Tunisia
 

(de jure)  to 12 May 1881   c.1831 - 1 Jun 1959   1881 - 20 Mar 1956 Merchant Flag   1 Jun 1959 - 3 Jul 1999 Adopted 3 Jul 1999 Map of Tunisia Hear National Anthem "Humat Al Hima" (Defenders of the Homeland) 25 Jul 1957 - 20 Mar 1958, re-adopted 7 Nov 1987 Former National Anthem "Ala Khallidi " (O' Make Eternal) (20 Mar 1958-7 Nov 1987) ---------------------------------------- Former Royal Anthem  "Salam Al-Bey" (Beylical Anthem) (1846-25 Jul 1957) Constitution  (16 Aug 2022) --------------------------------- Former Constitutions 26 Apr 1861-9 Apr 1864 and  1 Jun 1959 - 27 Jan 2014 and 27 Jan 2014 - 17 Aug 2022 Capital: Tunis Currency: Tunisian Dinar (TND); 1891-1958 Tunisian  Franc (TNF); 1800-1891 Tunisia Piastre (TNP)  National Holiday: 20 Mar (1956) National Day Population: 11,721,177 (2019) GDP: $137.7 billion (2017) Exports: $13.82 billion (2017) Imports: $19.09 billion (2017) Ethnic groups: Tunisian Arab 67.2%, Bedouin Arab 26.6%, Algerian Arab 2.4%, Amazigh (Berber) 1.4%, European and other 2.4% (2000) Total Active Armed Forces: 35,800 (2010) Merchant marine: 67 ships (2019) Religions: Muslim 98% (official)(of which Sunni 97%, Shi'a 2%), Christian 1%, Jewish and other 1% (2005) International Organizations/Treaties: ABEDA, AfCFTA, AfDB, AFESD, AIIB, AL, AMF, AMU, AOAD, APM, Arabsat, AU, BSEC (observer), BTWC, CAEU, CCM, CD, CEN-SAD, COMESA, CTBT, CWC, EBRD, ECOWAS (observer), ENMOD, ESCR, FAO, G-11, G-77, GAFTA, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA (signatory), ISA, ISESCO, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, NATO (Mediterranean dialogue), NPT, NTBT, OAPEC (suspended), OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OPCW, OSCE (partner), OST, PAM, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Tunisia Index Chronology c.814 BC                   Carthage (Qart-hadasht) founded by Phoenicians                              from Tyre (Sur). c.650 BC                   Carthage gains independence and established its                              political hegemony over other Phoenician                              settlements throughout the western Mediterranean. 146 BC                     Part of the Roman Empire with the conquest of                              Carthage (Carthago)(as Africa, from 27 BC                              Africa Proconsularis). 19 Oct 439 AD              Part of the Vandal kingdom (regnum Vandalum). 533                        Part of the Eastern Roman ("Byzantine") Empire                              (as Africa Zeugitana and Africa Byzacium). 698                        Muslim Arab conquest of Carthage. 698 - 750                  Part of Umayyad Caliphate. 750                        Part of the Abbasid Caliphate. 800 - 18 Mar 909           Under Aghlabid dynasty rule (nominally under                              Abbasid Caliphate, but de facto independent). 18 Mar 909 - 1171          Under Fatamid dynasty of Ifriqiyya based in Egypt                              (except 1048/49 - c.1057 when local Zirid rulers                              acknowledge the Abbasid Caliphate). 973 - 1148                 Zirids appointed as Fatamid governors in Ifriqiyya. 1059 - 1158                Tunis ruled by Banu Khurasan (Khurasanid) emirs                              (annexed to Hammadid kingdom 1128-1148). 1148 - Jul 1159            Tunis a vassal of Norman Kingdom of Sicily                              ("Naples"). Jun 1148 - 11 Jan 1160     Norman Kingdom of Africa, based at Mahdia. 1159 - 1171                Almohad dynasty in Morocco rules Tunisia. 1171 - 1174                Occupied by Egypt under Saladin. 1174 - 1229                Almohad dynasty in Morocco rules Tunisia. 1229                       Hafsid (al-Hafsiyun) dynasty of Ifriqiyya rules                              from Tunis. 1347 - 1350                Occupied by Merinids of Fez (Morocco). 1531 - 1535                Vassal of Ottoman Empire 14 Jul 1535 - 23 Aug 1574  La Goletta (port of Tunis), Bizerte, and Mahdia                              (to 1554) are occupied by Spain. The Hafsid ruler                              in Tunis a vassal of Spain. 