1971 - 14 Feb 1985  Ali Nasir Muhammad Husani           (s.a.)             NLF;1978 HIY
14 Feb 1985 -  8 Feb 1986  Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas            (s.a.)               HIY
                             (1st time)
 8 Feb 1986 - 22 May 1990  Yasin Said Numan                    (b. 1948)            HIY
22 May 1994 -  7 Jul 1994  Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas            (s.a.)               HIY
                             (2nd time)(in rebellion)

Territorial Disputes: North Yemen (Sana) claimed the Kamaran Islands and Perim Island held by South Yemen; sections of the boundary with North Yemen indefinite or undefined; no defined boundary with Saudi Arabia; Administrative Line with Oman.

Party abbreviations: HIY = Al-Hizb Al-Ishtiraki Al-Yamani (Yemeni Socialist Party [YSP], coalition of National Front, Bath, and Communist Parties, former NLF, to 1990 Marxist-Leninist, democratic socialist, pan-Arab, 1978-1990 only legal party, est.Oct 1978);
- Former parties: NLF = National Liberation Front (communist, anti-British, 1963-1978, merged into HIY); PSP = People's Socialist Party (political wing of the Aden Trades Union Congress, anti-federation, 1962-1967, reorganized as HIY); UNP = United National Party (or National United Party, pro-federation, 1962-1967)

 9 Jun 1915                Kamaran Island seized from the Ottoman Empire by U.K.; later
                             subordinated, but not annexed, to Aden colony.
24 Jul 1923                Turkey renounces claim to Kamaran by Treaty of Lausanne (but
                             future sovereignty of the island is not settled).
 1 Feb 1949                U.K. formally declares the crown had power and jurisdiction
                             over the islands and the administration is vested in the governor
                             of Aden, but the island is not incorporated into Aden colony.
17 Jan 1963                Kamaran Order in Council [S.I. 85] grants High Commissioner of Aden
                             direct legislative powers over Kamaran; not part of Aden.
30 Nov 1967                Part of independent South Yemen (Aden).
 6 Oct 1972 - 22 May 1990  Occupied by North Yemen (Sana).

British Chief Political and Military Officer
 9 Jun 1915 - 191.         Christopher Stewart Fellows
Political officer, Kamaran
 9 Jun 1915 - c.1920       G.A. Richardson
                             (acting to 191.)
Civil Administrators
c.1922 - 1935              Guy Vivian Wickham                  (b. 1890 - d. 1963)
1935                       Noormahomed Kasembhai Chohan
                             (acting)
24 Oct 1935 - 31 Jan 1949  David Thompson
Governors of Kamaran
 1 Feb 1949 - 30 Nov 1967  the governors of Aden
Commissioners of Kamaran
 1 Feb 1949 - 1952         David Thompson (1st time)
1952 - 1954?               Reginald George Evelyn William      (b. 1899 - d. 1983)
                             Alban (1st time)
1954? - c.1956             David Thompson (2nd time)
c.1956 - 1962?             Reginald George Evelyn William      (s.a.)
                             Alban (2nd time)
1962? - c.1964             Archibald "Archie" Wilson           (b. 1911 - d. 1983)
c.1964 - 30 Nov 1967       ....

Territorial Dispute: North Yemen claimed sovereignty over Kamaran Island from 1956 and occupied it from 6 Oct 1972.

