Spain
 

Castile and León 1230 - 1516 Banner of Spain 1516 - 1665; Civil Ensign 1665 - 28 May 1785 1580 - 24 Nov 1700 24 Nov 1700 - 28 May 1785 1701 - c.1746 Variant c.1746 - 1761 Variant 1761 - 28 May 1785 Variant   28 May 1785 - 11 Feb 1873, 29 Dec 1874 - 27 Apr 1931 1785 - 31 Dec 1927 Merchant Ensign 11 Feb 1873 - 29 Dec 1874   1 Jan 1928 - 14 Apr 1931   Merchant Ensign   14 Apr 1931 - 31 Mar 1939   (Republic) National & Merchant Flag   27 Apr 1931 - 31 Mar 1939 (Republic) State and War Flag 29 Aug 1936 - 2 Feb 1938 (Nationalist) War Flag 29 Aug 1936 - 28 Oct 1981 National Ensign 2 Feb 1938 - 11 Oct 1945 (Nationalist) War Flag 11 Oct 1945 - 21 Jan 1977 War Flag 21 Jan 1977 - 28 Oct 1981 War Flag Adopted 28 Oct 1981   From 28 Oct 1981 Civil Ensign   Map of Spain Hear National Anthem "Himno Nacional Español" (National Anthem of Spain or "Marcha Real" [Royal March]) Text of National Anthem 3 Sep 1770 - 7 Apr 1822, 1823 - 9 Dec 1931, Re-adopted (27 Feb 1937) 17 Jul 1942 Constitution  (29 Dec 1978) Spanish Civil War Map Former National Anthem "Himno de Riego" (Riego's Anthem) (7 Apr 1822 - 28 Jan 1823, unofficial 9 Dec 1931 - 1 Apr 1939) Republic Constitution (1931-1939; in Spanish) Former Constitutions (1808, 1812, 1837, 1845, 1869, 1876, 1938) Capital: Madrid (Burgos 1073-1492; Valladolid 1492-1561,1601-1604; Republic: Valencia Nov 1936-Oct 1937; Barcelona Oct 1937-Ap 1939; Nationalists: Burgos Jul 1936 - Oct 1939) Currency: Euro (EUR); 1859-1 Jan 2002: Spanish  Peseta (ESP); 1936-1939  Spanish Nationalist Peseta (ESPN); 1931-1942 Spanish Republican Peseta (ESPR); 1865-1927 Union Latine Peseta (XULP); 1772-1854 Spanish Real (ESR); 1595-1868 Spanish Escudo (ESE); 1537-1859 Spanish Ducat (XESA) National Holiday: 12 Oct (1492) Fiesta Nacional de España (National Day of Spain) (1936-81 Día de la Hispanidad [Hispanic Heritage Day]) (adopted 1892) --------------------------------- Former Holiday: 18 Jul (1936) Fiesta Nacional de España (National Day of Spain) (1939-1977) Population: 50,015,792 (2019) GDP: $1.78 trillion (2017) Exports: $313.7 billion (2017) Imports: $338.6 billion (2017) Ethnic groups: Spanish 86.4%, Moroccan 1.8%, Romanian 1.3%, other 10.5% (2018) Total Active Armed Forces: 121,200 (2018) U.S. Military Forces: 3,212 (2023) Merchant marine: 119 ships (2019) Religions: Roman Catholic 68.9%, atheist 11.3%, agnostic 7.6%, other 2.8%, non-believer 8.2%, unspecified 1.1% (2019) International Organizations/Treaties: AC (observer), ACS (observer), ADB (nonregional), AfDB (nonregional), AG, AIIB (nonregional), ANT (consultative), APM, BCIE (nonregional), BIS, BTWC, CAN (observer), CBSS (observer), CCM, CD, CE, CERN, CFE, CPLP (associate observer), CTBT, CWC, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI, EMU, ENMOD, ESA, ESCR, EU, Euratom, Eutelsat, FAO, FATF, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAIA (observer), LU, MIGA, MTCR, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OS, OSCE, OST, PA (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), SEGIB, SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WA, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC Spain Index Chronology   218 BC - 456 AD            Part of Roman Empire as Provincia Hispania (in 197                              BC divided into Hispania Citerior and Hispania                              Ulterior. From 27 BC, Hispania Ulterior Baetica,                              Hispania Ulterior Lusitania and Hispania Citerior                              [or Tarraconensis]; from 314, Dioecesis Hispania). 456 - 711                  Part of Visigothic Kingdom (Regnum Visigothorum). 552 - 624                  Andalusia (Provincia Spaniae) part of the Eastern                              Roman (Byzantine) Empire. 19 Jul 711                 Muslim conquest of the Iberian peninsula begun                             (Toledo and Córdoba fall in 711, Seville in 712,                              Jaén in 713, Pamplona in 714 (to 755), Zaragoza                              in 714, and Barcelona in 719); named al-Andalus. 718                        Kingdom founded at Galicia/Asturias (see León). 756 - 929                  Emirate of Córdoba (Imarat Qurtubah), within the                              Umayyad Caliphate, rules most of Iberia. c.790 - 817                Hispanic Marches (Marca Hispanica) part of the                              Frankish kingdom.    c.850                      County of Castile, within Galicia/Asturias. 10 Dec 910                 Kingdom of León (Regnum Legionense/Reino de León). 929 - 1031                 Caliphate of Córdoba in most of Iberia. 13 May 1029 - 18 Oct 1035  Castile part of Kingdom of Pamplona (Navarra). 18 Oct 1035                Counties of Castile and Aragón become independent                              kingdoms; Kingdom of Castile (Regnum Castellae/                              Reino de Castilla).  4 Sep 1037 - 27 Dec 1065  Castile annexes León. 1040 - Apr 1147            Almoravid Caliphate rules southern Iberia. 12 Jan 1072 - 21 Aug 1157  Castile in personal union with León. 25 May 1085                Toledo annexed by Castile. 1147 - 1248                Almohad Caliphate rules southern Iberia. 24 Sep 1230                León inherited by Castile, both are reunited.  7 Feb 1236                Córdoba annexed by Castile.  28 Feb 1246                Jaén annexed by Castile. 23 Nov 1248                Sevilla annexed by Castile.  2 Feb 1266                Murcia annexed by Castile (vassal from 1243; in                              rebellion 1264-1266; under Aragón 1296-1304). 26 Mar 1344                Algeciras annexed by Castile. 23 Mar 1369 - 23 Jan 1516  Castile under the Trastámara dynasty. 19 Jan 1479                Accession of Fernando II of Aragón, who is also                              married to Ysabel I, Queen of Castile.  2 Jan 1492                Annexation of Granada, end of the Reconquista                              (reconquest of Iberia). Dec 1499 - Apr 1501        First Alpujarras "Morisco" revolt. 25 Jul 1512                Navarra annexed by Castile and Aragon. 23 Jan 1516 -  1 Nov 1700  Under the Habsburg (Habsburgo) dynasty. 16 Jan 1556                Spanish Monarchy¹ ([Monarquía Española] dated                              conventionally to the accession of Felipe II; the                              term España and Las Españas acquire Constitutional                              standing only in 1808), consisting of the crown                              of Castile, the crown of Aragon and the Kingdom                              of Navarra. 24 Dec 1568 - Mar 1571     Second Alpujarras "Morisco" revolt. 27 Jul 1580 -  1 Dec 1640  Portugal in personal union with Spain. 16 Nov 1700 -  6 May 1808  Under the Borbón (Capet) dynasty.  9 Jun 1715                Constitutional abolition of the crown of Castile                              (the separate crown of Aragón already abolished                              on 15 Jul 1707). 24 Mar 1808 - 11 Dec 1813  French occupation.  6 May 1808                The kings of the Borbón dynasty abdicate in favor                              of Napoléon I, emperor of the French and king                               of Italy.  6 Jun 1808                Napoléon I proclaims his brother Joseph Napoléon,                              king of the Two Sicilies, as king of Spain                              (the kingdom is referred to as Las Españas in                              the Napoleonic constitution of 6 Jul 1808).  2 Feb 1812 -  1 Dec 1813  Catalonia annexed to France. 19 Mar 1812                Spanish Monarchy (Monarquía Española), the first                              effective constitution of Spain, adopted by the                              "Resistance" (see below). 11 Dec 1813                Borbón (Capet) dynasty restored.  7 Apr 1823 -  1 Oct 1823  French intervention against the Constitutionalists                              on behalf of Fernando VII (French depart Nov                              1828). 11 Feb 1873                ("First") Spanish Republic (República Española). 12 Jul 1873 - 12 Jan 1874  The Cantonal revolt in Andalusia, Murcia and                              Valencia and other parts of Spain. 29 Dec 1874                Spanish Monarchy (Monarquía Española)(restored). 14 Apr 1931 -  1 Apr 1939  ("Second") Spanish Republic (República Española). 17 Jul 1936 -  1 Apr 1939  Civil war (Burgos rallies to Nationalists 18 Jul                              1936, Bilbao falls 19 Jun 1937, Barcelona on 26                              Jan 1939, and Madrid on 28 Mar 1939). 24 Jul 1936                Spanish State (Estado Español)(in opposition to                              1 Apr 1939). 28 Jul 1947                Spain declared to be a kingdom ("El Estado español                              se constituye en reino"). 29 Dec 1978                Spain (España); in frequent unofficial use: Kingdom                              of Spain [Reino de España]).  1 Nov 1993                Part of European Union (1986-93 European Community). Autonomous Communities Canary Islands Aragón (c.800-1840) Catalonia (c.801-1875) Baleares (1275-1808) Valencia (1094-1808) León (718-1808) Galicia (910-1479, 1846) Navarra (824-1875) Minorca (1708-1802) The "Resistance" (1808-1814) Carlist Governments (1833-1839,  1871-1876) Republic in Exile (1939-1977) Canton Revolts (1873-1874) Historical Maps of Spain

Note: The dates of the rulers of the intermittent Carlist insurrections correspond to the
actual presence of the rulers or their forces in the territory of the Spanish Monarchy.

