World Statesmen.org HOME >




Yemen
 

[Flag of Republic of Yemen]
Adopted 22 May 1990
Map of Yemen
Hear National Anthem
"al-Ghumhuriyatu l-Muttahida"
 (United Republic)
Text of National Anthem
Adopted 22 May 1990
Constitution
    (16 May 1991) 
Capital: Sana
(South Yemen: Aden 1967-90;
Hadi govt.: Aden 2015-2019,
Ataq from 26 Sep 2019)
Currency: Yemeni Rial (YER)
National Holiday:
22 May (1990)
National Unity Day
(Unification Day/Republic Day)
 Population: 32,140,443 (2024)
GDP: $21.8 billion (2024)
Exports: $37.5 million (2020)
Imports: $800.9 million (2022)
Ethnic groups: Arab 92.8%, Somali 3.7%, black 1.1%,
Indo-Pakistani 1%, other 1.4% (2000)
Total Active Armed Forces: 40,000 (2021)
Merchant marine: 30 ships (2023)
Religions: Muslim 99.1% (official; virtually all are citizens,
an estimated 65% are Sunni and 35% are Shia), other
0.9% (includes Jewish, Baha'i, Hindu, and Christian; many are
 refugees or temporary foreign residents) (2010)
International Organizations/Treaties: AFESD, AL, AMF, AOAD, APA, APM, Arabsat, BTWC, CAEU, CD, CTBT (signatory), CWC, ENMOD, ESCR, FAO, G-77, GAFTA, GCC (applicant), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IOM, IORA, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISESCO, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OST, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA (signatory), UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Yemen Index
Chronology

 3 Aug 1538                Aden part of the Ottoman Empire.
19 Jan 1839                British occupation of Aden
Sep 1839                   Aden a British colony.
1876 - 1905                North Yemen (Sana) annexed to Ottoman Empire.
17 Nov 1918                Independence of Yemen (Sana) from Ottoman Empire.
27 Sep 1962                Yemen Arab Republic (Yemen [Sana]).
30 Nov 1967                Independence of Yemen (Aden) from Britain
                             (People's Republic of South Yemen). 
30 Nov 1970                People's Democratic Republic of Yemen 
                             (Yemen [Aden]).
22 May 1990                Unification as Republic of Yemen (al-Jumhuriyya
                             al-Yamaniyya).
21 May 1994 -  7 Jul 1994  Former South Yemen in secession as 
                             (Democratic Republic of Yemen).
20 Jan 2015 -              Houthi seize control of Sana, opposed by the
                             federal government which moves to Aden.
11 May 2017 -              Secessionist Southern Transitional Council formed
                             at Aden.
Yemen
(since 1990)
States of Aden
Protectorates
(to 1967)
South Yemen (Aden)
(1839-1990)
Kamran Island
(1915-1967)
Perim Island
(1799, 1881-1967)
North Yemen (Sana)
 (861-1990)
Mutawakkilite
Exile Kingdom
(1962-1970)
Dutch Mocha
(1621-1639, 1657-1684,
1696-1739)
Ethno-religious
Map of Yemen
Yemen Civil War
Map (2023)
 

South Yemen (Aden)
 
[Ottoman flag]
to 16 Jan 1839 
 
[Flag of the United Kingdom]
16 Jan 1839 - 1 Apr 1937
 
[Colony of Aden 1937-1963 (South Yemen)]
1 Apr 1937 - 18 Jan 1963 Aden Colony
 
[Federation of Arab Emirates of the South 1959-1962 (South Yemen)]
11 Feb 1959 - 4 Apr 1962
Federation of Arab Emirates of the South
[Federation of South Arabia 1962-1967 (South Yemen)]
4 Apr 1962 - 30 Nov 1967
Federation of South Arabia
[Flag of State of Aden (Yemen, Federation of South Arabia) 1963-1967 (South Yemen)]
18 Jan 1963 - 30 Nov 1967
State of Aden
[Flag of South Yemen 1967-1990 (Yemen)]
30 Nov 1967 - 22 May 1990;
21 May 1994 - 7 Jul 1994 (in rebellion);
from 11 May 2017 (in rebellion)
 

Map of South Yemen
 Hear National Anthem
untitled; Adopted 1979
 Former National Anthem
untitled (1967 - 1979)
 Constitution
(24 Jan 1971)
-------------------------------
Federation Constitution
 (11 Feb 1959- 1967)
-------------------------------
Aden Constitution
(9 Oct 1962-1967)
Capital: Aden
(Madinat ash Sha'b 1967-1968;
al-Ittihad City 
Sep 1959-1967;
Bir Ahmad 11 Feb-Sep 1959)
 Currency: 1965-1990 South
Yemeni Dinar (YDD); 1951-65 East African Shilling (XEAS); 1892-1951 Indian Rupee (INR)
 National Holidays:
14 Oct (1967)
Revolution Day
---------------------------------
30 Nov (1967)
Independence Day
 Population: 2,585,484 (1990)
-----------------------------
Aden: 138,441 (1955)
Federation: 750,000 (1965)
GDP: $1.2 billion (1988)
Exports: $113.8 million (1989);
GBP 74 million (1964)
 Imports: $553.9 million (1988);
GBP 106 million (1964)
Ethnic groups: Arab 75%, Indian 11%,
Somali  8%, and others
Total Armed Forces: 21,300 (1976)
Aden Police: 648 (1947)
Federal South Arabian Army: 8,500 (1967)
 Merchant marine: 3 ships (1990)
Religions: Sunni Muslim 91%, Christian 4%, Hindu 3.5%
International Organizations/Treaties: AFESD, AL, AMF, AOAD, Arabsat, BTWC, CAEU, Comecon (observer) (1986-1991), ENMOD, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intersputnik, IOC, IPU, ISESCO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OIC, OST, UN, UNCLOS (signatory), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNPO (2016-2017), UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
South Yemen Index
Eastern and Western
Aden Protectorates

Kamaran Island
(1915-1967)
Perim Island
(1799, 1881-1967)
Aden Colony Map
Aden Protectorates Map

26-27 Mar 1513             Failed Portuguese siege of Aden by Portuguese governor of Goa
                             Afonso de Albuquerque (b. c.1453 - d. 1515).
  3 Aug 1538 - 1567         Aden ('Adan) part of the Ottoman Empire.
19 Jan 1548 - 26 Feb 1548  Aden harbor occupied by Portugal.
 1567 - 1569                Occupied by Yemen (Sana).
1569 - 1645                Part of Ottoman Empire.
1645 - 1728                Aden part of Yemen (Sana).
1740 - 19 Jan 1839         Aden part of Lahj.
19 Jan 1839                British occupation of Aden.
Sep 1839                   Subordinated to Bombay (see provinces of British India).
12 Jan 1857                Perim Island re-acquired, part of Aden colony.
 2 Apr 1869                British purchase of Peninsula of Little Aden from Aqrabi.
1873                       Aden protectorates begun to be acquired (completed by 1918).
Jul 1915 - Dec 1918        Ottoman occupation of Aqrabi, Dali, Hawshabi, Lahj.
 9 Jun 1915                Kamaran Island acquired; subject to Aden.
 1 Apr 1932                Aden a separate province of British India
                             (Chief Commissioner's Province of Aden).
 1 Apr 1937                British Aden colony and protectorates (separated from British
                              India).
 11 Feb 1959                Federation of Arab Emirates of the South
                           - Lahj (from 5 Oct 1959)
                           - `Aqrabi (from Feb 1960)
                           - `Awdhali
                           - Lower `Awlaqi (from Feb 1960)
                           - Upper `Awlaqi Sheikhdom
                           - Bayhan
                           - Dali`
                           - Dathina (from Feb 1960)
                           - Fadli
                           - Lower Yafa`
                           - Wahidi (from 1 Apr 1962)
 4 Apr 1962                Federation of South Arabia
                           - Aden (from 18 Jan 1963)
                           - Lahj
                           - `Alawi (from 1965)
                           - `Aqrabi
                           - `Awdhali
                           - Lower `Awlaqi
                           - Upper `Awlaqi Sultanate (from Jun 1964)
                           - Upper `Awlaqi Sheikhdom
                           - Bayhan
                           - Dali`
                           - Fadli
                           - Hawshabi (from 30 Mar 1963)
                           - Sha`ib (from 30 Mar 1963)
                           - Lower Yafa`
                           - Maflahi (from 1965)
                           - Wahidi
18 Jan 1963                Colony of Aden becomes the State of Aden (part of Federation of
                             South Arabia).
14 Oct 1963 - 30 Nov 1967  State of emergency declared.
 30 Nov 1967                Independence as People's Republic of South Yemen (Jumhuriyyat
                             al-Yaman al-Janubiyya al-Sha'biyya).
30 Nov 1970                People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (Jumhuriyyat al-Yaman
                             al-Dimuqratiyya al-Sha'biyya).
22 May 1990                Unification with Yemen (Sana) as Republic of Yemen.
22 May 1994 -  7 Jul 1994  Former South Yemen in secession from Yemen as the
                              Democratic Republic of Yemen (Jumhuriyyat al-Yaman al-
                             Dimuqratiyya).
11 May 2017 -              Southern Transitional Council (al-Majlis al-Intiqali l-Janubiyy'),
                             a secessionist body in Yemen, whose members include the governors
                             of five southern governorates and two government ministers (in
                             opposition to Huthi and in on and off alliance with the Hadi
                             government). Takes control of Aden 10 Aug 2019. On 26 Apr 2020,
                             declares self-rule over Aden and the southern provinces. On
                             20 Jun 2020 takes over Socotra Island.