950 BC - 115 BC            Sabean Kingdom (Kingdom of Sheba).
100 BC - 525 AD            Himyar Kingdom
525 - 575                  Part of Axum (Ethiopia).
575 - 632                  Part of Sassainian (Persian) Empire.
861 - 997                  Ya'furid dynasty rule over San'a.
1022 - 1159                Najahid dynasty rule over Zabid.
1047 - 1138                Sulayhid dynasty rules over Yemen.
1173 - 1229                Ayyubids of Egypt control Southern Yemen and Aden. 
1229 - 1442                Rasulid dynasty rule over Yemen.
1454 - 1517                Tahirid dynasty rule over Yemen.
1511 - 1517                Sana occupied by the Egyptian Mameluke Sultanate.
1517 - 1636                Part of the Ottoman Empire (conquest of Sana 23 Aug 1547).
1517                       Ottoman Eyalet of Yemen established.
21 Aug 1567 - 26 Jul 1569  Anti-Ottoman rebellion in Sana.
Sep 1597                   Qasimi State established, called Yemen from c.1905.
1833 - 22 Apr 1840         Egypt occupies Red Sea coast of Yemen (Hodeida 3 Dec 1833 -
                             22 Apr 1840, Tiaiz in 1837).
1849                       Ottoman Eyalet of Yemen re-established.
25 Apr 1872                Ottomans re-occupy Sana, Vilayet of Yemen established.
23 Nov 1876                Annexed to Ottoman Empire.
Sep 1904                   Anti-Ottoman revolt begins.
Apr 1905 - Sep 1905        Yemenis occupy Sana.
30 Oct 1918                Independence from Ottoman Empire (Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen).
23 Jan 1919                Last Ottoman forices in northern Yemen surrender.
24 Jul 1923                Turkey sovereignty over Yemen ended by the Treaty of Lausanne.
1926                       Nejd annexes Najran (not recognized by Yemen).
20 May 1934                Kingdom of Yemen formally cedes Najran, Asir, and Jizan
                             to Saudi Arabia.
 2 Sep 1926                Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen internationally recognized.
 8 Mar 1958 - 26 Dec 1961  Federated with the United Arab Republic (Egypt [and to 28 Sep 1961
                             Syria]) as United Arab States.
27 Sep 1962                Yemen Arab Republic 
 5 Oct 1962 - 31 Mar 1970  Yemeni Royalist government in Saudi Arabia exile.
22 May 1990                Unification with Yemen (Aden) as Republic of Yemen.
 