Counts in Castile (title comes in Castella)(Spanish names with Latin in parentheses)

c.850 -  4 Oct 873         Rodrigo (Rudericus)                (b. 82. - d. 873)
 4 Oct 873 - 31 Jan 885    Diego Rodríguez (Didacus Rudericis)(b. 84. - d. 885)
31 Jan 885 - c.897         Vacant
c.897 - 910                Muño Muñoz (Munius Muniz)          (b. 86. - d. 91.) 
91. - c.916                Gonzalo Fernández                  (b. 88. - d. 91.)
                             (Gundisalvus Fredinandis)
c.916 - c.929              Fernando Ansúrez                   (b. 88. - d. 93.)
                             (Fredinandus Assuris)
c.920 - c.92.              Nuño Fernández (Nunnus Fredinandis)(b. 89. - d. af.932)
929 - Jun 970              Fernаndo González "el Buen Conde"  (b. 91. - d. 970)
                             (Fredinandus Gundisalvis)       
Jun 970 - 30 Dec 995       García Fernández "Manos Blancas"   (b. 93. - d. 995)
                             (Garsea Fredinandis)
29 Dec 995 -  5 Feb 1017   Sancho Garcéz "los Buenos Fueros"  (b. c.965 - d. 1017)
                             (Sancius Garceis)
 5 Feb 1017 - 13 May 1029  García Sánchez "el Infante"        (b. 1009 - d. 1029)
                             (Garsea Sanciis)
13 May 1029 - 18 Oct 1035  part of Pamplona (see Navarra)
Kings of Castile²
18 Oct 1035 - 27 Dec 1065  Fernando I "el Magno"              (b. c.1016 - d. 1065)
                             (Fredenandus I)
27 Dec 1065 -  7 Oct 1072  Sancho II "el Fuerte" (Sancius II) (b. c.1038 - d. 1072)
 7 Oct 1072 - 30 Jun 1109  Alfonso VI "el Bravo"              (b. c.1040 - d. 1109)
                             (Aldefonsus VI)
                             (from c.1077, also uses style imperator totius Hispaniae)
30 Jun 1109 -  8 Mar 1126  Urraca -Queen                      (b. 1080 - d. 1126)
 9 Mar 1126 - 21 Aug 1157  Alfonso VII "el Emperador"         (b. 1105 - d. 1157)
                             (Aldefonsus VII)
                             (co-ruler in Galicia from 17 Sep 1111)
                             (from 1135, also uses style imperator totius Hispaniae)
21 Aug 1157 - 31 Aug 1158  Sancho III "el Deseado"            (b. 1134 - d. 1158)
31 Aug 1158 -  5 Oct 1214  Alfonso VIII "el Noble"            (b. 1155 - d. 1214)
31 Aug 1158 - 1159         Gutierre Fernándiz de              (b. 1080 - d. 1165)
                             Castro -Regent     
1159 - 16 Dec 1160         García Garcés de Aza -Regent       (b. 1106 - d. 1160)
16 Dec 1160 -  9 Jul 1164  Manrique Périz, conde de           (b. 1110? - d. 1164)
                             Lara -Regent  
 9 Jul 1164 - 18 Nov 1169  Fernando de León e Galicia -Regent (b. 1137 - d. 1188)
 6 Oct 1214 -  6 Jun 1217  Enrique I                          (b. 1204 - d. 1217)   
 6 Oct 1214 - 25 Oct 1214  Leonor de Plantagenet (f) -Regent  (b. 1162 - d. 1214)
25 Oct 1214 -  6 Jun 1217  Berenguela de Castilla (f) -Regent (b. 1180 - d. 1246)
May 1215 -  6 Jun 1217     Alvaro Nuñez de Lara, conde de     (b. 1147 - d. 1219)
                             Lara -Regent (in rebellion) 
 6 Jun 1217 - 31 Aug 1217  Berenguela "la Gran" -Queen        (s.a.)
31 Aug 1217 - 30 May 1252  Fernando III "el Santo"            (b. 1201 - d. 1252)
30 May 1252 -  4 Apr 1284  Alfonso X "el Sabio"               (b. 1221 - d. 1284)
 4 Apr 1284 - 25 Apr 1295  Sancho IV "el Bravo"               (b. 1258 - d. 1295)
25 Apr 1295 -  7 Sep 1312  Fernando IV "el Emplazado"         (b. 1285 - d. 1312) 
25 Apr 1295 - Feb 1302     Regents
                           - María de Molina y Mesa (f)       (b. 1264? - d. 1321)
                           - Enrique de Castilla y León,      (b. 1230 - d. 1303)
                              señor de Écija
21 Jan 1296 -  8 Aug 1304  Alfonso de la Cerda                (b. 1270 - d. 1324)
                             (in rebellion [in León])  
1296 - 26 Jun 1300         Juan de Castilla y León, señor     (b. 1260 - d. 1319)
                             de Valencia (in rebellion)      
 7 Sep 1312 - 26 Mar 1350  Alfonso XI "el Justiciero"         (b. 1311 - d. 1350)
                             (also uses style emperador de España)
 7 Sep 1312 - 13 Aug 1325  Regents
                           - Pedro de Castilla y Molina       (b. 1290 - d. 1319)
                           - Juan de Castilla y León, señor   (s.a.) 
                               de Valencia
                           - María de Molina y Mesa (f)       (s.a.)
                               (to 1 Jul 1321)
                           - Constanza de Portugal y          (b. 1290 - d. 1313)
                               Aragón (f) (to 18 Nov 1313)
                           - Juan de Castilla y León          (s.a.)
                               (to 25 Jun 1319)
                           - Pedro de Castilla y León, señor  (b. 1290 - d. 1319)
                               de los Cameros (to 25 Jun 1319)
                           - Juan de Castilla, señor de       (b. 129. - d. 1326)
                               Vizcaya
                              (25 Jun 1319 - 13 Aug 1325 [in León])
                           - Felipe, señor de Cabrera y Ribera(b. 1292 - d. 1327)
                              (25 Jun 1319 - 13 Aug 1325 [in Andaluçia])
                           - Juan Manuel, señor de Peñafiel   (b. 1282 - d. 1348)
                              (1 Jul 1321 - 13 Aug 1325 [in Castile])
26 Mar 1350 - 23 Mar 1369  Pedro "el Cruel"                   (b. 1334 - d. 1369)
 5 Apr 1366 - 23 Mar 1369  Enrique, conde de Trastámara       (b. 1334 - d. 1379)
                             (in rebellion)
23 Mar 1369 - 29 May 1379  Enrique II "el Bastardo"           (s.a.)
                             (= conde de Trastámara)
29 May 1379 -  9 Oct 1390  Juan I                             (b. 1358 - d. 1390)
Dec 1383 - Sep 1384        Regents
                           - Alfonso de Aragón y Foix,        (b. 1332 - d. 1412)
                               marqués de Villena       
                           - Pedro Tenorio, arzobispo de      (b. c.1328 - d. 1399)
                               de Toledo               
                           - Pedro González de Mendoza        (b. c.1340 - d. 1385)
 9 Oct 1390 - 25 Dec 1406  Enrique III "el Infirme"           (b. 1376 - d. 1406)
 9 Oct 1390 -  2 Aug 1393  Johan García Manrrique, arzobispo  (b. 133. - d. 1416)
                             de Santiago -Regent
25 Dec 1406 - 21 Jul 1454  Juan II                            (b. 1405 - d. 1454)
25 Dec 1406 - 29 Nov 1420  Regents
                           - Fernando de Castilla y León,     (b. 1380 - d. 1416)
                               duque de Peñafiel (to 2 Apr 1416)
                           - Catalina de Lancáster (f)        (b. 1372 - d. 1418)
                               (to 2 Jun 1418)
                           - Sancho de Rojas, arzobispo de    (b. 1372 - d. 1422)
                               Toledo (2 Jun 1418 - 7 Mar 1419)
                           - Enrique de Castilla y León,      (b. 1400 - d. 1445)
                               duque Villena
                              (14 Jul 1420 - 29 Nov 1420)
21 Jul 1454 - 11 Dec 1474  Enrique IV "el Impotente"          (b. 1425 - d. 1474)
 5 Jun 1465 -  5 Jul 1468  Alfonso da Castilla "el Inocente"  (b. 1453 - d. 1468)
                             (in rebellion)
11 Dec 1474 - 26 Nov 1504  Ysabel I "la Católica" -Queen      (b. 1451 - d. 1504)
                           - jointly with -
11 Dec 1474 - 26 Nov 1504  Fernando V da Aragón "el Católico" (b. 1452 - d. 1516)
                             (Fernando II, king of Aragón 20 Jan 1479 - 23 Jan 1516)
12 Dec 1474 -  4 Sep 1479  Juana de Castilla, princessa       (b. 1462 - d. 1530)
                             de Asturias (f) (in rebellion in
                             Toro; from 1476 in Portugal exile)
26 Nov 1504 - 12 Apr 1555  Juana "la Loca" -Queen             (b. 1479 - d. 1555)
                             (queen of Aragon 23 Jan 1516 - 12 Apr 1555)
                           - jointly with the following -
26 Nov 1504 - 12 Jul 1506  Fernando V de Aragón -Regent       (s.a.)
                             (1st time)(administrator and governor)
12 Jul 1506 - 25 Sep 1506  Felipe I "el Hermoso"              (b. 1478 - d. 1506)
                             (Philipp IV von Habsburg)
25 Sep 1506 - 21 Aug 1507  Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros,     (b. 1436 - d. 1517)
                             arzobispo de Toledo -Regent
                             (1st time)(governor)
21 Aug 1507 - 23 Jan 1516  Fernando V de Aragón -Regent       (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(governor)
23 Jan 1516 -  8 Nov 1517  Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros,     (s.a.)
                             arzobispo de Toledo -Regent
                             (2nd time)(governor)
23 Jan 1516 - 16 Jan 1556  Carlos I "el Emperador"            (b. 1500 - d. 1558)