19 Jan 1570 - 10 Oct 1573  Tunis under Ottoman re-occupation. 10 Oct 1573 -  3 Sep 1574  Tunis occupied by Spain.  3 Sep 1574                Incorporated into Ottoman Empire, with varying                              and ultimately increased autonomy                              (1726-1821 subordinated to Algiers). c.1591                     Territory of Tunisia is granted the status of a                              privileged province (eyalet mümtaze) of the                              Ottoman Empire. The Tunisian Kingdom (al-Mamlaka                              al-Tunisiyya, also in official Ottoman use. 1613 -  9 Jun 1702         Under de facto hereditary Muradid (Mouradites)                              dynasty. 15 Jul 1705                Tunisian under the de facto hereditary Husayni                              dynasty. 25 Oct 1871                While continuing to recognize nominal Ottoman                              suzerainty, the Bey ceases paying tribute.  9 Jun 1881                Tunisia becomes a protectorate of France in                              accordance with a treaty concluded 12 May 1881.                             (styled Régence de Tunis [Regency of Tunis] in                              official documents of the French representatives                              in Tunisia 1883-1956). 16 Jun 1940 -  7 May 1943  Administration loyal to Vichy France (from 7 May                                1943 [Henri Giraud to 8 Jun 1943], Free French). 10 Nov 1942 -  7 May 1943  Occupied by Germany  5 Jan 1943 -  9 May 1943  Allied forces invade Tunisia (taking Gafsa and El                              Guettar on 17 Mar 1943, Gabès 29 Mar 1943, Sfax                              10 Apr 1943, Sousse 12 Apr 1943, Tunis and                              Bizerte on 7 May 1943, last Axis forces surrender                              13 May 1943).  3 Jun 1955                Autonomous. 20 Mar 1956                Tunisia is recognized as an independent state. The                              state continues to be styled Tunisian Kingdom                              (Mamlaka al-Tunisiyya = Royaume de Tunisie). 20 Mar 1956 - 15 Oct 1963  France naval base at Bizerte. 25 Jul 1957                Tunisian Republic 11 Jan 1974 - 12 Jan 1974  Part of Arab Islamic Republic (al-Jumhuriyya al-                              Arabiyya al-Islamiyya) failed union with Libya. Norman Africa (1148-1160) Bizerte (1535-1574; 1957-1963) Jerba (Djerba) (1284-1333, 1560) Mahdia (1550-1554) Tabarca (Tabarka) (1543-1741) Tunis and La Goletta (1535-1574)

Ottoman Pashas
1574 - 1576                Koça Sinan Paşa
1576 - 22 Jun 1587         Kılıç Ali Paşa (= Uluç Reis)       (b. c.1496 - d. 1587)
                             (Giovanni Dionigi Galeni)
Deys (titular after 1666)
10 Oct 1573 - Sep 1574     Muley Hamida (in dissidence)
1587 - 1591                Ibrahim Ruzili Dey (= Rudesli)
1591 - 1593                Musa Dey
1593 - Sep 1610            Kara Osman Dey                     (d. 1610)
1610 - 1637                Yusuf Dey                          (b. c.1560 - d. 1637)
1637 - Jun 1640            Usta Murad Dey                     (b. 1570 - d. 1640)
1640 - 1647                Ahmad Koça Dey (Ali Uzan)
1647 - 1653                Haci Mehmed Laz Dey
1653 - 1665                Haci Mustafa Laz Dey
1665 - 1666                Haci Mustafa Karakush Dey
1666 - 1669                Haci Mehmed Oghlu Dey
1669 - 1672                Haci Shaban Koça Dey
                             (= Chaabane Khodja)
1672 - 1673                Haci Mehmed Mençaly Dey
                             (= Muhammad Mantecholi)
1673                       Haci Ali Laz Dey
1673 - 1676                Haci Mamci Cemal Dey (1st time)
1676 - 1677                Haci Mehmed Beshara Dey            (d. 1677)
1677                       Haci Mamci Cemal Dey (2nd time)
1677  (4 days)             Uzun Mehmed Dey (= Ouzzoun Ahmed)
1677 - 1678                Muhammad Tabak (1st time)          (d. 1682)
1678                       Hüseyin Beksali Dey
1678 - 1682                Muhammad Tabak (2nd time)          (s.a.)