Secretaries General of the Central Committee of the Socialist Party of Yemen
11 Oct 1978 - 21 Apr 1980  Abdul Fattah Ismail Ali al-Jawfi    (b. 1939 - d. 1986)
                             (1st time)
21 Apr 1980 - 12 Feb 1985  Ali Nasir Muhammad al-Husani        (b. 1939)
                             (1st time) 
12 Feb 1985 - 24 Jan 1986  Abdul Fattah Ismail Ali al-Jawfi    (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
24 Jan 1986 -  6 Feb 1986  Ali Nasir Muhammad al-Husani        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) 
 6 Feb 1986 - 22 May 1990  Ali Salim al-Beidh                  (b. 1939) 

British Commissioner in the Red Sea
 3 May 1799 - Mar 1800     John Murray                         (b. 1768 - d. 1827)
                             (on Perim Island to 1 Sep 1799, then Aden)
British Agents
19 Jan 1839 - Jun 1854     Stafford Bettesworth Haines         (b. 1802 - d. 1860)
                             (commander to Sep 1839)
Jun 1854 - Sep 1854        James Outram                        (b. 1803 - d. 1863)
Sep 1854 - 1859            William Marcus Coghlan              (b. 1803 - d. 1885)
Residents
1859 - 1863                William Marcus Coghlan              (s.a.)
16 Jun 1863 - 1867         William Lockyer Merewether          (b. 1825 - d. 1880)
 8 May 1866 - 21 Aug 1866  George Risto Goodfellow             (b. 1836 - d. 1892)
                             (acting for Merewether)
27 Dec 1866 - 19 Feb 1867  George Risto Goodfellow             (s.a.)
                             (acting for Merewether)
23 Feb 1867 -  6 Mar 1867  George Risto Goodfellow             (s.a.)
                             (acting for Merewether)
1867 - 1870                Edward Lechmere Russell             (b. 1818 - d. 1904) 
                             (from 24 Aug 1868, Sir Edward Lechmere Russell)
 26 May 1869 - 21 Nov 1869  George Risto Goodfellow             (s.a.)
                             (acting for Russell)
1870 - 1872                Charles William Tremenheere         (b. 1813 - d. 1898)
17 Jul 1872 - 1878         John William Schneider              (b. 1822 - d. 1903)
 1 May 1876 - 24 Oct 1876  George Risto Goodfellow             (s.a.)
                             (acting for Schneider)
1878 - 1882                Francis Adam Ellis Loch             (b. 1827 - d. 1891)
1882 - 1885                James Blair                         (b. 1828 - d. 1905)
1885                       Frederick Mercer Hunter (acting)    (b. 1844 - d. 1898)
1885 - 1890                Adam George Forbes Hogg             (b. 1836 - d. 1908)
1890 - 1895                John Jopp                           (b. 1840 - d. 1923)
May 1894 - Jul 1894        Charles William Henry Sealy         (b. 1846 - d. 1932)
                              (acting for Jopp)
1895 - Feb 1898            Charles Alexander Cunningham        (b. 1842 - d. 1925)
                             (1st time)
 Feb 1898 - Dec 1898        Garratt O'Moore Creagh (1st time)   (b. 1848 - d. 1923)
1895 - 22 Jan 1899         Charles Alexander Cunningham        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
 22 Jun 1899 - 30 Jun 1900  Garratt O'Moore Creagh (2nd time)   (s.a.)
 30 Jun 1900 - 24 Feb 1901  Herbert Edward Penton (acting)      (b. 1850 - d. 1922)
Mar 1901 - 24 Jun 1901     Geore Hand More-Molyneux (acting)   (b. 1851 - d. 1903)
24 Jun 1901 - 1904         Pelham James Maitland               (b. 1847 - d. 1935)
1904 - 1906                Harry Macan Mason                   (b. 1850 - d. 1929)
Nov 1906 - Apr 1910        Ernest de Brath                     (b. 1858 - d. 1933)
1910 - 1915                James Alexander Bell                (b. 1856 - d. 1926)
                             (from 27 Nov 1911, Sir James Alexander Bell)
 1915 - 16 Jul 1915         David George Levigne Shaw (acting)  (b. 1860 - d. 1930)
16 Jul 1915 - 11 Sep 1915  George John Younghusband (acting)   (b. 1859 - d. 1944)
 11 Sep 1915 - 1916         Charles Henry Uvedale Price         (b. 1862 - d. 1942)
19 Feb 1916 - 1916         William Walton (acting)             (b. 1864 - d. 1937)
 16 Jul 1916 - 1919         James Marshall Stewart (1st time)   (b. 1861 - d. 1943)
 1919                       Lionel Nicholson Beatty (acting)    (b. 1867 - d. 1929)
 1919                       Walter Sinclair Delamain (acting)   (b. 1862 – d. 1932)
 1919 - 1921                James Marshall Stewart (2nd time)   (s.a.)
                             (from 9 Jun 1919, Sir James Marshall Stewart)
 1921 - 1925                Thomas Edwin Scott                  (b. 1867 - d. 1937)
                             (from 1 Jan 1925, Sir Thomas Edwin Scott)   
 7 Jul 1922 –  5 Nov 1922  Cyril Charles Johnson Barrett       (b. 1884 - d. 1933)
                             (acting for Scott)
29 May 1924 – 13 Sep 1924  Cyril Charles Johnson Barrett       (s.a.)
                             (acting for Scott)
Mar 1925 - 22 Apr 1928     John Henry Keith Stewart            (b. 1872 - d. 1955)
                             (from 3 Jun 1927, Sir John Henry Keith Stewart)   
24 Jun 1926 –  9 Jan 1927  Bernard Rawdon Reilly               (b. 1882 - d. 1966)
                             (acting for Stewart)
 1 Sep 1927 – 30 Oct 1927  Trenchard Craven William Fowle      (b. 1884 - d. 1940)
                             (acting for Stewart)
 5 Apr 1928 – 16 Jul 1928  Trenchard Craven William Fowle      (s.a.)
                             (acting for Stewart, then for Symes)
22 Apr 1928 -  7 Mar 1931  George Stewart Symes                (b. 1882 - d. 1962)
                             (from 4 Jun 1928, Sir George Stewart Symes)
 8 May 1930 – 27 Sep 1930  Bernard Rawdon Reilly               (s.a.)
                             (acting for Symes)
18 Apr 1931 - 18 Apr 1932  Bernard Rawdon Reilly               (s.a.)
 4 Jun 1931 – 21 Oct 1931  Herbert Milner Wightwick            (b. 1885 - d. 1942)
                             (acting for Reilly)
Chief Commissioner, Resident and Commander-in-Chief, Aden
18 Apr 1932 -  1 Apr 1937  Bernard Rawdon Reilly               (s.a.)
                             (from 4 Jun 1934, Sir Bernard Rawdon Reilly)
38 May 1936 - 1936         Morice Challoner Lake               (b. 1885 - d. 1943)
                             (acting for Reilly)
Governors and Commanders-in-Chief of the Colony of Aden and
Governors and Commanders-in-Chief the Aden Protectorate
 1 Apr 1937 - 24 Oct 1940  Sir Bernard Rawdon Reilly           (s.a.)
24 Oct 1940 -  1 Jan 1945  John Hathorn Hall                   (b. 1894 - d. 1979)
                             (from 1 Jan 1941, Sir John Hathorn Hall) 
 1 Jan 1945 - 30 Oct 1950  Reginald Stuart Champion            (b. 1895 - d. 1982)
                             (from 1 Jan 1946, Sir Reginald Stuart Champion)
30 Oct 1950 - 15 May 1951  William Allmond Codrington Goode    (b. 1907 - d. 1887)
                             (acting)
15 May 1951 - 13 Jul 1956  Tom Hickinbotham                    (b. 1903 - d. 1983)
                             (from 1 Jun 1953, Sir Tom Hickinbotham)  
13 Jul 1956 - 23 Oct 1960  Sir William Henry Tucker Luce       (b. 1907 - d. 1977)
23 Oct 1960 - 18 Jan 1963  Sir Charles Hepburn Johnston        (b. 1912 - d. 1986)
High Commissioners for Aden and the Protectorate of South Arabia
 18 Jan 1963 - 17 Jul 1963  Sir Charles Hepburn Johnston        (s.a.)
17 Jul 1963 - 21 Dec 1964  Sir Gerald Kennedy Nicholas         (b. 1915 - d. 1990)
                             Trevaskis
21 Dec 1964 - 22 May 1967  Sir Richard Gordon Turnbull         (b. 1909 - d. 1998)
22 May 1967 - 30 Nov 1967  Sir Humphrey Trevelyan              (b. 1905 - d. 1985)
President of the People's Republic of South Yemen
 30 Nov 1967 - 22 Jun 1969  Qahtan Muhammad al-Shaabi           (b. 1920 - d. 1981)  NLF
Chairmen of the Presidential Council
22 Jun 1969 - 23 Jun 1969  Presidential Council
                           - Muhammad Ali Haitham              (b. 1940 - d. 1993)  NLF
                            - Muhammad Salih al-Awlaqi          (b. 1941 - d. 1973)  NLF
                            - Abdul Fattah Ismail Ali al-Jawfi  (s.a.)               NLF
                            - Salem Rubayyi Ali                 (b. 1935 - d. 1978)  NLF
                           - Ali Ahmad Nasir Antar al-Bishi    (b. 1937 - d. 1986)  NLF
 23 Jun 1969 - 26 Jun 1978  Salem Rubayyi Ali                   (s.a.)               NLF
26 Jun 1978 - 27 Dec 1978  Ali Nasir Muhammad al-Husani        (s.a.)               NLF
                             (acting to 1 Jul 1978)
 Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Council
27 Dec 1978 - 26 Apr 1980  Abdul Fattah Ismail Ali al-Jawfi    (s.a.)               HIY 
26 Apr 1980 - 24 Jan 1986  Ali Nasir Muhammad al-Husani        (s.a.)               HIY
25 Jan 1986 - 22 May 1990  Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas            (b. 1939)            HIY
                             (interim to 8 Feb 1986)
Chairman of the Presidential Council
 22 May 1994 -  7 Jul 1994  Ali Salim al-Beidh                  (s.a.)               HIY
                             (in rebellion)
President of the Southern Transitional Council
11 May 2017 -              Aidarous Qassem Abdulaziz           (b. 1967)            Mil
                             Al-Zubaidi (in rebellion)
                           (taking control of Aden 10 Aug 2019)