                             (= Holy Roman Emperor Karl V 1519-1556)

Kings of the Spanish Monarchy²

16 Jan 1556 - 13 Sep 1598  Felipe II                          (b. 1527 - d. 1598)

13 Sep 1598 - 31 Mar 1621  Felipe III                         (b. 1578 - d. 1621)

31 Mar 1621 - 17 Sep 1665  Felipe IV                          (b. 1605 - d. 1665)

17 Sep 1665 -  1 Nov 1700  Carlos II "el Hechizado"           (b. 1661 - d. 1700)

17 Sep 1665 -  6 Nov 1675  Mariana de Austria (f) -Regent     (b. 1635 - d. 1696)

 1 Nov 1700 - 18 Feb 1701  Governing Board³

18 Feb 1701 - 15 Jan 1724  Felipe V (1st time)                (b. 1683 - d. 1746)

                            (proclaimed 16 Nov 1700, entered Spain 22 Jan 1701)

12 Sep 1703 - 25 Sep 1714  Carlos (III) (in rebellion)        (b. 1685 - d. 1740)

                            (Holy Roman Emperor Karl VI 1711-1740)

                            (recognized at times in Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia and

                             Balearic Is., present in Barcelona Oct 1705 - Sep 1711,

                             briefly entered Madrid Jun 1706 - Oct 1706 & Aug 1710 - Nov 1710)

27 Sep 1711 - Mar 1713     Regency (for Carlos in rebellion, in Barcelona)

                           - Elisabeth Christine von          (b. 1691 - d. 1750)

                              Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (f)

                           - Guido Wald Rüdiger, Graf von     (b. 1657 - d. 1737)

                              Starhemberg

15 Jan 1724 - 31 Aug 1724  Luis I                             (b. 1707 - d. 1724)

31 Aug 1724 -  6 Sep 1724  Juan Bautista de Orendain y        (b. 1683 - d. 1734)

                             Azpilgüeta (acting)

 6 Sep 1724 -  9 Jul 1746  Felipe V (2nd time)                (s.a.)

 9 Jul 1746 - 10 Aug 1759  Fernando VI                        (b. 1713 - d. 1759)

10 Aug 1759 - 17 Oct 1759  Ricardo Wall y Devreux (acting)    (b. 1694 - d. 1777)

17 Oct 1759 - 14 Dec 1788  Carlos III                         (b. 1716 - d. 1788) 

                             (succeeded 18 Aug 1759; entered Spain 17 Oct 1759,

                             in Madrid from 9 Dec 1759)

14 Dec 1788 - 19 Mar 1808  Carlos IV                          (b. 1748 - d. 1819)

                             (continues in dissidence 21 Mar 1808 - 5 May 1808)

19 Mar 1808 -  6 May 1808  Fernando VII (1st time)            (b. 1784 - d. 1833)
 8 Apr 1808 -  7 May 1808  Antonio Pascual de Borbón          (b. 1755 - d. 1817)

                             (president of government junta)

 7 May 1808 - 20 Jul 1808  Joaquín Murat, gran duque de Berg  (b. 1767 - d. 1815)

                             y de Cleves 

                            (= Joachim Murat, grand-duc de Berg et de Clèves)

                            (lieutenant-general and governor of the realm)

 7 Jul 1808 - 11 Dec 1813  José I Napoleón                    (b. 1768 - d. 1844)

                            (appointed decree of Napoléon I on 6 Jun 1808,

                             arrived in Madrid 20 Jul 1808; in flight

                             in Spain [in Vitoria] 1 Aug 1808 - 22 Dec 1808 and

                             [in Valencia] 16 Aug 1812 - 2 Nov 1812; left Spain 28 Jun 1813)

29 Jul 1808 - 22 Jan 1809  Mariano de Urquijo y Muga -Regent  (b. 1768 - d. 1817)
22 Jun 1809 - 15 Aug 1809  Mariano de Urquijo y Muga -Regent  (s.a.)
18 Nov 1809 - 14 May 1810  Mariano de Urquijo y Muga -Regent  (s.a.)

23 Apr 1811 - 15 Jul 1811  Mariano de Urquijo y Muga -Regent  (s.a.)

20 Jul 1812 -  2 Dec 1812  Mariano de Urquijo y Muga -Regent  (s.a.)

17 Mar 1813 - 11 Dec 1813  Mariano de Urquijo y Muga -Regent  (s.a.)

12 Jul 1813 - 11 Dec 1813  Nicolás Juan de Dios Soult,        (b. 1769 - d. 1851)

                             duque de Dalmacia -Regent

                            (= Jean de Dieu Soult, duc de Dalmatie)

                            (lieutenant-general)

25 Sep 1808 - 10 May 1814  the Supreme Governing Junta

                           (in opposition to José I Napoleón)

11 Dec 1813 - 29 Sep 1833  Fernando VII (2nd time)            (s.a.) 

                            (prisoner in Valençay, France 18 May 1808 - 11 Dec 1813;

                             returns 22 Mar 1814, regency dissolved 10 May 1814;

                        captive of revolutionaries 11 Jun 1823 - 1 Oct 1823)

                           Set up by the Cortes:

11 Jun 1823 - 15 Jun 1823  Provisional Regency

                           (for "morally incapacitated" Fernando VII)

                           - Cayetano Valdés y Flores Bazán   (b. 1767 - d. 1835)

                               (president)

                           - Gabriel de Císcar y Císcar       (b. 1760 - d. 1829)

                           - Gaspar de Vigodet                (b. 1747 - d. 1834)

                           Set up by the invading Powers:

 9 Apr 1823 - 26 May 1823  Francisco Ramón de Eguía Letona    (b. 1750 - d. 1827)

                            (President of the Provisional Government Junta)

26 May 1823 -  1 Oct 1823  Pedro de Alcántara de Toledo y     (b. 1768 - d. 1841)

                             Salm-Salm, duque del Infantado

                            (President of the Regency)

Queen² 

29 Sep 1833 - 30 Sep 1868  Isabel II                          (b. 1830 - d. 1904)

29 Sep 1833 - 12 Oct 1840  Queen María Cristina -Regent       (b. 1806 - d. 1878)

 1 Oct 1833 - 31 Aug 1839  Carlos V -King                     (b. 1788 - d. 1855)

                            (Carlist insurrection)

12 Oct 1840 - 23 Jul 1843  Joaquín Baldomero Fernández        (b. 1792 - d. 1879)  Mil

                             Espartero, conde de Luchana

                             (president of the Provisional Regency 

                             to 10 May 1841; from 10 May 1841, regent;

                             continuing in dissidence to 30 Jul 1843)

30 Jul 1843 - 10 Nov 1843  Joaquín María de la Asunción López (b. 1798 - d. 1855)  PM

                             y López (president of the [Provisional]

                             Government acting as regent)

 2 Apr 1860 - 1860         Carlos VI -King                    (b. 1818 - d. 1861)

                            (Carlist insurrection)

Presidents of the Provisional Revolutionary Junta

(from 5 Oct 1868, Revolutionary Superior Junta) of Madrid

30 Sep 1868 -  3 Oct 1868  Pascual Madoz e Ibáñez             (b. 1806 - d. 1870)

 3 Oct 1868 -  8 Oct 1868  Joaquín Aguirre de la Peña         (b. 1807 - d. 1869)

President of the Provisional Government

 8 Oct 1868 - 18 Jun 1869  Francisco Serrano y Domínguez,     (b. 1810 - d. 1885)  PL 

                             duque de la Torre, conde

                             de San Antonio 

                            (from 25 Feb 1869, President of the Executive Power)

Kings²

18 Jun 1869 -  2 Jan 1871  Francisco Serrano y Domínguez,     (s.a.)               PL

                             duque de la Torre, conde de

                              San Antonio -Regent 

  2 Jan 1870 - 11 Feb 1873  Amadeo I                           (b. 1845 - d. 1890)

 2 May 1872 - 28 Feb 1876  Carlos VII                         (b. 1848 - d. 1909) 

                            (Carlist insurrection)

Presidents of the Executive Power

11 Feb 1873 - 12 Feb 1873  Blas Nicolás María Rivero          (b. 1813/14-d. 1878)

                             (president of the National Assembly)

12 Feb 1873 - 24 Feb 1873  Estanislao Figueras y Moragas      (b. 1819 - d. 1882)  PD

                             (1st time) 

24 Feb 1873                Cristino Martos Balbi              (b. 1830 - d. 1893)

                             (president of the National Assembly)

24 Feb 1873 - 11 Jun 1873  Estanislao Figueras y Moragas      (s.a.)               PD
                             (2nd time) 