1682 - 1686                Ahmad Çelebi Dey
1686 - 1688                Haci Mehmed Bektash Dey
1688 - 1694                Ali Dey Re`is
1694                       Ibrahim Koça Dey
1694                       Mehmed Koça Dey (1st time)
1694 - 1695                Muhammad Tabaq   
1695                       Raba Yaqub Dey
1695 - 1699                Mehmed Koça Dey (2nd time)
1699 - 1701                Deli Muhammad 
1701 - 1702                Kawadj Muhammad
1702                       Kara Mustafa
1702 - 1705                Ibrahim ash-Sharif (= Ibrahim)    (b. 16.. - d. 1709?)
1705 - 17 Jul 1705         Mehmed Koça Dey (3rd time) 
Beys, Possessors of the Tunisian Kingdom¹
(subordinated to the Deys until 1666; regents 1666-1705)
1591 - 1613                Ramadan (Romdhane)(= Ramadan I)   (d. 1613)
1613 - 1631                Murad (= Murad I)                 (b. 15.. - d. 1631)          
1631 - 1666                Hammuda Pasha                     (d. 1666)
1666 - 1675                Murad (= Murad II)                (d. 1675)
1675 - 14 Oct 1696         Muhammad Bey al-Mouradi           (d. 1696)
                             (= Muhammad II al-Mouradi)
Nov 1694 - Apr 1695        Muhammad bin Choukr (in rebellion)
14 Oct 1696 - Mar 1699     Ramadan (Romdhane)(= Ramadan II)  (d. 1699)
16 Mar 1699 -  9 Jun 1702  Murad bin Ali (= Murad III)       (b. 1681 - d. 1702)
10 Jun 1702 - 15 Jul 1705  Ibrahim ash-Sharif (= Ibrahim)    (s.a.)
15 Jul 1705 -  7 Sep 1735  Abdul Azad Hussein bin Ali Turki  (b. 1675 - d. 1740)
                             (= Hussein I)
 7 Sep 1735 -  2 Sep 1756  Abdul Hasan Ali Pasha bin Muhammad(b. 1688 - d. 1756)
                             Pasha (= Ali I)
 2 Sep 1756-11/12 Feb 1759 Abdul Abdullah Muhammad al-Rashid (b. 1710 - d. 1759)
                             Pasha bin Hussein Pasha
                             (= Muhammad I al-Rashid)
                             (in rebellion from Aug 1756)
12 Feb 1759 - 26 May 1782  Abdul Hasan Ali Pasha bin Hussein (b. 1712 - d. 1782)
                             Pasha (= Ali II)
 9 Feb 1777 - 15 Sep 1814  Abu Muhammad Hammuda Pasha bin    (b. 1759 - d. 1814)
                             Ali Pasha (= Hammuda)
                             (co-ruler to 26 May 1782)
17 Sep 1814-20/21 Dec 1814 Abdul Nur Uthman Bey bin Ali      (b. 1763 - d. 1814)
                             Pasha (= Uthman)
21 Dec 1814 - 28 Mar 1824  Abdul Tina Mahmud Pasha bin       (b. 1757 - d. 1824)
                             Muhammad al-Rashid Pasha (= Mahmud)
28 Mar 1824 - 20 May 1835  Abdul Abdullah Hussein Pasha      (b. 1784 - d. 1835)
                             bin Mahmud Pasha (= Hussein II)
20 May 1835 - 10 Oct 1837  Abdul Nukhba Mustafa Pasha bin    (b. 1786 - d. 1837)
                             Mahmud Pasha (= Mustafa)
10 Oct 1837 - 30 May 1855  Abdul Abbas Ahmad Pasha bin       (b. 1806 - d. 1855) 
                             Mustafa Pasha (= Ahmad I)
31 May 1855 - 22 Sep 1859  Abdul Abdullah Muhammad Pasha     (b. 1811 - d. 1859)
                             bin Hussein Pasha
                             (= Muhammad II) 
24 Sep 1859 - 28 Oct 1882  Abdul Abdullah Muhammad al-Sadiq  (b. 1813 - d. 1882)
                             Pasha bin Hussein Pasha