Chairmen of the Supreme Council of the Federation
1959 - Aug 1967           the federal ministers
                          [rotated on the 11th day every month]
Chief ministers of Aden State
 17 Jan 1963 - 24 Jun 1963  Hassan Ali Bayyumi                  (b. 1915 - d. 1963)  UNP
24 Jun 1963 - 23 Feb 1965  Zayn Abdu Baharun                                        UNP
                             (acting [from Apr 1963 for Bayyumi] to 9 Jul 1963)
 3 Mar 1965 - 25 Sep 1965  Abdul-Qawi Makkawi                  (b. 1918 - d. 1998)  PSP
25 Sep 1965 - 30 Nov 1967  High Commissioners' rule
 Prime minister of the Federation (designated, did not take office)
 5 Jul 1967 - 27 Jul 1967  Husayn Bayyumi                                           UNP
Prime ministers of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
(to 30 Nov 1970, People's Republic of South Yemen)
  6 Apr 1969 - 22 Jun 1969  Faysal Abd al-Latif al-Shaabi       (b. 1935? - d. 1970) NLF
23 Jun 1969 -  2 Aug 1971  Muhammad Ali Haitham                (s.a.)               NLF
 2 Aug 1971 - 14 Feb 1985  Ali Nasir Muhammad al-Husani        (s.a.)             NLF;1978 HIY
 14 Feb 1985 -  8 Feb 1986  Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas            (s.a.)               HIY
                             (1st time)
 8 Feb 1986 - 22 May 1990  Yasin Said Numan                    (b. 1947)            HIY
22 May 1990 - 22 May 1994  Post abolished
22 May 1994 -  7 Jul 1994  Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas            (s.a.)               HIY
                             (2nd time)(in rebellion)

Territorial Disputes: North Yemen (Sana) claimed the Kamarān Islands and Barīm (Perim) Island held by South Yemen; sections of the boundary with North Yemen indefinite or undefined; no defined boundary with Saudi Arabia; claimed the Khurīyā Murīyā Islands from Oman 1967-1990;  Administrative Line with Oman.

Party abbreviations: HIY = Al-Hizb Al-Ishtiraki Al-Yamani (Yemeni Socialist Party [YSP], coalition of National Front, Bath, and Communist Parties, former NLF, to 1990 Marxist-Leninist, democratic socialist, pan-Arab, 1978-1990 only legal party, est.Oct 1978);
- Former parties: NLF = National Liberation Front (communist, anti-British, 1963-1978, merged into HIY); PSP = People's Socialist Party (political wing of the Aden Trades Union Congress, anti-federation, 1962-1967, reorganized as HIY); UNP = United National Party (or National United Party, pro-federation, 1962-1967)

Kamaran Island
 

[Flag of the United Kingdom]
9 Jun 1915 - 30 Nov 1967


Map of Kamaran Island
 Population: 1,200 (1961)
Police: 44 (1963)

May 1513 - Aug 1513        Temporarily occupied by the Portuguese Governor of Goa Afonso
                             de Albuquerque (b. c.1453 - d. 1515) after his unsuccessful
                             attack on Aden.
 9 Jun 1915                Kamaran (then spelled Camaran) Island seized from the Ottoman Empire
                             by U.K.; later subordinated, but not annexed, to Aden colony.
24 Jul 1923                Turkey renounces claim to Kamaran by Treaty of Lausanne (but
                              future sovereignty of the island is not settled).
  1 Feb 1949                U.K. formally declares the crown had power and jurisdiction
                             over the islands and the administration is vested in the governor
                              of Aden, but the island is not incorporated into Aden colony.
17 Jan 1963                Kamaran Order in Council [S.I. 85] grants High Commissioner of Aden
                              direct legislative powers over Kamaran; not part of Aden.
 30 Nov 1967                Part of independent South Yemen (Aden).
 6 Oct 1972 - 22 May 1990  Occupied by North Yemen (Sana).

British Chief Political and Military Officer
  9 Jun 1915 - 191.         Christopher Stewart Fellows
 Political officer, Kamaran
  9 Jun 1915 - c.1920       G.A. Richardson
                              (acting to 191.)
Civil Administrators
 7 Jan 1921 - 1935         Guy Vivian Wickham                  (b. 1890 - d. 1963)
 1932                       Noormahomed Kasembhai Chohan
                             (acting)
1935                       Noormahomed Kasembhai Chohan
                             (acting)
 24 Oct 1935 - 31 Jan 1949  David Thompson
Governors of Kamaran
 1 Feb 1949 - 30 Nov 1967  the governors of Aden
Commissioners of Kamaran
  1 Feb 1949 - 1952         David Thompson (1st time)
 1952 - 1954?               Reginald George Evelyn William      (b. 1899 - d. 1983)
                             Alban (1st time)
1954? - c.1956             David Thompson (2nd time)
 c.1956 - 1962?             Reginald George Evelyn William      (s.a.)
                             Alban (2nd time)
1962? - c.1964             F. Archibald "Archie" H. Wilson     (b. 1911 - d. 1983)
c.1964 - 30 Nov 1967       ....

Territorial Dispute: North Yemen claimed sovereignty over Kamaran Island from 1956 and occupied it from 6 Oct 1972; Kamaran Island continued to be claimed by South Yemen from 6 Nov 1972 - 22 May 1990.

Perim Island

[Flag of the United Kingdom]
12 Jan 1857 - 30 Nov 1967


Map of Perim Island
 Population: 300 (1963)
Police: N/A

1737                       French naval squadron possibly uses Perim's harbor in the
                             course of a punitive expedition against nearby Mocha.
 3 May 1799 - Dec 1799     Briefly occupied by the (British) East Indian Company.
12 Jan 1857                British forces from Aden colony re-occupy the island as part
                              of the Aden colony.  
1881                       Hinton Spalding (b. 1847 - d. 1900), granted a concession for a
                             coaling station on Perim (Perim Coal Company begins operations
                             on 29 Aug 1883 that run until 31 Mar 1936).
14 Jun 1915 - 15 Jun 1915  Failed Ottoman invasion of Perim during World War I.
1936                       Perim Coal Company (PCC) dissolved, Aden colony takes over direct
                             administration of Perim Island.
28 Jul 1959                Aden Colony (Amendment) Order (1959) restricts the application of
                             Aden colony order 1936, Perim while remaining part of the
                             Aden colony, is no longer included among the responsibilities of
                             the colony legislative and executive councils but are
                             administered directly by the Governor of Aden through a
                             Commissioner.
17 Jan 1963                Perim Order in Council [S.I. 87] vests the High Commissioner of
                             Aden with direct legislative powers over the island; the
                             administration is separated from Aden.
30 Nov 1967                Part of independent South Yemen (Aden). The Kuria Muria Islands
                             are turned to Oman (as Juzur Khuriya Muriya).
24 Mar 2015 -  4 Oct 2015  Occupied by Huthi forces.