11 Jun 1873 - 18 Jul 1873  Francisco Pi y Margall             (b. 1824 - d. 1901)  PRF 

18 Jul 1873 -  7 Sep 1873  Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso          (b. 1838 - d. 1908)  PRF

 7 Sep 1873 -  3 Jan 1874  Emilio Manuel Castelar Ripoll      (b. 1832 - d. 1899)  PR

 3 Jan 1874 - 30 Dec 1874  Francisco Serrano y Domínguez,     (s.a.)               PLC

                             duque de la Torre, conde de

                             San Antonio 

30 Dec 1874 - 31 Dec 1874  Fernando Primo de Rivera y         (b. 1831 - d. 1921)  Mil

                             Sobremonte (acting)

Kings²

31 Dec 1874 - 25 Nov 1885  Alfonso XII "el Pacificador"       (b. 1857 - d. 1885)

                             (in exile to 9 Jan 1875)

31 Dec 1874 - 14 Jan 1875  Antonio Cánovas del                (b. 1828 - d. 1897)  PLC

                             Castillo -Regent

25 Nov 1885 - 17 May 1886  Queen María Cristina -Regent       (b. 1858 - d. 1929)

17 May 1886 - 14 Apr 1931  Alfonso XIII                       (b. 1886 - d. 1941)

17 May 1886 - 16 May 1902  Queen María Cristina -Regent       (s.a.)

Presidents of the (until 30 Jul 1931, Provisional) Government of the Republic

14 Apr 1931 - 14 Oct 1931  Niceto Alcalá-Zamora Torres        (b. 1877 - d. 1949)  PL

14 Oct 1931 - 11 Dec 1931  Manuel Azaña y Díaz                (b. 1880 - d. 1940)  AR

Presidents (from 24 Jul 1936, only in Republican zone)

11 Dec 1931 -  7 Apr 1936  Niceto Alcalá-Zamora Torres        (s.a.)               DLR

 8 Apr 1936 - 11 May 1936  Diego Martínez Barrio (interim)    (b. 1883 - d. 1962)  UR

11 May 1936 -  3 Mar 1939  Manuel Azaña y Díaz                (s.a.)               IR

                             (from 5 Feb 1939, in France exile)

 5 Feb 1939 -  4 Mar 1939  Juan Negrín López                  (b. 1892 - d. 1936)  PSOE

                             (acting for Azaña)

President of the National Defense Council (in Republican zone)

 5 Mar 1939 - 31 Mar 1939  José Miaja Menant                  (b. 1878 - d. 1958)  Mil

                             (from 26 Mar 1939, in France exile)

26 Mar 1939 - 31 Mar 1939  Segismundo Casado López            (b. 1893 - d. 1968)  Mil

                             (acting for Menant)

President of the National Defense Junta of Spain (in Nationalist zone)

24 Jul 1936 -  1 Oct 1936  Miguel Cabanellas Ferrer           (b. 1862 - d. 1938)  Mil

Head of state (to 27 Mar 1939, only in Nationalist zone)

 1 Oct 1936 - 20 Nov 1975  Francisco Franco Bahamonde         (b. 1892 - d. 1975)  Mil+FET

                             (personal style Caudillo de España [Leader of Spain])

19 Jul 1974 -  2 Sep 1974  Prince Juan Carlos de Borbón       (b. 1938)            Non-party

                             (1st time)(acting for Franco)

30 Oct 1975 - 20 Nov 1975  Prince Juan Carlos de Borbón       (s.a.)               Non-party

                             (2nd time)(acting for Franco)

President of the Regency Council

20 Nov 1975 - 22 Nov 1975  Alejandro Rodríguez de Valcárcel   (b. 1917 - d. 1976)  FET

                             y Nebreda

Kings²

22 Nov 1975 - 19 Jun 2014  Juan Carlos I                      (s.a.)

19 Jun 2014 -              Felipe VI                          (b. 1968)

First Secretaries of State (Primeros Secretarios de Estado)
24 Oct 1529 – 10 May 1547  Francisco de los Cobos y Molina    (b. c.1477 – d. 1547)
10 May 1547 -  6 Feb 1556  Juan Vázquez de Molina             (b. c.1500 – d. 1570)    
 6 Feb 1556 - 26 Apr 1566  Gonzalo Pérez y Hierro             (b. c.1500 – d. 1566)
26 Apr 1566 –  8 Dec 1566  Francisco de Eraso y Hermosa       (b. 1507 – d. 1570)
                             (acting)    
 8 Dec 1566 - 17 Jul 1567  Gabriel de Zayas (1st time)(acting)(b. 1526 - d. 1593)
17 Jul 1567 - 27 Jul 1579  Antonio Pérez y Escobar            (b. 1534 – d. 1611)
27 Jul 1579 - 11 Sep 1579  Gabriel de Zayas (2nd time)(acting)(s.a.)
11 Sep 1579 - 31 Dec 1586  Juan de Idiáquez y Olazábal        (b. 1540 - d. 1614)
31 Dec 1586 -  5 May 1591  Mateo Vázquez de Leca              (b. 1542 – d. 1591)
 5 May 1591 – 13 Sep 1598  Francisco de Idiáquez              (b. 15.. - d. 1608)    
First Ministers and Favorites (Primeros Ministros y Validos)
13 Sep 1598 -  4 Oct 1618  Francisco Gómez de Sándoval y
                             Borja, duque de Lerma            (b. 1553 – d. 1625)
 4 Oct 1618 - 31 Mar 1621  Cristóbal Gómez de Sándoval y de
                             la Cerda, duque de Uceda         (b. 1577 – d. 1624)
31 Mar 1621 -  7 Oct 1622  Baltasar de Zúñiga y de Velasco    (b. 1561 – d. 1622)
 7 Oct 1622 - 17 Jan 1643  Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimentel, conde
                             y duque de Olivares (from 5 Jan  (b. 1587 – d. 1645)
                             1625) y duque de Sanlúcar
17 Jan 1643 - 17 Nov 1661  Luis Méndez de Haro y Guzmán,      (b. 1598 – d. 1661)
                             (from Oct 1644) duque de Olivares
                             (from 12 Apr 1660, duque de Montoro)
17 Nov 1661 - 17 Sep 1665  First Counselors of the Realm
                           - Ramiro Núñez de Guzmán y Álvarez (b. 159. – d. 1668)
                              de Asturias, duque de Medina
                              de las Torres
                           - Baltasar Cardenal Moscoso y      (b. 1589 - d. 1665)
                              Sandoval, arzobispo de Toledo
                           - García de Avellaneda y Haro,     (b. 1588 - d. 1670)
                              conde de Castrillo
17 Sep 1665 –  6 Nov 1675  Governors of the Realm
                           (Junta for Universal Government of the Monarchy)
                           - García de Avellaneda y Haro,     (s.a.)
                              conde de Castrillo (to 24 Dec 1670)
                           - Christóbal Crespì de Valdaura y  (b. 1599 - d. 1671)
                              Brizuela (to 22 Feb 1671)
                           - Baltasar Cardenal Moscoso y      (s.a.)
                              Sandoval, arzobispo de Toledo
                              (to 17 Sep 1665)
                           - Pascual Cardenal de Aragón,      (b. 1626 - d. 1677)
                              arzobispo de Toledo
                           - Guillén Ramón de Montcada y de   (b. 1618 - d. 1670)
                              Alagón-Espés, marqués de Aytona
                              (to 17 Mar 1670)
                           - Gaspar de Bracamonte y Pacheco,  (b. 1596 - d. 1676)
                              conde de Peñaranda 
 6 Nov 1675 -  7 Nov 1675  Juan José de Austria (1st time)    (b. 1629 - d. 1679)
 7 Nov 1675 - 23 Jan 1677  Vacant                   
23 Jan 1677 - 17 Sep 1679  Juan José de Austria (2nd time)    (s.a.)
17 Sep 1679 - 22 Feb 1680  Vacant
22 Feb 1680 -  2 Jun 1685  Juan Francisco de la Cerda y       (b. 1637 - d. 1691)
                             Portocarrero, duque de Medinaceli              
 2 Jun 1685 - 24 Jun 1691  Manuel Joaquín Álvarez de Toledo   (b. 1642 - d. 1707)
                             y Zúñiga, conde de Oropesa
24 Apr 1691 - Feb 1698     Vacant 
Secretaries of the Universal Office (Secretarios del Despacho Universal)     
Feb 1698 - Feb 1705        Antonio Cristóbal de Ubilla y      (b. 1643 - d. 1726) 
                             y Medina, marqués de Rivas
Feb 1705 - 15 Apr 1714     Pedro Cayetano Fernández del       (b. 1656 - d. 1721)
                             Campo y Angulo, marqués de
                             Mejorada
23 Feb 1707 - 29 Dec 1713  Ramón Frederic de Vilana-Perlas y
                             Camarasa, marqués de Rialp       (b. 1663 - d. 1741)
                            (for Carlos [III]; in rebellion in
                             Barcelona, in exile from Mar 1713)
15 Apr 1714 - 30 Nov 1714  Manuel de Vadillo y Velasco        (b. 1659 - d. 1729)  

First Secretaries of State and of the Universal Office

(Primeros Secretarios de Estado y del Despacho Universal)

30 Nov 1714 - 14 Jan 1724  José de Grimaldo y Gutiérrez de    (b. 1660 - d. 1733)

                             Solórzano, marqués de Grimaldo

                             (1st time)

14 Jan 1724 -  4 Sep 1724  Juan Bautista de Orendain y        (b. 1683 - d. 1734)

                             Azpilgüeta (1st time)