                             (= Muhammad III as-Sadiq)
28 Oct 1882 - 11 Jun 1902  Abdul Hasan Ali Pasha bin Hussein (b. 1817 - d. 1902)
                             Pasha (= Ali III)
                             in official French: Ali Pacha
11 Jun 1902 - 11 May 1906  Muhammad al-Hadi Pasha bin Ali    (b. 1855 - d. 1906)
                             Pasha (= Muhammad IV al-Hadi)
                             in official French: Mohamed el Hadi Pacha
12 May 1906 - 10 Jul 1922  Muhammad al-Nasir Pasha bin       (b. 1855 - d. 1922)
                             Muhammad (= Muhammad V an-Nasir)
                             in official French: Mohamed en Naceur Pacha
10 Jul 1922 - 11 Feb 1929  Muhammad al-Habib Pasha bin       (b. 1858 - d. 1929)
                             al-Ma'mun Bey (= Muhammad VI al-Habib)
                             in official French: Mohamed el Habib Pacha
11 Feb 1929 - 19 Jun 1942  Ahmad Pasha bin Ali Pasha         (b. 1862 - d. 1942)
                             (= Ahmad II)
                             in official French: Ahmed Pacha
19 Jun 1942 - 14 May 1943  Muhammad al-Munsif Pasha bin      (b. 1881 - d. 1948)
                             Muhammad al-Nasir Pasha
                            (= Muhammad VII al-Munsif)
                             in official French: Mohamed el Moncef Pacha
                            (signed abdication 6 Aug 1943 in Laghouat, Algeria)
15 May 1943 - 25 Jul 1957  Muhammad al-Amin Pasha bin        (b. 1881 - d. 1962)
                             Muhammad al-Habib Pasha
                            (= Muhammad VIII al-Amin)     
                             in official French: Mohamed Lamine Pacha
Presidents
25 Jul 1957 -  7 Nov 1987  Habib bin Ali Abu Ruqayba         (b. 1903 - d. 2000)  PND;1964 PSD
                             (Habib Bourguiba)
 7 Nov 1987 - 15 Jan 2011  Zayn al-Abidin bin Ali            (b. 1936 - d. 2019)  PSD;1988 RCD
                             (Zine El Abidine Ben Ali)
                             (left country 14 Jan 2011)
14 Jan 2011 - 15 Jan 2011  Mohamed Al-Ghannushi              (b. 1941)            RCD
                             (Mohamed Ghannouchi)
                             (acting nominally for Ben Ali)
15 Jan 2011 - 13 Dec 2011  Mohamed Fuad al-Mibaza (interim)  (b. 1933)            Non-party
                             (Mohamed Fouad Mebazaa)
13 Dec 2011 - 31 Dec 2014  Mohamed al-Munsif bin Mohamed     (b. 1945)            CPR
                             bin Ahmad al-Marzuqi
                             (Moncef Marzouki)
31 Dec 2014 - 25 Jul 2019  Mohamed al-Baji Qaid as-Sabsi     (b. 1926 - d. 2019)  NT  
                             (Mohamed Béji Caïd Essebsi)    
25 Jul 2019 - 23 Oct 2019  Mohamed al-Nasser (acting)        (b. 1934)            NT 
                             (Mohamed Ennaceur)
23 Oct 2019 -              Qays bin al-Munsif bin Mohamed    (b. 1958)            Non-party
                             Suayyid       
                             (Kaïs Moncef Mohamed Saïed)

Grand viziers
1800 - 23 Jan 1815         Sidi Yusuf Sahib al-Tabi          (b. c.1765 - d. 1815)
1815 - 29 Oct 1822         Muhammad Arbi Zarrouk Khaznadar   (b. c.1760 - d. 1822)