Rulers
861 - 872                  Ya'fur bin Abdül-Rahman
872 - 892                  Mohammed bin Ya'fur
892                        Abdul Qadir bin Ahmad
892 - 898                  Ibrahim
898 - 943                  As'ad
943 - 963                  Mohammed bin Ibrahim
963 - 997                  Abdüllah bin Kahtan
1173 - 1181                Mu'azzma Shamsuddin
1181 - 1197                Aziz Zahiruddin Tughtigin
1197 - 1202                Mu'izzuddin Isma'il
1202 - 1214                Nasir Ayyub
1214 - 1215                Muzaffar Sulayman
1215 - 1229                Mas'ud Salahuddin Yusuf
1229 - 1250                Mansur Nuruddin Umar I
1250 - 1295                Muzaffar Shamsuddin Yusuf I
1295 - 1296                Ashraf Munahhiduddin Umar II
1296 - 1322                Mu'ayyad Hizabruddin Da'ud
1322 - 1363                Mujahid Saifuddin Ali
1363 - 1377                Afdal Dirghamuddin al-Abbas
1377 - 1400                Ashraf Mumahhiduddin Isma'il I
1400 - 1424                Nasir Salahuddin Ahmad
1424 - 1427                Mansur Abdüllah
1427 - 1428                Ashraf Isma'il II
1428 - 1439                Zahir Yahya
1439 - 1442                Ashraf Isma'il III
1442                       Muzaffar Yusuf II
1454 - 1460                Zafir Salahuddin Amir I
1460 - 1478                Mujahid Shamsuddin Ali
1478 - 1489                Mansur Tajuddin Abdul-Wahhab
1489 - 1516                Zafir Salahuddin Amir II
Ottoman governors
1511 - 28 Feb 1517         Huseyin Bey al-Kurdi
28 Feb - Jul 1517          Barsbay bey
Jul 1517 - 1521            Iskender Bey
1521 - 1524                Kemal Bey al-Rumi
1524 - May 1524            Karamanli Iskender Bey
1524 - 1526                Hüseyin Bey al-Rumi
1526 - Jul 1527            Mustafa Bey al-Rumi
1527 - 1528                Selman Reis
1528                       Hayreddin Hamza Bey
1528 - 1530                Mustafa Bey
1530 - 1536                Iskender bin Suli al-Mawz
1536 - 1539                Nahüda Ahmed Bey
1539 - 1540                Behram Bey (in Zabid)
1539 - 1540                Mustafa Bey
1540 - 1545                Mustafa Neshshar Bey
                             (1st time)
1545 - 27 Jun 1547         Üveys Pasha                        (d. 1547)
1547 - 1549                Ferhad Pasha
1549 - 1555                Özdemir Pasha
1555 - 1559                Mustafa Neshshar Pasha
                             (2nd time)
1559 - 1561                Karashahin Mustafa Pasha
1561 - 1565                Mahmud Pasha                       (d. 1567)
Aug 1565 - Apr 1567        Ridwan Pasha
                           + Murad Pasha
Sep 1567 - 1570            Rus Hasan Pasha                    (d. 1582)
1570 - 1575                Behram Pasha
1576 - 1580/81             Kuyucu Murad Pasha
1580/81 - 1604             Yemenli Hasan Pasha
1604 - 1607                Emir Sinan Pasha
1607 - 1612                Cafer Pasha
1612 - 1616                Ibrahim Pasha
1616 - 1622                Mehmed Pasha
1622 - 1624                Fazli Pasha
1624 - 1626                Haydar Pasha
1626 - 1628                Gürcü Ahmed Pasha
1628 - 1629                Aydin Pasha                        (d. 1629)
1629 - Oct 1635            Kansuh Bey
Oct 1635 - 1636            Arnavut Mustafa Bey (acting)
Imams¹
Sep 1597 - 19 Feb 1620     Qasim I bin Muhammad               (b. 1561 - d. 1620)
19 Feb 1620 - 29 Sep 1644  Muhammad I bin al-Mansur Bi'llah   (b. 1582 - d. 1644)
                             Qasim
29 Sep 1644 - Aug 1676     `Ala Allah Ismail bin al-Mansur    (b. 1610 - d. 1676)
                             Bi'llah Qasim
Aug 1676 - 29 Jun 1681     Ahmad I bin al-Hassan              (b. 1633 - d. 1681)
29 Jun 1681 - 27 Apr 1686  Muhammad II bin al-Mutawakkil      (b. 1634 - d. 1686)
                             `Ala Allah Ismail
27 Apr 1686 -  2 Aug 1718  Muhammad III un-Nasir bin          (b. 1637 - d. 1718)
                             al-Mahdi Ahmed 
1718 - 1723                Qasim II ibn Husain (1st time)     (d. 1727)
1723                       Nasir Muhammad bin Ishaq           (b. 1680 - d. 1754)
1723 - 23 Apr 1727         Qasim II ibn Husain (2nd time)     (s.a.) 
1727 - 1728                Muhammad IV al-Hadi al-Majid
                             ibn Ali
1728 -  6 Mar 1748         Mansur ibn Qasim                   (d. 1748)
 7 Mar 1748 -  4 Sep 1775  Abbas I ibn Mansur                 (b. 1719 - d. 1775)
15 Sep 1775 - 25 Oct 1809  Ali I ibn al-Abbas                 (b. 1738 - d. 1809)
25 Oct 1809 -  9 Sep 1816  Ahmad II ibn Ali                   (b. 1756 - d. 1816)
10 Sep 1816 - 28 Nov 1835  Abdullah I ibn Ahmad               (b. 1793 - d. 1835)
28 Nov 1835 - Feb 1837     Ali II ibn Abdullah (1st time)     (b. 1812 - d. 1871)