 4 Sep 1724 - 12 Dec 1725  José de Grimaldo y Gutiérrez de    (s.a.)

                             Solórzano, marqués de Grimaldo

                             (2nd time)

12 Dec 1725 - 14 May 1726  Juan Guillermo de Ripperdá,        (b. 1680 - d. 1737)

                             duque de Ripperdá

14 May 1726 -  1 Oct 1726  José de Grimadlo y Gutiérez de     (s.a.)

                             Solórzano, marqués de Grimaldo 

                             (3rd time)

 1 Oct 1726 -  3 Nov 1734  Juan Bautista de Orendain y        (s.a.)     

                             Azpilgüeta, marqués de la Paz 

                             (2nd time)

 3 Nov 1734 -  3 Nov 1736  José de Patiño y Rosales           (b. 1666 - d. 1736)

 3 Nov 1736 -  4 Dec 1746  Sebastián de la Cuadra y de        (b. 1687 - d. 1766)

                             Llerena, marqués de Villarías

                             (acting to 6 Nov 1736)

 4 Dec 1746 -  8 Apr 1754  José de Carvajal y Lancaster       (b. 1698 - d. 1754)

 8 Apr 1754 - 17 May 1754  Fernando de Silva y Álvarez de     (b. 1714 - d. 1776)  Mil 

                             Toledo, duque de Huéscar (acting)

17 May 1754 -  9 Oct 1763  Ricardo Wall y Devreux             (b. 1694 - d. 1778)  Mil

 9 Oct 1763 - 25 Feb 1777  Pablo Jerónimo de Grimaldi y       (b. 1706 - d. 1789)

                             Pallavicini

25 Feb 1777 - 28 Feb 1792  José Moñino y Redondo, conde       (b. 1728 - d. 1808)

                             de Floridablanca

28 Feb 1792 - 15 Nov 1792  Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea y      (b. 1719 - d. 1798)

                             Ximénez de Urrea, conde de

                             Aranda (acting)

15 Nov 1792 - 28 Mar 1798  Manuel de Godoy y Álvarez de       (b. 1767 - d. 1851)  Mil

                             Faría, duque de Alcudia, (from

                             27 Sep 1795) príncipe de la Paz

28 Mar 1798 - 13 Aug 1798  Francisco Saavedra y Sangronis     (b. 1746 - d. 1819)

                             (1st time) (acting)

13 Aug 1798 - 22 Oct 1798  Mariano de Urquijo y Muga          (s.a.)

                             (1st time) (acting)

22 Oct 1798 - 21 Feb 1799  Francisco Saavedra y Sangronis     (s.a.)

                             (2nd time)

21 Feb 1799 - 13 Dec 1800  Mariano de Urquijo y Muga          (s.a.)

                             (2nd time) (acting)

13 Dec 1800 -  7 Jul 1808  Pedro Félix Cevallos y Guerra de   (b. 1759 - d. 1839)

                             la Vega (1st time)

 9 Apr 1808 -  2 Jun 1808  Francisco Gil y Lemus              (b. 1733 - d. 1810)  Mil

                             (acting for Cevallos)

 2 Jun 1808 -  7 Jul 1808  Eusebio Bardají y Azara            (b. 1776 - d. 1742)

                             (acting for Cevallos)

Minister Secretary of State (Ministro Secretariao de Estado)

 7 Jul 1808 - 11 Dec 1813  Mariano de Urquijo y Muga          (s.a.)

First Secretaries of State (Primeros Secretarios de Estado)

 6 Dec 1813 - 10 May 1814  José de Luyando y Diez Pueyo       (b. 1773 - d. 1835)  Mil

                             (1st time) (acting)
10 May 1814 - 15 Nov 1814  José Miguel de Carvajal y Manrique,(b. 1771 - d. 1828)  Abs
                             duque de San Carlos 
15 Nov 1814 - 30 Oct 1816  Pedro Felix Cevallos y Guerra de   (s.a.)
                             la Vega (2nd time)

30 Oct 1816 - 14 Sep 1818  José García de León y Pizarro      (b. 1770 - d. 1835)  Abs

                             Ximenez de Frías

14 Sep 1818 - 12 Jun 1819  Carlos Martínez de Irujo Tacón,    (b. 1763 - d. 1824)  Abs

                             marqués de Casa-Irujo (1st time)

                             (acting)

12 Jun 1819 - 12 Sep 1819  Manuel González Salmón y Gómez     (b. 1778 - d. 1832)  Abs

                             de Torres (1st time) (acting)

12 Sep 1819 - 18 Mar 1820  Joaquín José Melgarejo Saurín,     (b. 1780 - d. 1835)  Abs

                             duque de San Fernando de Quiroga

18 Mar 1820                Juan Gabriel de Jabat y Aztal      (b. 1762 - d. 1825)  Lib

                             (acting)

18 Mar 1820 -  2 Mar 1821  Evaristo Pérez de Castro y Brito   (b. 1778 - d. 1848)  Lib

 2 Mar 1821 - 23 Apr 1821  Joaquín de Anduaga y Siles Cuenca  (b. 1783 - d. 1840)  Lib

                             (acting)

23 Apr 1821                Francisco Escudero y Ramíerz de    (b. 1764 - d. 1831)  Lib

                             Arellano (acting)

23 Apr 1821 -  8 Jan 1822  Eusebio Bardají y Azara (2nd time) (s.a.)               Lib

 8 Jan 1822 - 28 Feb 1822  Ramón López Pelegrín (acting)      (b. 1767 - d. 1841)  Lib

28 Feb 1822 -  5 Aug 1822  Francisco Martínez de la Rosa      (b. 1787 - d. 1862)  Mod

10 Jul 1822 - 11 Jul 1822  Santiago Usoz y Mozy (Moxí)        (b. 1781 - d. 1858)  Lib

                             (acting for de la Rosa)

11 Jul 1822 - 23 Jul 1822  Nicolás María Garelly y Battifora  (b. 1777 - d. 1850)  Lib

                             (acting for de la Rosa)

23 Jul 1822 -  5 Aug 1822  Santiago Usoz y Mozy (Moxí)        (s.a.)               Lib

                             (acting for de la Rosa)

 5 Aug 1822 - 25 Apr 1823  Evaristo Fernández San Miguel y    (b. 1785 - d. 1862)  Lib

                             Valledor

25 Apr 1823 -  7 May 1823  José Manuel de Vadillo y Hernández (b. 1777 - d. 1858)  Lib

                             (acting)

 7 May 1823 - 13 May 1823  Santiago Usoz y Mozy (Moxí)(acting)(s.a.)               Lib

13 May 1823 - 27 May 1823  José María Pando y Remírez de      (b. 1787 - d. 1840)  Lib

                             Laredo

27 May 1823 -  7 Aug 1823  Antonio de Vargas y Laguna         (b. 1763 - d. 1824)  Abs

27 May 1823 -  2 Dec 1823  Víctor Damían Sáez y Sánchez Mayor (b. 1776 - d. 1839)  Abs

                             (acting [for Vargas] to 7 Aug 1823)

                             (counter-government to 1 Oct 1823)

19 Aug 1823 -  1 Oct 1823  Luis María de Salazar y Salazar    (b. 1758 - d. 1838)

                             (acting for Damían Sáez)

                             (counter-government)

29 Aug 1823 -  4 Sep 1823  Juan Antonio Yandiola Garay        (b. 1786 - d. 1830)  Lib

                             (acting)

 4 Sep 1823 - 30 Sep 1823  José de Luyando y Diez Pueyo       (s.a.)               Lib

                             (2nd time)

 2 Dec 1823 - 17 Jan 1824  Carlos Martínez de Irujo y Tacón,  (s.a.)              

                             marqués de Casa-Irujo (2nd time)

25 Dec 1823 - 11 Jul 1824  Narciso de Heredia y Begines de    (b. 1775 - d. 1847)  Mod

                             los Ríos, conde de Ofalia

                             (acting [for duque de Sotomayor] to 17 Jan 1824)

11 Jul 1824                Luis María de Salazar y Salazar    (s.a.)

                             (acting) 

11 Jul 1824 - 24 Oct 1825  Francisco de Cea Bermúdez y Buzo   (b. 1779 - d. 1850)  Mod

                             (1st time) 

24 Oct 1825 - 19 Aug 1826  Pedro de Alcántara de Toledo y     (s.a.)               Mil
                             Salm-Salm, duque del Infantado

19 Aug 1826 - 20 Jan 1832  Manuel González Salmón y Gómez     (s.a.)               Abs

                             de Torres (2nd time)

                             (acting to 15 Oct 1830)

 8 Jan 1832 - 22 Feb 1832  Francisco Tadeo Calomarde y Arría  (b. 1773 - d. 1842)

                             (acting [for Salmón y Gómez to 20 Jan 1832])

22 Feb 1832 -  1 Oct 1832  Antonio de Saavedra y Jofré,       (b. 1765 - d. 1842)

                             conde de Alcudia (acting)

 1 Oct 1832 - 29 Nov 1832  José Cafranga y Costilla (acting)  (b. 1783 - d. 1854)

29 Nov 1832 - 15 Jan 1834  Francisco de Cea Bermúdez y Buzo   (s.a.)               Mod

                             (2nd time)

15 Jan 1834 -  7 Jun 1835  Francisco Martínez de la Rosa      (b. 1787 - d. 1862)  PM

Prime ministers (presidents of the council of ministers)