                             (principal minister)
1822 - 1829                Sidi Husain Khoja                 (d. 1857)
1829 - 1837                Sidi Rashid al-Shakir Sahib       (b. c.1795 - d. 1837)
                             al-Taba`a
1837 - 22 Oct 1873         Mustapha Khaznadar                (b. 1817 - d. 1878)  Non-party
22 Oct 1873 - 21 Jul 1877  Khayreddin Pasha                  (b. 1822 - d. 1890)  Non-party
21 Jul 1877 - 24 Aug 1878  Mohamed Khaznadar (1st time)      (b. c.1810 - d. 1889)Non-party 
24 Aug 1878 - 12 Sep 1881  Mustapha bin Ismaïl               (b. c.1850 - d. 1887)Non-party
12 Sep 1881 - Oct 1882     Mohamed Khaznadar (2nd time)      (s.a.)               Non-party
Oct 1882 -  4 Feb 1907     Aziz Bouattour                    (b. 1825 - d. 1907)  Non-party
18 Feb 1907 - Jun 1908     Mhamed Djellouli                  (b. 1834 - d. 1908)  Non-party
Jun 1908 - Jun 1915        Youssef Djaït                     (b. 1830 - d. 1915)  Non-party
Oct 1915 - May 1922        Taieb Djellouli                   (b. 1857 - d. 1944)  Non-party
Prime ministers
May 1922 - 20 Oct 1926     Mustapha Dinguizli                (b. 1865 - d. 1926)  Non-party
 3 Nov 1926 -  2 Mar 1932  Khalil Bouhajib                   (b. 1863 - d. 1942)  Non-party
 2 Mar 1932 - 31 Dec 1942  Hédi Lakhoua                      (b. 1872 - d. 1949)  Non-party
 1 Jan 1943 - 15 May 1943  M'Hamed Chenik (1st time)         (b. 1889 - d. 1976)  PND
15 May 1943 - 21 Jul 1947  Slaheddine Baccouche (1st time)   (b. 1883 - d. 1959)  Non-party
21 Jul 1947 - 17 Aug 1950  Mustapha Kaak                     (b. 1893 - d. 1984)  Non-party
17 Aug 1950 - 26 Mar 1952  M'Hamed Chenik (2nd time)         (s.a.)               PND 
12 Apr 1952 -  2 Mar 1954  Slaheddine Baccouche (2nd time)   (s.a.)               Non-party
 2 Mar 1954 -  6 Jul 1954  Mohamed Salah Mzali               (b. 1896 - d. 1984)  Non-party
 6 Jul 1954 -  7 Aug 1954  Georges Dupoizat (acting)         (b. 1909 - d. 1975)  Non-party
 7 Aug 1954 - 11 Apr 1956  Tahar Ben Ammar                   (b. 1885 - d. 1985)  PD
11 Apr 1956 - 25 Jul 1957  Habib Bourguiba                   (s.a.)               PND
19 Oct 1969 -  2 Nov 1970  Bahi Ladgham                      (b. 1913 - d. 1998)  PSD
                             (secretary of presidency 25 Jul 1957 - 19 Oct 1969)
 2 Nov 1970 - 23 Apr 1980  Hédi Nouira                       (b. 1911 - d. 1993)  PSD
23 Apr 1980 -  8 Jul 1986  Mohamed Mzali                     (b. 1925 - d. 2010)  PSD
 8 Jul 1986 -  2 Oct 1987  Rachid Sfar                       (b. 1933 - d. 2023)  PSD 
 2 Oct 1987 -  7 Nov 1987  Zine El Abidine Ben Ali           (s.a.)               PSD 
 7 Nov 1987 - 27 Sep 1989  Hédi Baccouche                    (b. 1930 - d. 2020)  PSD;1988 RCD
27 Sep 1989 - 17 Nov 1999  Hamed Karoui                      (b. 1927 - d. 2020)  RCD 
17 Nov 1999 - 27 Feb 2011  Mohamed Ghannouchi                (s.a.)             RCD to 1-18-11
27 Feb 2011 - 24 Dec 2011  Mohamed al-Baji Qaid as-Sabsi     (s.a.)               Non-party
24 Dec 2011 - 14 Mar 2013  Hamadi Jebali                     (b. 1949)            HN
14 Mar 2013 - 29 Jan 2014  Ali Larayedh                      (b. 1955)            HN