Feb 1837 - Feb 1840        Abdullah II ibn al-Hassan          (b. 1811 - d. 1840)
Apr 1840 - 10 Jan 1844     Muhammad IV ibn Ahmad al-Hadi      (d. 1844)
1841 - 1844                al-Qasim ibn Ahmad (in rebellion)
10 Jan 1844 - Dec 1845     Ali II ibn Abdullah (2nd time)     (s.a.)
Dec 1845 - 1848            Muzaffar ad-Din Muhammad V ibn     (d. 1849)
                             Yahya
1848 - 1849                Ahmad III ibn Hashim               (d. 1852)
1849 - 1850                Ali II ibn Abdullah (3rd time)     (s.a.)
1850  (3 months)           al-`Abbas II ibn `Abd ar-Rahman    (d. 1880)
1850 - 1852                Ghalib ibn Muhammad (1st time)     (b. 1823 - d. 1885)
1852 - 1857                Ahmad ibn Ahmad al-Haymi
                             (governor of Sana)
1857 - 1858                Sheikh Abdullah ibn Yusuf
                             (governor of Sana)
Ottoman Walis (governors) of Yemen
May 1850 - Mar 1851        Mustafa Sabri Pasha
Mar 1851 - Oct 1851        Mehmed Sirri Pasha
Oct 1851 - May 1852        Bonaparta Mustafa Pasha            (d. 1852)
May 1852 - May 1856        Kürt Mehmed Pasha
May 1856 - Dec 1862        Babanli Ahmed Pasha (1st time)
Dec 1862 - Aug 1864        Musullu Ali Yaver Pasha
Aug 1864 - Feb 1867        Babanli Ahmed Pasha (2nd time)
Feb 1867 - Mar 1869        Tacirli Ahmed Pasha
Mar 1869 - May 1871        Halepli Ali Pasha
May 1871 - Aug 1871        Topal Bursali Mehmed Redif Pasha
Sep 1871 - May 1873        Katircioglu Ahmed Muhtar Pasha     (b. 1839 - d. 1919)
May 1873 - Apr 1875        Ahmed Eyyub Pasha
Apr 1875 - Apr 1879        Mustafa Asim Pasha
Dec 1879 - Dec 1882        Botgoriceli Ismail Hakki Pasha
Dec 1882 - Dec 1884        Mehmed Izzet Pasha
Dec 1884 - Dec 1886        Ahmed Fevzi Pasha (1st time)
Dec 1886 - Dec 1887        Ahmed Aziz Pasha
Dec 1887 - Jun 1889        Topal Osman Nuri Pasha
Jun 1889 - May 1890        Potirikli Osman Nuri Pasha
May 1890 - Apr 1891        Botgoriceli Ismail Hakki Pasha
Apr 1891 - Dec 1891        Hasan Edip Pasha
Dec 1891 - May 1898        Ahmed Fevzi Pasha (2nd time)
May 1898 - Oct 1902        Huseyin Hilmi Pasha                (b. 1855 - d. 1922)
Oct 1902 - Aug 1904        Çerkes Abdullah Reshid Pasha
Aug 1904 - Aug 1905        Biren Mehmed Tevfik Pasha
Aug 1905 - Oct 1908        Ahmed Fevzi Pasha (3rd time)
Oct 1908 - Jan 1910        Arnavud Hasan Tahsin Pasha         (b. 1845 - d. 1918)
Jan 1910 - Apr 1910        Kamil Bey
Apr 1910 - Nov 1911        Mehmed Ali Pasha
Nov 1911 - Nov 1918        Akdilek Mahmud Pasha
Imams¹
1858 - 1872                Ghalib ibn Muhammad (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1859 - 1863                al-Husayn ibn Muhammad             (d. 1888) 
                             (in rebellion)
1872 - 1876                Muhsin ibn Ahmad                   (d. 1878)
                             (in rebellion from 1871)
Oct 1878 - 1890            Sharaf ad-Din Muhammad (at Sa`da)  (b. 1820 - d. 1890)
1882 - 1901                Muhammad (VI) al-Huthi al-Mahdi 
                             (in rebellion)
Jul 1890 -  4 Jun 1904     Muhammad VI ibn Yahya Hamid ad-Din (b. 1839 - d. 1904)
 4 Jun 1904 -  2 Sep 1926  Yahya ibn Muhammad                 (b. 1867 - d. 1948)
Imams and Kings¹
 2 Sep 1926 - 17 Feb 1948  Yahya ibn Muhammad                 (s.a.)
18 Feb 1948 - 14 Mar 1948  Abdullah (III) ibn Ahmad al-Wazir  (b. 1888 - d. 1948)
15 Mar 1948 -  1 Apr 1955  Ahmad (IV) ash-Shams (1st time)    (b. 1891 - d. 1962)
 1 Apr 1955 -  5 Apr 1955  Abdullah (IV) ibn Yahya            (b. 1912 - d. 1955)
 5 Apr 1955 - 18 Sep 1962  Ahmad (IV) ash-Shams (2nd time)    (s.a.)
19 Sep 1962 - 27 Sep 1962  Muhammad (VII) al-Badr             (b. 1929 - d. 1996)
                            (continuing in rebellion to Mar 1970
                            [from 1967 in at-Ta´if, Saudi Arabia exile])
Presidents
27 Sep 1962 -  5 Nov 1967  Abdullah as-Sallal                 (b. 1917 - d. 1994)  Mil
                             (chairman Revolutionary Command Council to 3 Oct 1962)
 5 Nov 1967 - 13 Jun 1974  Abdul Rahman al-Iryani             (b. 1910 - d. 1998)  Mil
                             (chairman Republican Council)
13 Jun 1974 - 11 Oct 1977  Ibrahim Muhammad al-Hamadi         (b. 1943 - d. 1977)  Mil
                             (chairman Command Council to 13 Jun 1975)
11 Oct 1977 - 24 Jun 1978  Ahmad al-Ghashmi                   (b. 1938 - d. 1978)  Mil
                             (chairman Presidential Council to 22 Apr 1978)
24 Jun 1978 - 18 Jul 1978  Abdul Karim Abdullah al-Arashi     (b. 1934 - d. 2006)  Non-party
                             (chairman Presidential Council)
18 Jul 1978 - 22 May 1990  Ali Abdullah Saleh                 (b. 1942 - d. 2017)None;1982 MSA