 7 Jun 1835 - 14 Sep 1835  José María Queipo de Llano y Ruiz  (b. 1786 - d. 1843)  PM

                             de Saravia, conde de Toreno 

14 Sep 1835 - 25 Sep 1835  Miguel Ricardo de Álava y Esquivel (b. 1772 - d. 1843)  PPg

                             (refused to take office)

25 Sep 1835 - 15 May 1836  Juan Álvarez y Mendizábal (acting) (b. 1790 - d. 1853)  PPg

15 May 1836 - 14 Aug 1836  Francisco Javier de Istúriz y      (b. 1790 - d. 1871)  PM

                             Montero (1st time) (acting)

14 Aug 1836 - 18 Aug 1837  José María Calatrava y García      (b. 1781 - d. 1846)  PPg

                             Peinado             

18 Aug 1837 - 18 Oct 1837  Joaquín Baldomero Fernández        (s.a.)               PPg

                             Espartero, conde de Luchana

                             (1st time)

18 Oct 1837 - 16 Dec 1837  Eusebio Bardají y Azara            (s.a.)               PM

16 Dec 1837 -  6 Sep 1838  Narciso de Heredia y Begines       (s.a.)               PM

                             de los Ríos, conde de Ofalia 

 6 Sep 1838 -  9 Dec 1838  Bernardino Fernández de Velasco y  (b. 1783 - d. 1851)  PM

                             Benavídez, duque de Frías 

 9 Dec 1838 -  3 Feb 1839  Isidro Alaix Fábregas (acting)     (b. 1790 - d. 1853)  PM

 3 Feb 1839 - 20 Jul 1840  Evaristo Pérez de Castro y Brito   (b. 1778 - d. 1848)  PM

20 Jul 1840 - 12 Aug 1840  Antonio Bonifacio González Olañeta (b. 1792 - d. 1876)  PPg

                             y González de Ocampo (1st time) 

12 Aug 1840 - 29 Aug 1840  Valentín Ferráz y Barrau           (b. 1794 - d. 1866)  PPg

29 Aug 1840 - 11 Sep 1840  Modesto Cortázar y Leal de Ibarra  (b. 1783 - d. 1862)  PPg

                             (acting)         

11 Sep 1840 - 16 Sep 1840  Vicente Sancho y Cubertures        (b. 1784 - d. 1860)  PPg

16 Sep 1840 - 10 May 1841  Joaquín Baldomero Fernández

                             Espartero, duque de la Victoria  (s.a.)               PPg

                             (2nd time)

 5 Oct 1840 - 20 May 1841  Joaquín María de Ferrer y Cafranga (b. 1777 - d. 1861)  PPg 

                             (acting for Espartero to 10 May 1841)

20 May 1841 - 17 Jun 1842  Antonio Bonifacio González Olañeta (s.a.)               PPg

                             y González de Ocampo (2nd time) 

17 Jun 1842 -  9 May 1843  José Ramón Méndez Rodil Gayoso,    (b. 1789 - d. 1853)  PPg

                             marqués de Rodil 

 9 May 1843 - 19 May 1843  Joaquín María López y López        (s.a.)               PPg

                             (1st time) 

19 May 1843 - 23 Jul 1843  Álvaro Gómez Becerra               (b. 1771 - d. 1855)  PPg 

                             (continues in dissidence to 30 Jul 1843)

23 Jul 1843 - 20 Nov 1843  Joaquín María López y López        (s.a.)               PPg

                             (2nd time) 

20 Nov 1843 - 29 Nov 1843  Salustiano de Olózaga y Almandoz   (b. 1805 - d. 1873)  PPg

29 Nov 1843 -  5 Dec 1843  Vacant

 5 Dec 1843 -  3 May 1844  Luis González Bravo y López de     (b. 1811 - d. 1871)  PM

                             Arjona (1st time)  

 3 May 1844 - 11 Feb 1846  Ramón María Narváez y Campos,      (b. 1800 - d. 1868)  PM

                             duque de Valencia (1st time)

12 Feb 1846 - 16 Mar 1846  Manuel de Pando Fernández de       (b. 1792 - d. 1872)  PM

                             Pinedo, marqués de Miraflores

                             (1st time)

16 Mar 1846 -  5 Apr 1846  Ramón María Narváez y Campos,      (s.a.)               PM

                             duque de Valencia (2nd time) 

 5 Apr 1846 - 28 Jan 1847  Francisco Javier de Istúriz y      (s.a.)               PM

                             Montero (2nd time) 

28 Jan 1847 - 28 Mar 1847  Carlos Fernando Martínez de Irujo  (b. 1804 - d. 1889)  PM

                             y McKean, marqués de Casa-Irujo,

                             duque de Sotomayor

28 Mar 1847 - 31 Aug 1847  Joaquín Francisco Pacheco y        (b. 1808 - d. 1865)  PM

                             Gutiérrez Calderón 

31 Aug 1847 - 12 Sep 1847  Vacant

12 Sep 1847 -  4 Oct 1847  Florencio Francisco García Goyena  (b. 1783 - d. 1855)  PM

                        y Orobia

 4 Oct 1847 - 19 Oct 1849  Ramón María Narváez y Campos

                             duque de Valencia (3rd time)     (s.a.)               PM

19 Oct 1849 - 20 Oct 1849  Serafín María de Soto y Abacu,

                             conde de Clonard                 (b. 1793 - d. 1862)  PM

20 Oct 1849 - 10 Jan 1851  Ramón María Narváez y Campos,      (s.a.)               PM

                             duque de Valencia (4th time)

10 Jan 1851 - 14 Jan 1851  Vacant

14 Jan 1851 - 14 Dec 1852  Juan Manuel José Primo Méndez-     (b. 1803 - d. 1873)  PM

                             Bravo Murillo

14 Dec 1852 - 14 Apr 1853  Federico de Roncali y Ceruti,      (b. 1806 - d. 1859)  PM

                             conde de Alcoy

14 Apr 1853 - 19 Sep 1853  Francisco de Lersundi y Ormaechea  (b. 1817 - d. 1874)  PM

19 Sep 1853 - 17 Jul 1854  Luis José Sartorius y Tapia,       (b. 1820 - d. 1871)  PM

                             conde de San Luis

17 Jul 1854 - 18 Jul 1854  Fernando Fernández de Córdova y    (b. 1809 - d. 1883)  PM

                             Valcárcel (1st time)

18 Jul 1854 - 20 Jul 1854  Ángel Pérez de Saavedra y Ramírez  (b. 1791 - d. 1865)  PM

                             de Baquedano, duque de Rivas

21 Jul 1854 - 29 Jul 1854  Evaristo Fernández de San Miguel   (b. 1785 - d. 1862)  Mil

                             y Valledor Navia (president of Junta

                             of Salvation and Defense of the town

                             of Madrid [from 23 Jul 1854 president

                             of Superior Junta of Salvation, Armament

                             and Defense of the Province of Madrid])

                             (interim)

29 Jul 1854 - 14 Jul 1856  Joaquín Baldomero Fernández        (s.a.)               PPg

                             Espartero, duque de la Victoria

                             (3rd time)

14 Jul 1856 - 12 Oct 1856  Leopoldo O'Donnell y Jorris,       (b. 1809 - d. 1867)  UL

                             conde de Lucena (1st time)

12 Oct 1856 - 15 Oct 1857  Ramón María Narváez y Campos,      (s.a.)               PM

                             duque de Valencia (5th time)

15 Oct 1857 - 14 Jan 1858  Francisco Armero y Fernández de    (b. 1804 - d. 1867)  PM

                             Peñaranda

14 Jan 1858 - 30 Jun 1858  Francisco Javier de Istúriz        (s.a.)               PM

                             Montero (3rd time) 

30 Jun 1858 -  2 Mar 1863  Leopoldo O'Donnell y Jorris,       (s.a.)               UL

                             (from 7 Feb 1860) duque de Tetuán 

                             (2nd time)

 2 Mar 1863 - 17 Jan 1864  Manuel de Pando Fernández de       (s.a.)               PM

                             Pinedo, marqués de Miraflores

                             (2nd time) 

17 Jan 1864 -  1 Mar 1864  Lorenzo Arrazola y García          (b. 1797 - d. 1873)  PM

 1 Mar 1864 - 16 Sep 1864  Alejandro Món y Menéndez           (b. 1801 - d. 1882)  PM

16 Sep 1864 - 21 Jun 1865  Ramón María Narváez y Campos,      (s.a.)               PM

                             duque de Valencia (6th time) 

21 Jun 1865 - 10 Jul 1866  Leopoldo O'Donnell y Jorris,       (s.a.)               UL

                             duque de Tetuán (3rd time)

10 Jul 1866 - 23 Apr 1868  Ramón María Narváez y Campos,      (s.a.)               PM

                             duque de Valencia (7th time)

23 Apr 1868 - 19 Sep 1868  Luis González Bravo y López de     (s.a.)               PM

                             Arjona (2nd time)   

19 Sep 1868 -  8 Oct 1868  José Gutiérrez de la Concha e      (b. 1809 - d. 1895)  PM

                             Irigoyen de la Quintana,

                             marqués de la Habana

 8 Oct 1868 - 18 Jun 1869  Francisco Serrano y Domínguez,     (s.a.)               UL

                             duque de la Torre, conde

                             de San Antonio (1st time)

18 Jun 1869 - 27 Dec 1870  Juan Prim y Prats, marqués de      (b. 1814 - d. 1870)  PPg

                             Castillejos, conde de Reus,

                             vizconde del Bruch

26 Aug 1869 - 21 Sep 1869  Juan Bautista Topete y Carballo    (b. 1821 - d. 1885)  UL

                             (acting for Prim y Prats)