British Commander (of 84th Regiment)
 3 May 1799 -  1 Sep 1799  John Murray (1st time)              (b. 1768? - d. 1827)
21 Sep 1799 - Dec 1799     John Murray (2nd time)              (s.a.)
Assistant Residents, Perim
Dec 1882 - 11 Feb 1883     Morris
12 Feb 1883 - 21 Apr 1883  J. Caulfield (1st time)
22 Apr 1883 - 19 Jun 1883  Fryer
20 Jun 1883 - 26 Sep 1883  E.A. Kettlewell
27 Sep 1883 - 18 Nov 1883  J. Caulfield (1st time)
19 Nov 1883 - Jan 1884     R. Doveton
Jan 1884 - Mar 1884        ....
Mar 1884 - 19 May 1884     Williams
20 May 1884 -  3 Jul 1884  Peyton
                             (acting to Jun 1884)
 4 Jul 1884 - 12 Nov 1884  S.W. Lincoln (ex-officio)
13 Nov 1884 - Jan 1885     H.D. Merewether (1st time)
                             (ex-officio)
Jan 1885 - 10 Jun 1886     F.W. Snell (ex-officio)
11 Jun 1886 -  8 Sep 1887  Lyde
 9 Sep 1887 - 17 Apr 1889  Abud
Oct 1889 - 27 Nov 1889     D. Harrison (acting?)
28 Nov 1889 - 22 Jun 1890  H.D. Merewether (2nd time)
23 Jun 1890 - 13 Sep 1890  G.S. Curtis
14 Sep 1890 -  9 Jan 1894  J. Davies
10 Jan 1894 - Nov 1895     A.B. Sangster
Nov 1895 -  1 Mar 1896     Harrington (acting?)
 2 Mar 1896 -  1 May 1896  F.W. Wodehoue
 2 May 1896 - 21 Jun 1897  J.W.B. Merewether (ex-officio)
22 Jun 1897 - 28 Jan 1898  W. Beale
29 Jan 1898 - 20 Feb 1898  C.J. Harold
21 Feb 1898 - 22 May 1899  William Southern Malcolm Jones       (b. 1852 - d. 1920)
23 May 1899 - 13 Oct 1899  A.G.M. Hogg
14 Oct 1899 - 23 Sep 1901  H. Harrison (1st time)
24 Sep 1901 -  8 Jan 1902  J.A. Oldfield (1st time)
 9 Jan 1902 - 10 Feb 1903  H. Strong
11 Feb 1903 - 21 Mar 1903  J.A. Oldfield (2nd time)
22 Mar 1903 -  6 Sep 1903  A.D. Little
                            (superintendent Eastern Telegraph Company on Perim) 
 7 Sep 1903 -  7 Oct 1903  H. Harrison (2nd time)
 8 Oct 1903 - 14 Dec 1903  W.M. Wood
15 Dec 1903 -  3 Jun 1904  E. O'Brien
 4 Jun 1904 - 24 Jun 1904  A.H.E. Moss
25 Jun 1904 - 16 Dec 1904  J. de B. Hancock
17 Dec 1904 - 18 Jun 1905  E.G.S. Trotter
19 Jun 1905 - 27 Apr 1907  R.P. Schneider 
28 Apr 1907 -  8 Oct 1907  W.J.H. Hunter
 9 Oct 1907 - 16 Mar 1908  B.I.H. Adler (1st time)
17 Mar 1908 - 27 Mar 1908  F.L. Llyod Jones (1st time)
28 Mar 1908 - 16 Nov 1908  J.F. Parkin (1st time)
17 Nov 1908 -  8 Jan 1909  F.L. Llyod Jones (2nd time)
 8 Jan 1909 - 11 Feb 1909  E.A.F. Redl
12 Feb 1909 - 31 Jul 1909  A.O. Lash
22 Jul 1909 -  9 Oct 1909  B.I.H. Adler (2nd time)
10 Oct 1909 - 21 Dec 1909  E. Saulez 
22 Dec 1909 -  7 Apr 1910  M.T. Elderton (1st time)
 8 Apr 1910 - 20 Jul 1910  C.S. Fellows  
21 Jul 1910 - 17 May 1911  R. de Waller 
18 May 1911 - 30 Sep 1911  F. Miller  
 1 Nov 1911 - 19 Jan 1912  F.B.W. Jacomb 
20 Jan 1912 - 19 Apr 1912  G.S. Douglas 
20 Apr 1912 -  4 Oct 1912  W.P. Hammond  
 5 Oct 1912 - 12 Mar 1913  W.L. Cotton 
13 Mar 1913 -  7 Oct 1913  D.L. Hankin  
 8 Oct 1913 -  7 Mar 1914  C.P. Paige
 8 Mar 1914 - 15 Dec 1914  Bannatnye 
16 Dec 1914 - 20 Mar 1915  W.J. Ottley 
21 Mar 1915 - 30 Jun 1915  A.G.C. Hutchinson 
 1 Jul 1915 - 31 Jul 1915  R. Nicholas 
 1 Aug 1915 -  1 Sep 1915  C.B. Baldock
 1 Sep 1915 - 11 Nov 1915  M.T. Elderton (2nd time)
12 Nov 1915 - 26 Nov 1915  W.R. Elphick (1st time)
27 Nov 1915 - 27 Dec 1915  F. Miller   
28 Dec 1915 -  8 Jan 1916  A.K. King Mason 
 8 Jan 1916 - 19 Jan 1916  ....
19 Jan 1916 - 23 Jan 1916  W.R. Elphick (2nd time) 
24 Jan 1916 - 29 Apr 1916  C.D. Field 
29 Apr 1916 -  7 Aug 1916  W.H. Bingham 
 8 Aug 1916 -  5 Nov 1916  C.E. Borton 
 6 Nov 1916 - 27 Feb 1917  R.B. Graham  
28 Feb 1917 - 21 May 1917  J.H.V. Barr 
22 May 1917 - 21 Aug 1917  L.H.R. Ames 
22 Aug 1917 - 19 Nov 1917  T.B. Minnekin  
20 Nov 1917 - 13 Jan 1918  A.A. Williamson 
13 Jan 1918 - 18 Mar 1918  ....
18 Mar 1918 - 15 Jul 1918  J.F. Parkin (2nd time) 
16 Jul 1918 - 25 Jan 1919  S.C.W. Hume 
26 Jan 1919 -  9 Feb 1919  H.J. Acland 
19 Feb 1919 - 28 Mar 1919  E.R.L. Browning (1st time)
28 Mar 1919 -  3 Dec 1919  M.H.D. Cockayne  
 3 Dec 1919 - 11 Jan 1920  E.R.L. Browning (2nd time)
12 Jan 1920 - 31 Jan 1920  A.H.B. Joyce
 1 Feb 1920 -  6 Sep 1920  S.C.W. Hume 
 7 Sep 1920 - 27 Sep 1920  E.B. Head
28 Sep 1920 - 18 Feb 1921  W.S. Buie (1st time)
19 Feb 1921 - 31 Mar 1921  J.G. Worth 
 1 Apr 1921 - 19 May 1922  W.S. Buie (2nd time) 
20 May 1922 - 11 Jul 1922  J.A. McQueen  
12 Jul 1922 - 20 Aug 1922  F.A. Jacob 
21 Aug 1922 - 18 Dec 1922  Francis William Power
19 Dec 1922 - 17 Nov 1923  G. McGregor 
18 Nov 1923 - 16 Jun 1924  W. Booker   
17 Jun 1924 -  1 Sep 1924  L.A. Lawrence                        (d. 1924)
 2 Sep 1924 -  7 Sep 1924  M.C. Lake  
 8 Sep 1924 - 21 Oct 1924  L.M. Barlow 
22 Oct 1924 - 13 Jan 1925  C.V.L. Coleman  
14 Jan 1925 - 13 Mar 1925  N.H.H. Baily
14 Mar 1925 - 21 Mar 1925  G.F. Taylor (1st time) 
22 Mar 1925 - 20 May 1925  L.R. Knight 
21 May 1925 - 24 Jun 1925  R.S. Abbott  
25 Jun 1925 - 24 Jul 1925  N.H. Prendergast 
25 Jul 1925 - 28 Aug 1925  D.G. Sandeman 
29 Aug 1925 - 27 Sep 1925  E.P. Rich 
28 Sep 1925 -  4 Dec 1925  G.F. Taylor (2nd time) 
 5 Dec 1925 - 29 Jan 1926  P.R. Macnamara
30 Jan 1926 -  7 Mar 1926  W. Mc G. Spence
 8 Mar 1926 - 14 May 1926  G.B. Fyldes 
15 May 1926 - 30 Aug 1926  D.H. Gordon
31 Aug 1926 -  3 Dec 1926  J.J. Purves (1st time)
 4 Dec 1926 - 31 Dec 1926  E.R. Magenty 
 1 Jan 1927 - 20 May 1927  K.G. Hyde Gates
21 May 1927 - 23 Aug 1927  P.H. Denyer 
24 Aug 1927 - 25 Oct 1927  J.J. Purves (2nd time)
26 Oct 1927 - 31 Dec 1927  W.I. Lang  
 1 Jan 1928 - 31 May 1928  E.C. Johnson 
 1 Jun 1928 - 15 Aug 1928  N.C.F. Muloy 
16 Aug 1928 - 20 Jan 1929  R.H. Martin
21 Jan 1929 - 16 Apr 1929  V. Harris 
1929                       Post abolished
Manager of the Perim Coal Company and Government Agents of Perim
18 Apr 1929 - 1929         Charles Christmas Davey (1st time)  (b. 1886 - d. 1936)
1929                       R.A. Sinclair
1930                       N.P.C. Mulloy
1930 - 1935                Charles Christmas Davey (2nd time)  (s.a.)
28 Jul 1935 - 30 Sep 1936  J. Pape (acting to 1936)
Commissioners of Police of Aden and Administrators of Perim
 1 Oct 1936 - 1938         Douglas Fernie Paton Reid           (b. 1896 - d. 1963)
1938 - 1940                Laurence Stanley Parke              (b. 1890 - d. 1940)
1940 - 1942                ....
1942 - 1950                Alan Edward Sigrist                 (b. 1893 - d. 1983)
1950 - 195.                Norman George Maclean               (b. 1900 - d. ....)
195. - 1958                R.H. Stewart
1958 - 1959                George Baskerville Viveash          (b. 1917 - d. 1987)
Arab Agents on Perim (representing the Commissioners of Police of Aden)
10 Nov 1936 - 1959         ....
Commissioners of Perim and (from 1963, the Kuria Muria Islands)
1959 - 1963                Vincent Edward Frederick Eyre       (b. 1914 - d. 2007)
1963 - 196.                ....
bf.1965 - 30 Nov 1967      Leslie Stewart Wink                 (b. 1917 - d. 1968)