29 Jan 2014 -  6 Feb 2015  Mehdi Jomaa                       (b. 1962)            Non-party
 6 Feb 2015 - 27 Aug 2016  Habib Essid                       (b. 1949)            NT
27 Aug 2016 - 27 Feb 2020  Youssef Chahed                    (b. 1975)           NT;2019 TT
22 Aug 2019 - 13 Sep 2019  Kamel Morjane                     (b. 1948)            TT
                             (acting for Chahed)
27 Feb 2020 -  2 Sep 2020  Elyes Fakhfakh                    (b. 1972)            FDTL
 2 Sep 2020 - 25 Jul 2021  Hichem Mechichi                   (b. 1974)            Non-party
25 Jul 2021 - 11 Oct 2021  Vacant
11 Oct 2021 -  1 Aug 2023  Najla Bouden Romdhane (f)         (b. 1958)            Non-party
 1 Aug 2023 -              Ahmed Hachani                     (b. 1957)            Non-party

French Resident ministers
12 May 1881 - 17 Feb 1882  Justin Théodore Dominique Roustan (b. 1833 - d. 1906)
28 Feb 1882 - 23 Jun 1885  Pierre Paul Cambon                (b. 1843 - d. 1924)
Residents-general
23 Jun 1885 - 28 Oct 1886  Pierre Paul Cambon                (s.a.)
 4 Nov 1886 - 23 Nov 1886  Paul Louis Georges Bihourd        (b. 1846 - d. 1914)
23 Nov 1886 -  5 Nov 1892  Justin Théophile Athanase         (b. 1838 - d. 1892)
                             Massicault
 5 Nov 1892 - 14 Nov 1894  Maurice Rouvier                   (b. 1842 - d. 1911)
14 Nov 1894 - 15 Nov 1900  René Philippe Millet              (b. 1849 - d. 1919)
15 Nov 1900 - 27 Dec 1901  Georges Benoît (interim)          (b. 1849 - d. 1907)
27 Dec 1901 - 29 Dec 1906  Stephen Jean-Marie Pichon         (b. 1857 - d. 1933)
29 Dec 1906 - 26 Oct 1918  Gabriel Ferdinand Alapetite       (b. 1854 - d. 1932)
26 Oct 1918 -  1 Jan 1921  Étienne Jean-Marie Flandin        (b. 1853 - d. 1922)
 1 Jan 1921 -  2 Jan 1929  Lucien Saint                      (b. 1867 - d. 1938)
18 Feb 1929 - 29 Jul 1933  François Pierre Joseph Manceron   (b. 1872 - d. 1937)
29 Jul 1933 - 21 Mar 1936  Bernard Marcel Peyrouton          (b. 1887 - d. 1983)
                             (1st time)
17 Apr 1936 - 18 Oct 1938  Armand Guillon                    (b. 1880 - d. 1968)
22 Nov 1938 -  3 Jun 1940  Eirik Labonne                     (b. 1888 - d. 1971)
 3 Jun 1940 - 18 Jul 1940  Bernard Marcel Peyrouton          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
26 Jul 1940 -  7 May 1943  Jean-Pierre Esteva                (b. 1880 - d. 1951)
 9 Jan 1943 -  8 May 1943  Maurice Charles Henru Félicien    (b. 1885 - d. 1946)
                             Jurion (acting)
                             ("Free" French vice resident-general)
 8 May 1943 - 25 Jun 1943  Alphonse Pierre Juin (interim)    (b. 1888 - d. 1967)
25 Jun 1943 - 22 Feb 1947  Charles Emmanuel Mast             (b. 1889 - d. 1977)
22 Feb 1947 - 13 Jun 1950  Jean Mons                         (b. 1906 - d. 1989)
13 Jun 1950 - 13 Jan 1952  Louis Marcellin Marie Périllier   (b. 1900 - d. 1986)
13 Jan 1952 -  2 Sep 1953  Jean-Marie François de            (b. 1893 - d. 1957)
                             Hauteclocque
 2 Sep 1953 -  5 Nov 1954  Pierre Jean Paul Voizard          (b. 1896 - d. 1982)
 5 Nov 1954 - 31 Aug 1955  Pierre Boyer de Latour du Moulin  (b. 1896 - d. 1976)
High Commissioner