27 Dec 1870 -  4 Jan 1871  Juan Bautista Topete y Carballo    (s.a.)               UL

                             (1st time) (acting) 

29 Dec 1870 -  2 Jan 1871  Práxedes Mariano Mateo-Sagasta y   (b. 1825 - d. 1903)  PC
                             Escolar (acting for Topete y Carballo)

 4 Jan 1871 - 24 Jul 1871  Francisco Serrano y Domínguez,     (s.a.)               UL 

                             duque de la Torre, conde

                             de San Antonio (2nd time) 

24 Jul 1871 -  5 Oct 1871  Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla y Ruiz        (b. 1833 - d. 1895)  PDR

                             Zorrilla (1st time)

 5 Oct 1871 - 21 Dec 1871  José Malcampo y Monge, marqués     (b. 1828 - d. 1880)  PC

                             de San Rafael

21 Dec 1871 - 26 May 1872  Práxedes Mariano Mateo-Sagasta y   (s.a.)               PC

                             Escolar (1st time)

26 May 1872 -  4 Jun 1872  Juan Bautista Topete y Carballo    (s.a.)               UL

                             (2nd time)(acting) 

 4 Jun 1872 - 13 Jun 1872  Francisco Serrano y Domínguez,     (s.a.)               UL

                             duque de la Torre, conde

                             de San Antonio (3rd time)

13 Jun 1872 - 16 Jun 1872  Fernando Fernández de Córdova y    (s.a.)               PM

                             Valcárcel, marqués de Mendigorría

                             (2nd time)(acting) 

16 Jun 1872 - 11 Feb 1873  Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla y Ruiz        (s.a.)               PDR

                             Zorrilla (2nd time)

12 Feb 1873 -  4 Jan 1874  Vacant

 4 Jan 1874 - 26 Feb 1874  Francisco Serrano y Domínguez,     (s.a.)               UL

                             duque de la Torre, conde

                             de San Antonio (4th time)

26 Feb 1874 -  3 Sep 1874  Juan de Zavala y de la Puente,     (b. 1804 - d. 1879)  Mil

                             marqués de Sierra Bullones 

29 Jun 1874 - 31 Dec 1874  Práxedes Mariano Mateo-Sagasta y   (s.a.)               PC

                             Escolar (2nd time)
                             (acting for Zavala to 3 Sep 1874)
31 Dec 1874 -  9 Jan 1875  Vacant
 9 Jan 1875 - 12 Sep 1875  Antonio Cánovas del Castillo       (s.a.)               PLC

                             (1st time) 

12 Sep 1875 -  2 Dec 1875  Joaquín José Ramon Jovellar y      (b. 1819 - d. 1892)  PLC

                             Soler

 2 Dec 1875 -  7 Mar 1879  Antonio Cánovas del Castillo       (s.a.)               PLC

                             (2nd time) 

 8 Aug 1877 -  6 Sep 1877  Manuel de Orovio y Echagüe,        (b. 1817 - d. 1883)  PLC   

                             marques de Orovio

                             (acting for Cánovas del Castillo)   

 7 Mar 1879 -  9 Dec 1879  Arsenio Martínez de Campos y Antón (b. 1831 - d. 1900)  PLC

 9 Dec 1879 -  8 Feb 1881  Antonio Cánovas del Castillo       (s.a.)               PLC

                             (3rd time) 

 8 Feb 1881 - 13 Oct 1883  Práxedes Mariano Mateo-Sagasta y   (s.a.)               PL

                             Escolar (3rd time)

10 Jul 1881 -  2 Aug 1881  Arsenio Martínez de Campos y Antón (s.a.)               PLC   

                             (acting for Mateo-Sagasta)
 9 Jan 1882 - 19 Jan 1882  Arsenio Martínez de Campos y Antón (s.a.)               PLC
                             (acting for Mateo-Sagasta)

25 Jul 1882 - 25 Aug 1882  Arsenio Martínez de Campos y Antón (s.a.)               PLC

                             (acting for Mateo-Sagasta)

13 Oct 1883 - 18 Jan 1884  José de Posada Herrera             (b. 1815 - d. 1885)  ID

18 Jan 1884 - 27 Nov 1885  Antonio Cánovas del Castillo       (s.a.)               PLC

                             (4th time) 

27 Nov 1885 -  5 Jul 1890  Práxedes Mariano Mateo-Sagasta y   (s.a.)               PL

                             Escolar (4th time)

 5 Jul 1890 - 11 Dec 1892  Antonio Cánovas del Castillo       (s.a.)               PLC

                             (5th time) 

11 Dec 1892 - 23 Mar 1895  Práxedes Mariano Mateo-Sagasta y   (s.a.)               PL

                             (5th time)

23 Mar 1895 -  8 Aug 1897  Antonio Cánovas del Castillo       (s.a.)               PLC

                             Escolar (6th time) 

 8 Aug 1897 -  4 Oct 1897  Marcelo de Azcárraga y Palmero     (b. 1832 - d. 1915)  PLC

                             (1st time)(acting to 21 Aug 1897)

 4 Oct 1897 -  4 Mar 1899  Práxedes Mariano Mateo-Sagasta y   (s.a.)               PL

                             Escolar (6th time)

 4 Mar 1899 - 23 Oct 1900  Francisco Silvela y Le-Vielleuze   (b. 1843 - d. 1905)  PLC

                             (1st time)

23 Oct 1900 -  6 Mar 1901  Marcelo de Azcárraga y Palmero     (s.a.)               PLC

                             (2nd time)

 6 Mar 1901 -  6 Dec 1902  Práxedes Mariano Mateo-Sagasta y   (s.a.)               PL

                             Escolar (7th time)

 6 Dec 1902 - 20 Jul 1903  Francisco Silvela y Le-Vielleuze   (s.a.)               PLC

                             (2nd time)

20 Jul 1903 -  5 Dec 1903  Raimundo Fernández Villaverde y    (b. 1848 - d. 1905)  PLC

                             García del Rivero, marqués

                             de Pozo Rubio (1st time)

 5 Dec 1903 - 16 Dec 1904  Antonio Maura y Montaner (1st time)(b. 1853 - d. 1925)  PLC

16 Dec 1904 - 27 Jan 1905  Marcelo de Azcárraga y Palmero     (s.a.)               PLC

                             (3rd time)

27 Jan 1905 - 23 Jun 1905  Raimundo Fernández Villaverde y    (s.a.)               PLC

                             García del Rivero, marqués

                             de Pozo Rubio (2nd time)

23 Jun 1905 -  1 Dec 1905  Eugenio Montero Ríos               (b. 1832 - d. 1914)  PL

 1 Dec 1905 -  6 Jul 1906  Segismundo Moret y Prendergast     (b. 1838 - d. 1913)  PL

                             (1st time)

 6 Jul 1906 - 30 Nov 1906  José López Domínguez               (b. 1829 - d. 1911)  PL

30 Nov 1906 -  4 Dec 1906  Segismundo Moret y Prendergast     (s.a.)               PL

                             (2nd time)

 4 Dec 1906 - 25 Jan 1907  Antonio González de Aguilar y      (b. 1824 - d. 1908)  PL

                             Correa, marqués de la Vega de

                             Armijo

25 Jan 1907 - 21 Oct 1909  Antonio Maura y Montaner (2nd time)(s.a.)               PLC

21 Oct 1909 -  9 Feb 1910  Segismundo Moret y Prendergast     (s.a.)               PL

                             (3rd time)

 9 Feb 1910 - 12 Nov 1912  José María Eduardo Ignacio         (b. 1854 - d. 1912)  PL

                             Canalejas y Méndez

12 Nov 1912 - 14 Nov 1912  Manuel García Prieto, marqués      (b. 1859 - d. 1938)  PL

                             de Alhucemas (1st time) (acting)

14 Nov 1912 - 27 Oct 1913  Álvaro de Figueroa y Torres        (b. 1863 - d. 1950)  PL

                             Mendieta, conde de Romanones

                             (1st time) 

 5 May 1913 - 12 May 1913  Juan Navarro Reverter y Gomis      (b. 1844 - d. 1924)  PL

                             (acting for conde de Romanones)
27 Oct 1913 -  9 Dec 1915  Eduardo Dato e Iradier (1st time)  (b. 1856 - d. 1921)  PLC

 9 Dec 1915 - 19 Apr 1917  Álvaro de Figueroa y Torres        (s.a.)               PL

                             Mendieta, conde de Romanones

                             (2nd time)

19 Apr 1917 - 11 Jun 1917  Manuel García Prieto, marqués      (s.a.)               PLD

                             de Alhucemas (2nd time)

11 Jun 1917 -  3 Nov 1917  Eduardo Dato e Iradier (2nd time)  (s.a.)               PLC

 3 Nov 1917 - 22 Mar 1918  Manuel García Prieto, marqués      (s.a.)               PLD

                             de Alhucemas (3rd time)

22 Mar 1918 -  9 Nov 1918  Antonio Maura y Montaner (3rd time)(s.a.)               PLC

 9 Nov 1918 -  5 Dec 1918  Manuel García Prieto, marqués      (s.a.)               PLD

                             de Alhucemas (4th time)

 5 Dec 1918 - 15 Apr 1919  Álvaro de Figueroa y Torres        (s.a.)               PL

                             Mendieta, conde de Romanones

                             (3rd time)

18 Dec 1918 - 24 Dec 1918  Amalio Gimeno y Cabañas            (b. 1852 - d. 1936)  PL   

                             (acting for conde de Romanones)