Prime ministers
17 Feb 1948 - 18 Feb 1948  Ibrahim bin Yahya Hamid al-Din     (b. 1915 - d. 1948)  Non-party
Feb 1948 - Apr 1948        Ali ibn Abdullah al-Wazir          (s.a.)               Non-party
Apr 1948 - 18 Jun 1955     Prince Hassan ibn Yahya            (b. 1908 - d. 2003)  Non-party
18 Jun 1955 - 28 Sep 1962  Vacant
28 Sep 1962 - 26 Apr 1963  Abdullah as-Sallal (1st time)      (s.a.)               Mil
26 Apr 1963 -  5 Oct 1963  Abdul Latif Dayfallah (1st time)   (b. 1930 - d. 2019)  Mil
 5 Oct 1963 - 10 Feb 1964  Abdul Rahman al-Iryani             (s.a.)               Non-party
10 Feb 1964 - 29 Apr 1964  Hassan al-Amri (1st time)          (b. 1916 - d. 1989)  Mil
29 Apr 1964 -  6 Jan 1965  Hamoud al-Jaifi                    (b. 1918 - d. 1985)  Non-party
 6 Jan 1965 - 20 Apr 1965  Hassan al-Amri (2nd time)          (s.a.)               Mil
20 Apr 1965 -  6 Jul 1965  Ahmad Muhammad Numan (1st time)    (b. 1909 - d. 1996)  Non-party
 6 Jul 1965 - 20 Jul 1965  Abdullah as-Sallal (2nd time)      (s.a.)               Mil
20 Jul 1965 - 18 Sep 1966  Hassan al-Amri (3rd time)          (s.a.)               Mil
18 Sep 1966 -  5 Nov 1967  Abdullah as-Sallal (3rd time)      (s.a.)               Mil
 5 Nov 1967 - 21 Dec 1967  Mohsin Ahmad al-Aini (1st time)    (b. 1932 - d. 2021)  Non-party
21 Dec 1967 -  9 Jul 1969  Hassan al-Amri (4th time)          (s.a.)               Mil
 9 Jul 1969 -  2 Sep 1969  Abdul Salam Sabrah (1st time)      (b. 1912 - d. 2012)  Non-party
                             (acting)
 2 Sep 1969 -  5 Feb 1970  Abdullah Kurshumi                  (b. 1932 - d. 2007)  Non-party
 5 Feb 1970 - 26 Feb 1971  Mohsin Ahmad al-Aini (2nd time)    (s.a.)               Non-party
26 Feb 1971 -  3 May 1971  Abdul Salam Sabrah (2nd time)      (s.a.)               Non-party 
                             (acting)
 3 May 1971 - 24 Aug 1971  Ahmad Muhammad Numan (2nd time)    (s.a.)               Non-party
24 Aug 1971 -  5 Sep 1971  Hassan al-Amri (5th time)          (s.a.)               Mil
 5 Sep 1971 - 18 Sep 1971  Abdul Salam Sabrah (3rd time)      (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (acting)
18 Sep 1971 - 30 Dec 1972  Mohsin Ahmad al-Aini (3rd time)    (s.a.)               Non-party
30 Dec 1972 - 10 Feb 1974  Kadhi Abdullah al-Hagri            (b. 1917 - d. 1977)  Non-party 
10 Feb 1974 - 22 Jun 1974  Hassan Muhammad Makki              (b. 1933 - d. 2016)  Non-party 
                             (acting to 3 Mar 1974)
22 Jun 1974 - 16 Jan 1975  Mohsin Ahmad al-Aini (4th time)    (s.a.)               Non-party
16 Jan 1975 - 25 Jan 1975  Abdul Latif Dayfallah (2nd time)   (s.a.)               Mil
                             (acting)
25 Jan 1975 - 15 Oct 1980  Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani (1st time)  (b. 1939 - d. 2011)  MSA
15 Oct 1980 - 13 Nov 1983  Abdul Karim Ali al-Iryani          (b. 1934 - d. 2015)  MSA
13 Nov 1983 - 22 May 1990  Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani (2nd time)  (s.a.)               MSA

Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen in Exile

 5 Oct 1962                Prince Hassan forms a royalist exile government in Jedda,
                             Saudi Arabia.
21 Dec 1962                UN General Assembly accepts the credentials of the
                             republican government.
28 Nov 1967 -  7 Feb 1968  Failed royalist siege of Sana.
31 Mar 1970                Yemen Republic acceptance of the proposed reconciliation
                             agreement with Saudi Arabia and the Yemeni royalists.

Imam and King¹
27 Sep 1962 - 31 Mar 1970  Muhammad (VII) al-Badr              (s.a.)
                            (in northern Yemen, from Mar 1969
                             in at-Ta´if, Saudi Arabia exile)

Prime ministers
 5 Oct 1962 - 17 Oct 1962  Ahmed al-Sayari                                         Non-party
17 Oct 1962 - 11 Apr 1967  Prince Hassan ibn Yahya (2nd time)  (s.a.)              Non-party
Apr 1967 - 15 Jan 1969     Prince Abdur Rahman ibn Yahya       (b. 1937)           Non-party
15 Jan 1969 - 31 Mar 1970  Prince Hassan ibn Yahya (3rd time)  (s.a.)              Non-party

 ¹Full style of the ruler:
(a) to about 2 Sep 1926: Imam al-Muslimin, Amir al-Mu'minin ("Imam of the Muslimin, Amir of the Faithful");
(b) until 27 Sep 1962, and in dissidence to Mar 1970: Imam al-Muslimin, Amir al-Mu'minin, Malik al-Mamlaka al-Mutawakkiliyya al-Yamaniyya ("Imam of the Muslimin, Amir of the Faithful, King of the Mutawakkili Yemeni Kingdom").