Territorial Dispute: North Yemen claimed sovereignty over Perim (Barīm) Island from 1956 to 22 May 1990, also claimed by Djibouti and Ethiopia.

North Yemen (Sana)
 
[Yemen (Sana) to 1876, 1918-1923]
1636 - 1876; 30 Oct 1918 - 1923
 
[Ottoman flag (to 1918)]
1876 - 30 Oct  1918 
 
[Imamate of Yemen 1918-1927 (North Yemen)]
1918 - 1927
 
[Flag of the Imam of Yemen 1918-1962 (North Yemen)]
1918 - 27 Sep 1962 Imam's Flag
 
[Kingdom of Yemen 1927-1962 (North Yemen)]
1927 - 27 Sep 1962
[Flag of Yemen Arab Republic 1962 (UAR Flag 1958-1961)(North Yemen)]
27 Sep 1962 - 1 Nov 1962
[Flag of Yemen Arab Republic 1962-1990 (North Yemen)]
1 Nov 1962 - 22 May 1990

Map of North Yemen
Hear National Anthem
"A Nation's Will"
Adopted 1978 
 Former National Anthem
"al Watani"
(Peace to the Land)
(27 Sep 1962-1978)
-----------------------------------
Former Royal Anthem
"Royal Salute" (to 27 Sep 1962)
Constitution
 (28 December 1970,
suspended 19 June 1974)
Capital: Sana
(Taiz Oct 1914-1918,
1948-1962,
and 1229-1454;
Sana 1098-1173;
Jiblah 1047-1083;
Sa'ada 893-1047,1083-98, 1173-1229, 1454-1918)
Currency: 1964-1990
Yemeni Rial (YER); 1800-1964 Yemeni Imadi Riyal (YEI); 1872-1918 Ottoman Empire Piastre (XOTP)
National Holiday: 26 Sep (1962)
Proclamation of the Republic
(Revolution Day)
Population: 7,160,981 (1990)
GDP: $5.5 billion (1988)
Exports: $853 million (1988)
Imports: $1.3 billion (1988)
Ethnic groups: Arab 90%, Afro-Arab (mixed) 10%
Total Armed Forces: 44,500 (1981)
40,447 (1962)
Merchant marine: 1 ship (1990)
Religions: Muslim 100% (Sunni 50% and Shia 50%)
International Organizations/Treaties: ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, AOAD, Arabsat, BTWC (signatory), ENMOD, ESCR, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISESCO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, NPT, NTBT (signatory), OIC, UN, UNCLOS (signatory), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO

950 BC - 115 BC            Sabean Kingdom (Kingdom of Sheba).
100 BC - 525 AD            Himyar Kingdom
525 - 575                  Part of Axum (Ethiopia).
575 - 632                  Part of Sassainian (Persian) Empire.
861 - 997                  Ya'furid dynasty rule over San'a.
1022 - 1159                Najahid dynasty rule over Zabid.
1047 - 1138                Sulayhid dynasty rules over Yemen.
1173 - 1228                Ayyubids of Egypt control Southern Yemen and Aden. 
1229 - 1442                Rasulid dynasty rule over Yemen.
1454 - 1517                Tahirid dynasty rule over Yemen.
1511 - 1517                Sana occupied by the Egyptian Mameluke Sultanate.
1517 - 1635                Part of the Ottoman Empire (conquest of Sana 23 Aug 1547,
                             Zaidi enter Sana 9 Mar 1629).
1536                       Ottoman Eyalet of Yemen declared.
23 Aug 1547                Ottomans enter Sana.
21 Aug 1567 - 26 Jul 1569  Anti-Ottoman rebellion in Sana.
Sep 1597                   Qasimi State established, called Yemen (Yaman) from c.1905.
1645 - 1728                Annexes Aden.
1833 - 22 Apr 1840         Egypt occupies Red Sea coast of Yemen (Hodeida 3 Dec 1833 -
                             22 Apr 1840, Tiaiz in 1837).
1849                       Ottoman Eyalet of Yemen re-established.
25 Apr 1872                Ottomans re-occupy Sana, Vilayet of Yemen established.
 23 Nov 1876                Annexed to Ottoman Empire.
Sep 1904                   Anti-Ottoman revolt begins.
12 Dec 1904 - Apr 1905     Yemeni siege of Ottoman Sana.
Apr 1905 - Sep 1905        Yemenis occupy Sana.
18 Oct 1911                Ottoman-Yemeni Da'an Agreement signed (ratified by Ottomans 1913)
                             ended the 30-year Zayidi-Ottoman War.
17 Nov 1918                Independence from Ottoman Empire (Kingdom of Yemen).
23 Jan 1919                Last Ottoman forices in northern Yemen surrender.
 24 Jul 1923                Turkey sovereignty over Yemen ended by the Treaty of Lausanne.
21 Oct 1926                Nejd protectorate of Najran (not recognized by Yemen until 1934).
20 May 1934                Kingdom of Yemen formally cedes Najran, Asir, and Jizan
                             to Saudi Arabia.
 2 Sep 1926                Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (al-Mamlaka al-Mutawakkiliyya al-
                             Yamaniyya) internationally recognized.
 8 Mar 1958 - 26 Dec 1961  Federated with the United Arab Republic (Egypt [and to 28 Sep 1961
                             Syria]) as United Arab States.
27 Sep 1962                Yemen Arab Republic (al-Jumhuriyya al-'Arabiyya al-Yamaniyya).
 5 Oct 1962 - 23 Jul 1970  Yemeni Royalist government in Saudi Arabia exile.
22 May 1990                Unification with Yemen (Aden) as Republic of Yemen.
 