13 Sep 1955 - 20 Mar 1956  Roger Seydoux Fornier de          (b. 1908 - d. 1985) 
                             Clausonne

German Commanders-in-chief (of Panzerarmee Afrika; Deutsch-Italienische Panzerarmee
1 Oct 1942 - 23 Feb 1943; from 23 Feb 1943, Heeresgruppe Afrika)
10 Nov 1942 -  9 Mar 1943  Johannes Erwin Eugen Rommel       (b. 1891 - d. 1944)
 9 Mar 1943 - 12 May 1943  Hans Jürgen Bernhard Theodor von  (b. 1889 - d. 1971)
                             Arnim

 ¹Full style of ruler:
 (a) 15 Jul 1705 - 7 Sep 1735: Bay Tunis al-Mahrusa, Sahib al-Mamlaka al-Tunisiyya ("Bey of Tunis the Well-Guarded, Possessor of the Tunisian Kingdom");
 (b) 7 Sep 1735 - 25 Jul 1956: Bay Sahib Tunis al-Mamlaka al-Tunisiyya ("Bey, Possessor of the Tunisian Kingdom"); also in official use 1883-20 Mar 1956 (French): Bey, Possesseur du Royaume de Tunis ("Bey, Possessor of the Kingdom of Tunisia");
(c) in official Ottoman use: Tunus Beğlerbeğisi ("Lord of Lords of Tunis").

Party abbreviations: FDTL = at-Takattul ad-Dimuqrati min ajl il-'Amal wal-Hurriyyat/Forum Démocratique pour le Travail et les Libertés (Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties‎, center-left, social democratic, secular, illegal until 25 Oct 2002, est.9 Apr 1994); HN = Harakat an-Nahdah "Ennahda"/Mouvement Ennahda (Renaissance Movement, center-right, Islamic democratic, 1981-89 named Harakatu l-Ittijahu l-Islami/Mouvement de la Tendance Islamique, banned until 1 Mar 2011, est.1989); NT = Harakat Nida' Tunis/Appel de la Tunisie (Call of Tunisia Movement, social democratic, secular, Bourguibism, est.16 Jun 2012); TT = Tahya Tounes/Vive la Tunisie (Long Live Tunisia, secular, liberal, Bourguibism, est.27 Jan 2019);
- Former parties: CPR = al-Mu'tamar min ajl al-Jumhuriyyah/Congrès pour la République, Congress for the Republic, social democratic, secular, illegal until 2011, 25 Jul 2001-2 Jan 2017, merged into al-Irada); PD = al-Hizb al-Hurr ad-Dusturi/Parti Libéral Constitutionnel "Destour" (Constitutional Liberal Party, nationalist, pro-independence, 4 Jun 1920-1963); PND = al-Hizb al-Hurr ad-Dusturi al-Jadid/Nouveau Parti Libéral Constitutionnel "Neo-Destour" (New Constitutional Liberal Party, nationalist, 1963-1964 only legal party, split from PD, 2 Mar 1934-22 Oct 1964, renamed PSD); PSD = al-Hizb al-Ishtiraki ad-Dusturi/Parti Socialiste Constitutionnel "Destourien" (Constitutional Socialist Party, nationalist, socialist, secular, authoritarian, Bourguibism, former PND, 1964-1981 only legal party, 22 Oct 1964 - 27 Feb 1988, renamed RCD); RCD = at-Tajammu' al-Dusturi ad-Dimuqrati/Rassemblement Constitutionnel Démocratique (Democratic Constitutional Rally, nationalist, social democratic, secular, authoritarian, Bourguibism, formerly PSD, 27 Feb 1988-9 Mar 2011)

1135 - 1158                Djerba Island occupied by Norman Kingdom of Sicily (Naples).
1284 - 1333                Lordship of Djerba under the Kingdom of Sicily (Naples).
1520                       Inhabitants of Djerba swore vassalage to the king of Spain,
                             but no Spanish occupation takes place (Los Gelves).
 8 Mar 1560 - 31 Jul 1560  Occupied by Spain (Isla de Gerbes).
Aug 1793 - Nov 1794        Occupied by (usurping) ruler of Tripoli. 