Territorial Disputes: North Yemen (Sana) claimed the Kamaran Islands and Perim Island held by South Yemen; sections of the boundary with South Yemen indefinite or undefined; section of boundary with Saudi Arabia.

Party abbreviations: MSA = Al-Mo'tamar Ash-Sha'abiy Al-'Aam (General People's Congress, Arab nationalist, authoritarian, right-wing, Arab nationalist, est.1982); Mil = Military

Dutch Mocha

28 Jan 1621 - Apr 1623     Dutch factory at Mocha (al-Mukha) (and again briefly 1638-1639).
1657                       Dutch factory at Mocha under the Dutch East India
                             Company (subordinated to Suratte to 1707, then to Batavia).
27 Aug 1684 - 21 Aug 1696  Factory closed.
Sep 1739                   Dutch factory closed, coffee trade continues to 1755.

Dutch factors
28 Jan 1621 - Jul 1621     Harman van Gil                     (d. 1621)
Jul 1621 - Apr 1623        Willem Jacobsz. de Milde
Nov 1638 - 1639            Corneils van de Graeff
Dutch Heads (Hoofden)
30 Oct 1657 -  9 Sep 1659  Justinus Weyns (1st time)
26 Aug 1676 - 1679         Justinus Weyns (2nd time)
27 Aug 1684 - 21 Aug 1696  Vacant
21 Aug 1696 - 18 Jul 1701  Nicolaas Welters (Velters)
1701 - 1707                Adriaan van den Heuvel (acting)
1707 -  7 Sep 1708         Johan Josua Ketelaar               (b. 1659 - d. 1718)
Dutch Residents at Mocha
11 Sep 1708 - 1710         Christiaan van Vrijbergen (1st time)
21 Feb 1710 - 15 Jul 1712  Hendrik Willemzoon van der Burgh
15 Jul 1712 - 1714         Christiaan van Vrijbergen (2nd time)
1714 - 22 Aug 1715         Petrus Adolphy (Adelphy)
22 Aug 1715 -  5 Aug 1718  Abraham Pantser (Panzer)
 5 Aug 1718 - 16 Sep 1721  Joan van Leeuwen
16 Sep 1721 - 23 Sep 1721  Arnold van der Cruyce
23 Sep 1721 -  9 Dec 1721  Dirk Meeuwissoon
11 Sep 1722 - 14 Sep 1724  Jacobus van Steenwijk              (b. c.1687 - d. 17..)
14 Sep 1724 - 21 Sep 1729  Johan Elias van Mylendonk          (b. 1693 - d. 1775)
 9 Sep 1728 - 29 Jul 1729  Johannes Groengraft
 5 May 1730 - 26 Sep 1730  Willem van den Berg (1st time)
18 Jun 1732 - 12 Sep 1732  Willem van den Berg (2nd time)
27 Aug 1732 - 12 Aug 1733  Nicolaas Duyt                      (b. c.1709 - d. 17..)
12 Aug 1733 - 21 Sep 1739  Jacob Akersloot (acting)           (b. 1711 - d. 1789)
11 Sep 1733 - 12 Sep 1739  Willem van den Berg (3rd time)

22 May 1990                Unification as Republic of Yemen.
21 May 1994 -  7 Jul 1994  Former South Yemen (Aden) in secession as 
                             (Democratic Republic of Yemen).