Rulers
861 - 872                  Ya'fur bin Abdül-Rahman
872 - 892                  Mohammed bin Ya'fur
892                        Abdul Qadir bin Ahmad
892 - 898                  Ibrahim
898 - 943                  As'ad
943 - 963                  Mohammed bin Ibrahim
963 - 997                  Abdüllah bin Kahtan
1173 - 1181                Mu'azzma Shamsuddin
1181 - 1197                Aziz Zahiruddin Tughtigin
1197 - 1202                Mu'izzuddin Isma'il
1202 - 1214                Nasir Ayyub
1214 - 1215                Muzaffar Sulayman
1215 - 1229                Mas'ud Salahuddin Yusuf
1229 - 1250                Mansur Nuruddin Umar I
1250 - 1295                Muzaffar Shamsuddin Yusuf I
1295 - 1296                Ashraf Munahhiduddin Umar II
1296 - 1322                Mu'ayyad Hizabruddin Da'ud
1322 - 1363                Mujahid Saifuddin Ali
1363 - 1377                Afdal Dirghamuddin al-Abbas
1377 - 1400                Ashraf Mumahhiduddin Isma'il I
1400 - 1424                Nasir Salahuddin Ahmad
1424 - 1427                Mansur Abdüllah
1427 - 1428                Ashraf Isma'il II
1428 - 1439                Zahir Yahya
1439 - 1442                Ashraf Isma'il III
1442                       Muzaffar Yusuf II
1454 - 1460                Zafir Salahuddin Amir I
1460 - 1478                Mujahid Shamsuddin Ali
1478 - 1489                Mansur Tajuddin Abdul-Wahhab
1489 - 15 May 1517         Zafir Salahuddin Amir II           (d. 1517)
 Ottoman governors
1511 - 28 Feb 1517         Huseyin Bey al-Kurdi
28 Feb - Jul 1517          Barsbay bey
Jul 1517 - 1521            Iskender Bey
1521 - 1524                Kemal Bey al-Rumi
1524 - May 1524            Karamanli Iskender Bey
1524 - 1526                Hüseyin Bey al-Rumi
1526 - Jul 1527            Mustafa Bey al-Rumi
1527 - 1528                Selman Reis
1528                       Hayreddin Hamza Bey
1528 - 1530                Mustafa Bey
1530 - 1536                Iskender bin Suli al-Mawz
1536 - 1539                Nahüda Ahmed Bey
1539 - 1540                Behram Bey (in Zabid)
1539 - 1540                Mustafa Bey
1540 - 1545                Mustafa Neshshar Bey
                             (1st time)
1545 - 27 Jun 1547         Üveys Pasha                        (d. 1547)
1547 - 1549                Ferhad Pasha
1549 - 1555                Özdemir Pasha
1555 - 1559                Mustafa Neshshar Pasha
                             (2nd time)
1559 - 1561                Karashahin Mustafa Pasha
1561 - 1565                Mahmud Pasha                       (d. 1567)
Aug 1565 - Apr 1567        Ridwan Pasha
                           + Murad Pasha
Sep 1567 - 1570            Rus Hasan Pasha                    (d. 1582)
1570 - 1575                Behram Pasha
1576 - 1580/81             Kuyucu Murad Pasha
1580/81 - 1604             Yemenli Hasan Pasha
1604 - 1607                Emir Sinan Pasha
1607 - 1612                Cafer Pasha
1612 - 1616                Ibrahim Pasha
1616 - 1622                Mehmed Pasha
1622 - 1624                Fazli Pasha
1624 - 1626                Haydar Pasha
1626 - 1628                Gürcü Ahmed Pasha
1628 - 1629                Aydin Pasha                        (d. 1629)
1629 - Oct 1635            Kansuh Bey
Oct 1635 - 1636            Arnavut Mustafa Bey (acting)
Imams¹
Sep 1506 - 1547            Al-Mutawakkil Yahya Sharaf ad-Din  (b. 1473 - d. 1555)
1547 -  9 Jan 1572         Al-Mutahhar bin Yahya Sharaf ad-Din(b. 1503 – d. 1572)
1572 - 1579                multiple claimants
1579 - 11 Sep 1585         An-Nasir al-Hasan bin Ali          (d. 1615)
                             (Ottoman prisoner from 11 Sep 1585)
Sep 1597 - 19 Feb 1620     Qasim I bin Muhammad al-Mansur     (b. 1561 - d. 1620)
 19 Feb 1620 - 29 Sep 1644  Muhammad I bin al-Mansur Bi'llah   (b. 1582 - d. 1644)
                              Qasim
 29 Sep 1644 - Aug 1676     `Ala Allah Ismail bin al-Mansur    (b. 1610 - d. 1676)
                              Bi'llah Qasim al-Mutawakkil
Aug 1676 - 29 Jun 1681     Ahmad I bin al-Hassan al-Mahdi     (b. 1633 - d. 1681)
 29 Jun 1681 - 27 Apr 1686  Muhammad II II bin al-Mutawakkil   (b. 1634 - d. 1686)
                              `Ala Allah Ismail al-Muayad
27 Apr 1686 -  2 Aug 1718  Muhammad III un-Nasir bin          (b. 1637 - d. 1718)
                             al-Mahdi Ahmed 
1718 - 1723                Qasim II bin Husain (1st time)     (d. 1727)
1723                       Nasir Muhammad bin Ishaq           (b. 1680 - d. 1754)
 1723 - 23 Apr 1727         Qasim II bin Husain (2nd time)     (s.a.) 
 1727 - 1728                Muhammad IV al-Hadi al-Majid
                             bin Ali
1728 -  6 Mar 1748         Mansur al-Husayn II bin Qasim      (b. 1696 - d. 1748)
 7 Mar 1748 -  4 Sep 1775  Abbas I bin Mansur al-Mahdi        (b. 1719 - d. 1775)
15 Sep 1775 - 25 Oct 1809  Ali I bin al-Abbas                 (b. 1738 - d. 1809)
25 Oct 1809 -  9 Sep 1816  Ahmad II bin Ali                   (b. 1756 - d. 1816)
10 Sep 1816 - 28 Nov 1835  Abdullah I bin Ahmad               (b. 1793 - d. 1835)
28 Nov 1835 - Feb 1837     Ali II bin Abdullah (1st time)     (b. 1812 - d. 1871)
 Feb 1837 - Feb 1840        Abdullah II bin al-Hassan          (b. 1811 - d. 1840)
Apr 1840 - 10 Jan 1844     Muhammad IV bin Ahmad al-Hadi      (d. 1844)
1841 - 1844                al-Qasim bin Ahmad (in rebellion)
10 Jan 1844 - Dec 1845     Ali II bin Abdullah (2nd time)     (s.a.)
 Dec 1845 - 1848            Muzaffar ad-Din Muhammad V bin     (d. 1849)
                              Yahya
1848 - 1849                Ahmad III bin Hashim               (d. 1852)
1849 - 1850                Ali II bin Abdullah (3rd time)     (s.a.)
 1850  (3 months)           al-`Abbas II bin `Abd ar-Rahman    (d. 1880)
 1850 - 1852                Ghalib bin al-Mutawakkil Muhammad  (b. 1823 - d. 1885)
                             (1st time)
 1852 - 1857                Ahmad bin Ahmad al-Haymi
                             (governor of Sana)
1857 - 1858                Sheikh Abdullah bin Yusuf
                             (governor of Sana)
Ottoman Walis (governors) of Yemen
May 1850 - Mar 1851        Mustafa Sabri Pasha
 Mar 1851 - Oct 1851        Mehmed Sirri Pasha
 Oct 1851 - May 1852        Bonaparta Mustafa Pasha            (d. 1852)
 May 1852 - May 1856        Kürt Mehmed Pasha
 May 1856 - Dec 1862        Babanli Ahmed Pasha (1st time)
 Dec 1862 - Aug 1864        Musullu Ali Yaver Pasha
 Aug 1864 - Feb 1867        Babanli Ahmed Pasha (2nd time)
 Feb 1867 - Mar 1869        Tacirli Ahmed Pasha
 Mar 1869 - May 1871        Halepli Ali Pasha
 May 1871 - Aug 1871        Topal Bursali Mehmed Redif Pasha
 Sep 1871 - May 1873        Katircioglu Ahmed Muhtar Pasha     (b. 1839 - d. 1919)
 May 1873 - Apr 1875        Ahmed Eyyub Pasha
 Apr 1875 - Apr 1879        Mustafa Asim Pasha
 Dec 1879 - Dec 1882        Botgoriceli Ismail Hakki Pasha
 Dec 1882 - Dec 1884        Mehmed Izzet Pasha
 Dec 1884 - Dec 1886        Ahmed Fevzi Pasha (1st time)
 Dec 1886 - Dec 1887        Ahmed Aziz Pasha
 Dec 1887 - Jun 1889        Topal Osman Nuri Pasha
 Jun 1889 - May 1890        Potirikli Osman Nuri Pasha
 May 1890 - Apr 1891        Botgoriceli Ismail Hakki Pasha
 Apr 1891 - Dec 1891        Hasan Edip Pasha
Dec 1891 - May 1898        Ahmed Fevzi Pasha (2nd time)
 May 1898 - Oct 1902        Huseyin Hilmi Pasha                (b. 1855 - d. 1922)
 Oct 1902 - Aug 1904        Çerkes Abdullah Reshid Pasha
 Aug 1904 - Aug 1905        Biren Mehmed Tevfik Pasha
 Aug 1905 - Oct 1908        Ahmed Fevzi Pasha (3rd time)
 Oct 1908 - Jan 1910        Arnavud Hasan Tahsin Pasha         (b. 1845 - d. 1918)
 Jan 1910 - Apr 1910        Kamil Bey
 Apr 1910 - Nov 1911        Mehmed Ali Pasha
 Nov 1911 - Nov 1918        Akdilek Mahmud Pasha
Imams¹
1858 - Apr 1872            Ghalib bin al-Mutawakkil Muhammad  (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1859 - 1863                al-Husayn (III) bin Muhammad bin   (d. 1888) 
                             al-Hadi (in rebellion)
1872 - 29 Jul 1878         al-Mutawakkil al-Muhsin bin Ahmad  (d. 1878)
                              (in rebellion from 1871)
Oct 1878 -  8 Jun 1890     Sharaf ad-Din Muhammad (at Sa`da)  (b. 1820 - d. 1890)
1882 - 1901                Muhammad (VI) al-Huthi al-Mahdi    (d. 1901)
                              (in rebellion, at Barat)
Jul 1890 -  4 Jun 1904     Muhammad VI bin Yahya Hamid ad-Din (b. 1839 - d. 1904)
 4 Jun 1904 -  2 Sep 1926  Yahya bin Muhammad bin Yahya       (b. 1867 - d. 1948)
                             Hamid ad-Din
 Imams and Kings¹
 2 Sep 1926 - 17 Feb 1948  Yahya bin Muhammad                 (s.a.)
18 Feb 1948 - 14 Mar 1948  Abdullah (III) bin Ahmad al-Wazir  (b. 1888 - d. 1948)
15 Mar 1948 -  1 Apr 1955  Ahmad (IV) ash-Shams (1st time)    (b. 1891 - d. 1962)
 1 Apr 1955 -  5 Apr 1955  Abdullah (IV) bin Yahya            (b. 1912 - d. 1955)
 5 Apr 1955 - 19 Sep 1962  Ahmad (IV) ash-Shams (2nd time)    (s.a.)
19 Sep 1962 - 27 Sep 1962  Muhammad (VII) al-Badr             (b. 1926 - d. 1996)
                            (continuing in rebellion to Mar 1970
                             [from 1967 in at-Ta´if, Saudi Arabia exile])
President of the Revolutionary Command Council
 26 Sep 1962 - 13 Apr 1963  Abdullah as-Sallal                 (b. 1917 - d. 1994)  Mil
President of the Presidential Council of the Republic
28 Sep 1962 - 31 Oct 1962  Muhammad Ali Uthman Nur al-Din     (b. 1904 - d. 1973)
Presidents
31 Oct 1962 -  5 Nov 1967  Abdullah as-Sallal                 (s.a.)               Mil
 5 Nov 1967 - 13 Jun 1974  Abdul Rahman al-Iryani             (b. 1910 - d. 1998)  Mil
13 Jun 1974 - 11 Oct 1977  Ibrahim Muhammad al-Hamadi         (b. 1943 - d. 1977)  Mil
11 Oct 1977 - 24 Jun 1978  Ahmad al-Ghashmi                   (b. 1938 - d. 1978)  Mil
 24 Jun 1978 - 18 Jul 1978  Abdul Karim Abdullah al-Arashi     (b. 1934 - d. 2006)  Non-party
                              (president of Presidential Council)
18 Jul 1978 - 22 May 1990  Ali Abdullah Saleh al-Hashidi      (b. 1942 - d. 2017)None;1982 MSA