Lords of Jerba
1284 - 1305                Roger I
1305 - 1307                Roger II (1st time)
1307 - 1310                Roger II (2nd time)
1310                       Charles
1310                       Francis-Roger III
Governors
c.1305 - 1308              Simon de Montolieu 
1308 - 1315                Raymond Montaner 
Spanish governors
 8 Mar 1560 - 10 May 1560  Juan de la Cerda, duque de        (b. c.1514 - d. 1575)
                             Medinaceli
10 May 1560 - 31 Jul 1560  Alvaro de Sande                   (b. 1489 - d. 1573)

1542 - 1543, 1718 - 1729

1543 - 1718, 1729 - 18 Jun 1741

1451 - 1506                Geonese occupy a post west of later settlement.
1543 - 1718                Island of Tabarca granted to the Lomellini family 
                             of the Republic of Genoa (and again 1729-1741).
18 Jun 1741                Surrendered to the Bey of Tunis.

Governors
c.1454                     Bartolomeo Cattaneo
c.1456                     Clemente Cicero
c.1469/70                  Ambrosio di Olivella
c.1470/72                  Giovanni Matia
c.1472                     Giovanni Francesco Spinola
c.1480/81                  Nicolò Spinola
1506 - 1543                Vacant
1543 - 1582                ....
c.1557                     Agostino Fiesco Maruffo
1582 - 1586                Carlo Spinola
1586                       Dionisio Spinola                    (d. 1586)
1586 - 1590                ....
21 Apr 1590 - 1591?        Gio Giacomo Spinola
24 Jan 1591 -  3 Mar 1593  Geronimo Spinola
1593 - 1596                ....
12 Jul 1596 - 20 Nov 1600  Nicolò Salvago
 1 Apr 1601 - Apr 1602     Giacomo Spinola
16 Apr 1602 - 27 Dec 1603  Corrado Grimaldi
1603 - 1607                ....
 4 Jan 1607 - 20 Nov 1607  Giacomo Salvago
1609 -  1 Jun 1615         Gio Battista Giustiniani
                             (1st time)
30 Jun 1615 -  6 Apr 1618  Paolo Doria
26 Jun 1618 -  4 Sep 1620  Gio Battista Giustiniani
                             (2nd time)
15 Nov 1620 -  8 Aug 1625  Paolo Battista Giustiniani
                             (1st time)
 8 Dec 1625 - 10 Jul 1627  Antonio Maria Vignola
10 Jul 1627 - 12 Sep 1634  Camillo Mercante
 8 Jul 1635 - 16 May 1638  Nicolò Doria
22 Jun 1639 - 24 Sep 1640  Paolo Battista Giustiniani
                             (2nd time)
1640 - 1643                ....
Apr 1643 - 27 Aug 1649     Ottavio Doria
1649 - 1652                ....
 7 Aug 1652 -  2 Jan 1664  Giovanni Maria Canale
22 Jul 1664 - 1666         Lazaro Spinola
1666 -  5 Feb 1675         Andrea Lomellini
1675 - 1681                Pietro Giustiniani
1681 - 29 Oct 1683         Camilio Maurizio Staglieno
29 Oct 1683 - 29 Oct 1687  Aurelio Spinola
1687 - 1690                Alessandro Pastorini
1690 - 1693/95             Gio Nicolò Speroni
1693/95 - 1699             ....
 4 Dec 1699 - 12 Feb 1701  Pietro Battista Maineri
170. - Jul 1707            Gio Stefano Doria                 (b. 16.. - d. 1707)
Jul 1707 - 1709            Ettore Doria
1709 - 1719                ....
 3 Jul 1719 -  1 Jun 1725  Francesco Maria Maineri
 1 Jun 1725 -  1 May 1730  Gio Benedetto Speroni
 1 May 1730 - 24 Oct 1733  Gian Antonio Giano  
24 Oct 1733 - Aug 1735     Negrone de Negro
Aug 1735 - 14 Nov 1740     Bergali
Nov 1740 - May 1741        "Gio" Giacomo Bellando (acting)
May 1741 - 18 Jun 1741     Giovanni Leone
                             (government commissioner)