Chairman of the Presidential Council
22 May 1990 -  1 Oct 1994  Ali Abdullah Saleh                 (b. 1942 - d. 2017)  MSA
Presidents 
 1 Oct 1994 - 25 Feb 2012  Ali Abdullah Saleh                 (s.a.)               MSA
 4 Jun 2011 - 23 Sep 2011  Abdu Rabu Mansour Hadi (1st time)  (b. 1945)            MSA
                             (acting for Saleh)
22 Jan 2012 - 25 Feb 2012  Abdu Rabu Mansour Hadi (2nd time)  (s.a.)               MSA
                             (acting for Saleh)
25 Feb 2012 -  6 Feb 2015  Abdu Rabu Mansour Hadi             (s.a.)               MSA
                             (continues in opposition at Aden 21 Feb - 25 Mar
                             and 22 Sep - Oct 2015; in Saudi Arabia exile
                             26 Mar - 22 Sep 2015 and Oct 2015 - 19 Apr 2022;
                             retaining international recognition)
President of the Supreme Revolutionary Committee
 6 Feb 2015 -              Muhammad Ali al-Houthi             (b. 1979)            Huthi
Presidents of the Supreme Political Council
15 Aug 2016 - 19 Apr 2018  Saleh Ali al-Sammad                (b. 1979 - d. 2018)  Huthi
25 Apr 2018 -              Mahdi al-Mashat                    (b. 1986)            Huthi
19 Apr 2022 -              Rashad al-Alimi                    (b. 1954)            Mil
                             (chairman of Presidential Leadership Council,
                             internationally recognized)

Prime ministers
22 May 1990 -  9 May 1994  Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas           (b. 1939)            HIY
 9 May 1994 -  6 Oct 1994  Muhammad Said al-Attar (acting)    (b. 1927 - d. 2005)  Non-party
 6 Oct 1994 - 14 May 1997  Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani             (b. 1939 - d. 2011)  MSA
14 May 1997 - 29 Apr 1998  Faraj Said Bin Ghanem              (b. 1937 - d. 2007)  Non-party
29 Apr 1998 -  7 Apr 2001  Abdul Karim Ali al-Iryani          (b. 1934 - d. 2015)  MSA
                             (acting to 14 May 1998)
 7 Apr 2001 -  7 Apr 2007  Abdul Qader Bajamal                (b. 1946 - d. 2020)  MSA
 7 Apr 2007 - 10 Dec 2011  Ali Muhammad Mujawar               (b. 1953)            MSA
 4 Jun 2011 - 23 Aug 2011  Hasan Ahmas al-Lawzi               (b. 1952 - d. 2020)  MSA
                             (acting for Mujawar)
10 Dec 2011 -  9 Nov 2014  Muhammad Salim Basindwah           (b. 1935)            Non-party
21 Sep 2014 -  9 Nov 2014  Abdullah Mohsen al-Akwa            (b. 1961)            Non-party
                             (acting for Basindwah)
 9 Nov 2014 -  6 Feb 2015  Khaled Mahafoudh Bahah             (b. 1965)            Non-party
                             (continues in Hadi government Mar 2015 - 4 Apr 2016)
Feb? 2016 - 28 Nov 2016    Talal Abdulkarim Aqlan (acting)                         Huthi
 4 Apr 2016 - 18 Oct 2018  Ahmad Obaid Bin Daghr              (b. 1952)            MSA
                             (in Hadi government)
28 Nov 2016 -              Abdul Aziz bin Habtour             (b. 1955)            MSA
18 Oct 2018 -              Maeen Abdul Malik Saeed            (b. 1976)            Non-party
                             (in Hadi government)

Territorial Disputes: Saudi Arabia has reinforced its concrete-filled security barrier along sections of the fully demarcated border with Yemen to stem illegal cross-border activities; since Oct 2010 Somalia has claimed the islands of the Socotra Archipelago (Socotra, Abd al Kuri, Darsah, and Samhah) that are part of Yemen.

Party abbreviations: HIY = Al-Hizb Al-Ishtiraki Al-Yamani (Yemeni Socialist Party [YSP], coalition of National Front, Bath, and Communist Parties, former NLF, to 1990 Marxist-Leninist, democratic socialist, pan-Arab, 1978-1990 only legal party, est.1978); Huthi = al-Huthiyyun (The Huthis, also called Ansar Allah [Supporters of God], Zaydi Shia militant, est.1994); MSA = Al-Mo'tamar Ash-Sha'abiy Al-'Aam (General People's Congress, Arab nationalist, authoritarian, right-wing, Arab nationalist, est.1982)