Prime ministers
1927 - 17 Feb 1948         Abdullah bin Husain al-Amri        (b. 1887 - d. 1948)  Non-party
1948                       Husain bin Muhammad al-Kibsi       (b. 1903 - d. 1948)  Non-party
                             (acting)
Feb 1948 - 18 Feb 1948     Sayf al-Islam Ibrahim bin Yahya    (b. 1915 - d. 1948)  Non-party
                             Hamid al-Din  
Feb 1948 - 14 Mar 1948     `Ali bin Abdullah al-Wazir         (b. 1900 - d. 1980)  Non-party
Apr 1948 - 18 Jun 1955     Prince Sayf al-Islam al-Hassan     (b. 1908 - d. 2003)  Non-party
                             bin Yahya Hamid al-Din
 18 Jun 1955 - 28 Sep 1962  Vacant
28 Sep 1962 - 26 Apr 1963  Abdullah as-Sallal (1st time)      (s.a.)               Mil
26 Apr 1963 -  5 Oct 1963  Abdul Latif Dayfallah (1st time)   (b. 1930 - d. 2019)  Mil
 5 Oct 1963 - 10 Feb 1964  Abdul Rahman al-Iryani             (s.a.)               Non-party
10 Feb 1964 - 29 Apr 1964  Hassan al-Amri (1st time)          (b. 1916 - d. 1989)  Mil
 29 Apr 1964 -  6 Jan 1965  Hamoud al-Jaifi                    (b. 1918 - d. 1985)  Non-party
 6 Jan 1965 - 20 Apr 1965  Hassan al-Amri (2nd time)          (s.a.)               Mil
20 Apr 1965 -  6 Jul 1965  Ahmad Muhammad Numan (1st time)    (b. 1909 - d. 1996)  Non-party
 6 Jul 1965 - 20 Jul 1965  Abdullah as-Sallal (2nd time)      (s.a.)               Mil
20 Jul 1965 - 18 Sep 1966  Hassan al-Amri (3rd time)          (s.a.)               Mil
 18 Sep 1966 -  5 Nov 1967  Abdullah as-Sallal (3rd time)      (s.a.)               Mil
 5 Nov 1967 - 21 Dec 1967  Mohsin Ahmad al-Aini (1st time)    (b. 1932 - d. 2021)  Non-party
21 Dec 1967 -  9 Jul 1969  Hassan al-Amri (4th time)          (s.a.)               Mil
  9 Jul 1969 -  2 Sep 1969  Abdul Salam Sabrah (1st time)      (b. 1912 - d. 2012)  Non-party
                             (acting)
 2 Sep 1969 -  5 Feb 1970  Abdullah Kurshumi                  (b. 1932 - d. 2007)  Non-party
 5 Feb 1970 - 26 Feb 1971  Mohsin Ahmad al-Aini (2nd time)    (s.a.)               Non-party
26 Feb 1971 -  3 May 1971  Abdul Salam Sabrah (2nd time)      (s.a.)               Non-party 
                             (acting)
 3 May 1971 - 24 Aug 1971  Ahmad Muhammad Numan (2nd time)    (s.a.)               Non-party
24 Aug 1971 -  5 Sep 1971  Hassan al-Amri (5th time)          (s.a.)               Mil
 5 Sep 1971 - 18 Sep 1971  Abdul Salam Sabrah (3rd time)      (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (acting)
18 Sep 1971 - 30 Dec 1972  Mohsin Ahmad al-Aini (3rd time)    (s.a.)               Non-party
30 Dec 1972 - 10 Feb 1974  Kadhi Abdullah al-Hagri            (b. 1917 - d. 1977)  Non-party 
10 Feb 1974 - 22 Jun 1974  Hassan Muhammad Makki              (b. 1933 - d. 2016)  Non-party 
                             (acting to 3 Mar 1974)
22 Jun 1974 - 16 Jan 1975  Mohsin Ahmad al-Aini (4th time)    (s.a.)               Non-party
16 Jan 1975 - 25 Jan 1975  Abdul Latif Dayfallah (2nd time)   (s.a.)               Mil
                             (acting)
25 Jan 1975 - 15 Oct 1980  Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani (1st time)  (b. 1939 - d. 2011)  MSA
15 Oct 1980 - 13 Nov 1983  Abdul Karim Ali al-Iryani          (b. 1934 - d. 2015)  MSA
13 Nov 1983 - 22 May 1990  Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani (2nd time)  (s.a.)               MSA

Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen in Exile

[Kingdom of Yemen 1927-1962 (North Yemen)]

 5 Oct 1962                Prince Hassan forms a royalist exile government in Jeddah,
                             Saudi Arabia.
21 Dec 1962                UN General Assembly accepts the credentials of the
                             republican government.
28 Nov 1967 -  7 Feb 1968  Failed royalist siege of Sana.
31 Mar 1970                Yemen Arab Republic acceptance of the proposed reconciliation
                             agreement with Saudi Arabia and the Yemeni royalists.
23 Jul 1970                Saudi Arabia recognizes the Yemen Arab Republic, and a
                             ceasefire is effected.

Imam and King¹
27 Sep 1962 - 23 Jul 1970  Muhammad (VII) al-Badr              (s.a.)
                            (in northern Yemen, from Mar 1969
                             in at-Ta´if, Saudi Arabia exile)
Chairman of the Imami Council (Ra'is Majlis Imami)
15 Jan 1969 - 23 Jul 1970  Prince Sayf al-Islam al-Hassan      (s.a.)              Non-party
                             bin Yahya Hamid al-Din 
                             (in opposition)

Prime ministers
 5 Oct 1962 - 17 Oct 1962  Ahmed al-Sayari                     (b. 1924)           Non-party
 17 Oct 1962 - 11 Apr 1967  Prince Sayf al-Islam al-Hassan      (s.a.)              Non-party
                              bin Yahya Hamid al-Din (2nd time)
Apr 1967 - 15 Jan 1969     Prince Abdur Rahman bin Yahya       (b. 1937)           Non-party
15 Jan 1969 - 23 Jul 1970  Prince Sayf al-Islam al-Hassan      (s.a.)              Non-party
                             bin Yahya Hamid al-Din (3rd time)

 ¹Full style of the rulers:
(a) c.1858 - 2 Sep 1926: Imam al-Muslimin, Amir al-Mu'minin ("Imam of the Muslims, Commander of the Faithful");
(b) 2 Sep 1926 - 27 Sep 1962 (and in dissidence to Mar 1970): Imam al-Muslimin, Amir al-Mu'minin, Malik al-Mamlaka al-Mutawakkiliyya al-Yamaniyya ("Imam of the Muslims, Commander of the Faithful, King of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen").

Territorial Disputes: North Yemen (Sana) claimed the Kamaran Islands and Perim Island held by South Yemen; sections of the boundary with South Yemen indefinite or undefined; section of boundary with Saudi Arabia indefinite or undefined.

Party abbreviations: MSA = Al-Mo'tamar Ash-Sha'abiy Al-'Aam (General People's Congress, Arab nationalist, authoritarian, right-wing, Arab nationalist, est.1982); Mil = Military

Dutch Mocha

28 Jan 1621 - Apr 1623     Dutch factory at Mocha (al-Mukha) and again briefly 1638-1639.
1657                       Dutch factory at Mocha under the Dutch East India
                              Company (subordinated to Suratte to 1707, then to Batavia).
27 Aug 1684 - 21 Aug 1696  Factory closed.
Sep 1739                   Dutch factory closed, coffee trade continues to 1755.

Dutch factors
 28 Jan 1621 - Jul 1621     Harman van Gil                     (d. 1621)
 Jul 1621 - Apr 1623        Willem Jacobsz. de Milde
 Nov 1638 - 1639            Corneils van de Graeff
 Dutch Heads (Hoofden)
30 Oct 1657 -  9 Sep 1659  Justinus Weyns (1st time)
 26 Aug 1676 - 1679         Justinus Weyns (2nd time)
 27 Aug 1684 - 21 Aug 1696  Vacant
21 Aug 1696 - 18 Jul 1701  Nicolaas Welters (Velters)
 1701 - 1707                Adriaan van den Heuvel (acting)
1707 -  7 Sep 1708         Johan Josua Ketelaar               (b. 1659 - d. 1718)
 Dutch Residents at Mocha
 11 Sep 1708 - 1710         Christiaan van Vrijbergen (1st time)
 21 Feb 1710 - 15 Jul 1712  Hendrik Willemzoon van der Burgh
 15 Jul 1712 - 1714         Christiaan van Vrijbergen (2nd time)
 1714 - 22 Aug 1715         Petrus Adolphy (Adelphy)
 22 Aug 1715 -  5 Aug 1718  Abraham Pantser (Panzer)
 5 Aug 1718 - 16 Sep 1721  Joan van Leeuwen
 16 Sep 1721 - 23 Sep 1721  Arnold van der Cruyce
 23 Sep 1721 -  9 Dec 1721  Dirk Meeuwissoon
 11 Sep 1722 - 14 Sep 1724  Jacobus van Steenwijk              (b. c.1687 - d. 17..)
 14 Sep 1724 - 21 Sep 1729  Johan Elias van Mylendonk          (b. 1693 - d. 1775)
 9 Sep 1728 - 29 Jul 1729  Johannes Groengraft
 5 May 1730 - 26 Sep 1730  Willem van den Berg (1st time)
18 Jun 1732 - 12 Sep 1732  Willem van den Berg (2nd time)
 27 Aug 1732 - 12 Aug 1733  Nicolaas Duyt                      (b. c.1709 - d. 17..)
 12 Aug 1733 - 21 Sep 1739  Jacob Akersloot (acting)           (b. 1711 - d. 1789)
11 Sep 1733 - 12 Sep 1739  Willem van den Berg (3rd time)

Yemen

22 May 1990                Unification as Republic of Yemen (al-Jumhuriyya al-Yamaniyya).
21 May 1994 -  7 Jul 1994  Former South Yemen (Aden) in secession as 
                             (Democratic Republic of Yemen).
20 Jan 2015 -              Houthi seize control of Sana, opposed by the
                             federal government which moves to Aden in Feb 2015.

Chairman of the Presidential Council
22 May 1990 -  1 Oct 1994  Ali Abdullah Saleh                 (b. 1942 - d. 2017)  MSA
Presidents 
 1 Oct 1994 - 25 Feb 2012  Ali Abdullah Saleh                 (s.a.)               MSA
  4 Jun 2011 - 23 Sep 2011  Abdu Rabu Mansour Hadi (1st time)  (b. 1945)            MSA
                             (acting for Saleh)
22 Jan 2012 - 25 Feb 2012  Abdu Rabu Mansour Hadi (2nd time)  (s.a.)               MSA
                             (acting for Saleh)
25 Feb 2012 -  6 Feb 2015  Abdu Rabu Mansour Hadi             (s.a.)               MSA
                              (continues in opposition at Aden 21 Feb - 25 Mar
                             and 22 Sep - Oct 2015; in Saudi Arabia exile
                             26 Mar - 22 Sep 2015 and Oct 2015 - 19 Apr 2022;
                             retaining international recognition)
 President of the Supreme Revolutionary Committee
 6 Feb 2015 - 15 Aug 2016  Muhammad Ali al-Houthi             (b. 1979)            Huthi
                             ("Abu Ahmad al-Houthi")
Presidents of the Supreme Political Council
15 Aug 2016 - 19 Apr 2018  Saleh Ali Muhammad al-Sammad       (b. 1979 - d. 2018)  Huthi
25 Apr 2018 -              Mahdi Muhammad Husain al-Mashshat  (b. 1986)            Huthi
19 Apr 2022 -              Rashad Muhammad al-Alimi           (b. 1954)            MSA
                             (chairman of Presidential Leadership Council,
                             at Aden; internationally recognized)

Prime ministers
22 May 1990 -  9 May 1994  Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas           (b. 1939)            HIY
 9 May 1994 -  6 Oct 1994  Muhammad Said al-Attar (acting)    (b. 1927 - d. 2005)  Non-party
  6 Oct 1994 - 14 May 1997  Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani             (b. 1939 - d. 2011)  MSA
14 May 1997 - 29 Apr 1998  Faraj Said Bin Ghanem              (b. 1937 - d. 2007)  Non-party
29 Apr 1998 -  7 Apr 2001  Abdul Karim Ali al-Iryani          (b. 1934 - d. 2015)  MSA
                             (acting to 14 May 1998)
 7 Apr 2001 -  7 Apr 2007  Abdul Qader Bajamal                (b. 1946 - d. 2020)  MSA
  7 Apr 2007 - 10 Dec 2011  Ali Muhammad Mujawar               (b. 1953)            MSA
 4 Jun 2011 - 23 Aug 2011  Hasan Ahmas al-Lawzi               (b. 1952 - d. 2020)  MSA
                             (acting for Mujawar)
10 Dec 2011 -  9 Nov 2014  Muhammad Salim Basindwah           (b. 1935)            Non-party
 21 Sep 2014 -  9 Nov 2014  Abdullah Mohsen al-Akwa            (b. 1961)            Non-party
                             (acting for Basindwah)
 9 Nov 2014 -  6 Feb 2015  Khaled Mahafoudh Bahah             (b. 1965)            Non-party
                              (continues in Hadi government Mar 2015 - 4 Apr 2016)
 1 Mar 2016 - 28 Nov 2016  Talal Abdulkarim Aqlan (acting)                         HIY
 4 Apr 2016 - 18 Oct 2018  Ahmad Obaid Bin Daghr              (b. 1952)            MSA
                             (internationally recognized government)
28 Nov 2016 - 10 Aug 2024  Abdul Aziz bin Habtour             (b. 1955)            MSA
18 Oct 2018 -  5 Feb 2024  Maeen Abdul Malik Saeed            (b. 1976)            Non-party
                             (internationally recognized government)
 5 Feb 2024 -              Ahmad Awad bin Mubarak             (b. 1968)            Non-party
                             (internationally recognized government)
10 Aug 2024 -              Ahmad Ghalib Nasir al-Rahawi                            MSA

Territorial Disputes: In 2004, Saudi Arabia reinforced its concrete-filled security barrier along sections of the fully demarcated border with Yemen to stem illegal cross-border activities, including militants and arms; in 2013 and 2015, Saudi Arabia again erected fences; Somalia submitted claims to the waters around the Socotra archipelago in a 3 Jul 2014 declaration to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which Yemen rejects.

Party abbreviations: HIY = Al-Hizb Al-Ishtiraki Al-Yamani (Yemeni Socialist Party [YSP], Islamic socialist, Arab natiionalist, former NLF, to 1990 Marxist-Leninist, democratic socialist, pan-Arab, 1978-1990 only legal party, from 2012 split into pro-Houthi and pro-Hadi factions, est.1978); Huthi = al-Huthiyyun (The Huthis, also called Ansar Allah [Supporters of God], Zaydi Shia militant, est.1994); MSA = Al-Mo'tamar Ash-Sha'abiy Al-'Aam (General People's Congress, Arab nationalist, authoritarian, right-wing, Arab nationalist, from 2015 split into pro-Hadi, pro-Houthi, and pro-Ahmed Saleh factions, est.1982)






© Ben Cahoon