15 Apr 1919 - 20 Jul 1919  Antonio Maura y Montaner (4th time)(s.a.)               PLC

20 Jul 1919 - 12 Dec 1919  Joaquín Sánchez de Toca y Calvo    (b. 1852 - d. 1942)  PLC

12 Dec 1919 -  5 May 1920  Manuel Allendesalazar y Muñoz      (b. 1856 - d. 1923)  PLC

                             de Salazar (1st time)

 5 May 1920 -  8 Mar 1921  Eduardo Dato e Iradier (3rd time)  (s.a.)               PLC

 8 Mar 1921 - 13 Mar 1921  Gabino Bugallal Araujo,            (b. 1861 - d. 1932)  PLC

                             conde de Bugallal (acting)

13 Mar 1921 - 14 Aug 1921  Manuel Allendesalazar y Muñoz      (s.a.)               PLC

                             de Salazar (2nd time)

14 Aug 1921 -  8 Mar 1922  Antonio Maura y Montaner (4th time)(s.a.)               PLC

 8 Mar 1922 -  7 Dec 1922  José Sánchez-Guerra y Martínez     (b. 1859 - d. 1935)  PLC

 7 Dec 1922 - 15 Sep 1923  Manuel García Prieto, marqués      (s.a.)               PLD

                             de Alhucemas (5th time)

15 Sep 1923 - 30 Jan 1930  Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, (b. 1870 - d. 1930)  Mil;1924 UP

                             marqués de Estella

                            (president of the Military Directory to 3 Dec 1925)

14 Nov 1923 -  4 Dec 1923  Antonio Magaz y Pers, marqués      (b. 1864 - d. 1953)  Mil    
                             de Magaz (acting for Primo de Rivera)

 5 Sep 1924 - 31 Oct 1925  Antonio Magaz y Pers, marqués      (s.a.)               Mil 

                             de Magaz (acting for Primo de Rivera)

30 Jan 1930 - 18 Feb 1931  Dámaso Berenguer Fusté, conde      (b. 1873 - d. 1953)  Mil

                             de Xauen

18 Feb 1931 - 14 Apr 1931  Juan Bautista Aznar y Cabañas      (b. 1860 - d. 1933)  Mil

14 Apr 1931 - 14 Oct 1931  Niceto Alcalá-Zamora Torres        (s.a.)               PL

14 Oct 1931 - 12 Sep 1933  Manuel Azaña y Díaz (1st time)     (s.a.)               AR

12 Sep 1933 -  8 Oct 1933  Alejandro Lerroux García           (b. 1864 - d. 1949)  PRR

                             (1st time)

 8 Oct 1933 - 16 Dec 1933  Diego Martínez Barrio (1st time)   (s.a.)               PRR

16 Dec 1933 - 28 Apr 1934  Alejandro Lerroux García           (s.a.)               PRR

                             (2nd time)

28 Apr 1934 -  4 Oct 1934  Ricardo Samper Ibáñez              (b. 1881 - d. 1938)  PRR

 4 Oct 1934 - 25 Sep 1935  Alejandro Lerroux García (3rd time)(s.a.)               PRR

25 Sep 1935 - 14 Dec 1935  Joaquín Chapaprieta y Torregrosa   (b. 1871 - d. 1951)  Non-party

14 Dec 1935 - 19 Feb 1936  Manuel Portela Valladares Dios y   (b. 1867 - d. 1952)  PRR

                             Rial

19 Feb 1935 - 10 May 1936  Manuel Azaña y Díaz (2nd time)     (s.a.)               IR

10 May 1936 - 13 May 1936  Augusto Barcia Trelles (interim)   (b. 1881 - d. 1961)  IR

13 May 1936 - 19 Jul 1936  Santiago Casares Quiroga de la     (b. 1884 - d. 1950)  IR

                             Paz y Moredo           

19 Jul 1936                Diego Martínez Barrio (2nd time)   (s.a.)               UR

19 Jul 1936 -  4 Sep 1936  José Giral Pereira                 (b. 1879 - d. 1962)  IR

 4 Sep 1936 - 17 May 1937  Francisco Largo Caballero          (b. 1869 - d. 1946)  PSOE

17 May 1937 -  6 Mar 1939  Juan Negrín López                  (b. 1892 - d. 1956)  PSOE

 6 Sep 1937 - 27 Sep 1937  Indalecio Prieto Tuero             (b. 1883 - d. 1962)  PSOE
                             (acting for Negrín López)

17 Aug 1938 - 24 Aug 1938  Julio Álvarez del Vayo             (b. 1891 - d. 1975)  PSOE
                             (acting for Negrín López)

14 Sep 1938 - 27 Sep 1938  José Giral Pereira                 (s.a.)               IR

                             (acting for Negrín López)

Presidents of the Technical Junta of the State (in Nationalist zone)

 3 Oct 1936 -  3 Jun 1937  Fidel Dávila Arrondo               (b. 1878 - d. 1962)  Mil

 3 Jun 1937 - 31 Jan 1938  Francisco Gómez-Jordana Souza,     (b. 1876 - d. 1944)  Mil

                             conde de Jordana

Governors general of the State (in Nationalist zone)

 4 Oct 1936 -  4 Nov 1936  Francisco Fermoso Blanco           (b. 1870 - d. 1955)  Mil
 4 Nov 1936 - 31 Jan 1938  Luis Valdés Cavanilles             (b. 1874 - d. 1950)  Mil

Prime ministers (presidents of the Government)(to 27 Mar 1939 only in Nationalist zone)

31 Jan 1938 -  9 Jun 1973  Francisco Franco Bahamonde         (s.a.)               Mil/FET

 9 Jun 1973 - 20 Dec 1973  Luis Carrero Blanco                (b. 1903 - d. 1973)  Mil/FET

20 Dec 1973 -  3 Jan 1974  Torcuato Fernández-Miranda y Hevia (b. 1915 - d. 1980)  FET

                             (acting)

 3 Jan 1974 -  2 Jul 1976  Carlos Arias Navarro               (b. 1908 - d. 1989)  FET

 2 Jul 1976 -  5 Jul 1976  Fernando de Santiago y Díaz de     (b. 1910 - d. 1994)  Mil

                             Mendívil (acting)

 5 Jul 1976 - 26 Feb 1981  Adolfo Suárez y González           (b. 1932 - d. 2014)  UCD

26 Feb 1981 -  2 Dec 1982  Leopoldo Ramón Pedro Calvo–Sotelo  (b. 1926 - d. 2008)  UCD

                             y Bustelo

 2 Dec 1982 -  5 May 1996  Felipe González Márquez            (b. 1942)            PSOE

 5 May 1996 - 17 Apr 2004  José María Alfredo Aznar López     (b. 1953)            PP

17 Apr 2004 - 21 Dec 2011  José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero       (b. 1960)            PSOE

21 Dec 2011 -  2 Jun 2018  Mariano Rajoy Brey                 (b. 1955)            PP 

 2 Jun 2018 -              Pedro Sánchez Pérez-Castejón       (b. 1972)            PSOE

May 1808                   The abdication of Fernando VII (s.a.) on 6 May 1808 is not
                             recognized by the "Resistance"; Supreme Governing Juntas
                             are established in the provinces (ultimately numbering 18),
                             as well as in the Indies, ruling in the name of Fernando VII.
25 Sep 1808                The Supreme Central Governing Junta is established (in Nov 1808,
                             moved from Madrid to Sevilla), ruling in the name of Fernando
                             VII, and gradually superseding the previously established juntas
                            (on 1 Jan 1809, the Supreme Central Junta downgraded provincial
                             Supreme Governing Juntas to agencies of the Supreme Central
                             Junta under new names of Superior Provincial Juntas).
31 Jan 1810                A Supreme Council of Regency is established in Cádiz (from May
                             1813, in Madrid), governing in the name of Fernando VII.
10 May 1814                Upon the return of Fernando VII the Regency is dissolved by force.

Presidents of the Supreme Central Governing Junta
25 Sep 1808 - 30 Dec 1808  José Moñino y Redondo, conde de    (s.a.)
                             Floridablanca 
                             (interim to 1 Oct 1808)
30 Dec 1808 -  1 Nov 1809  Vicente Isabel Osorio de Moscoso   (b. 1777 - d. 1837)
                             y Álvarez de Toledo, marqués de
                             Astorga (interim to 1 May 1809)
 1 Nov 1809 - 31 Jan 1810  Juan Acisclo de Vera y Delgado,    (b. 1761 - d. 1818)
                             arzobispo de Laodicea 
Presidents of the Supreme Council of Regency
 1 Feb 1810 - 29 May 1810  Francisco Javier Castaños y        (b. 1758 - d. 1852)
                             Aragorri                
29 May 1810 - 26 Sep 1810  Pedro de Quevedo y Quintano,       (b. 1736 - d. 1818)
                             obispo de Orense         
27? Sep 1810 - 28 Oct 1810 Francisco Saavedra y Sangronis     (s.a.)
Presidents of the Council of Regency
28 Oct 1810 -  8 Dec 1810  Pedro Agar y Bustillo (1st time)   (b. 1760 - d. 1822)
 8 Dec 1810 -  8 Apr 1811  Joaquín Blake y Joyes              (b. 1739 - d. 1827)
 8 Apr 1811 -  8 Aug 1811  Pedro Agar y Bustillo (2nd time)   (s.a.)
 8 Aug 1811 -  8 Dec 1811  Gabriel de Císcar y Císcar         (b. 1760 - d. 1829)
 8 Dec 1811 - 22 Jan 1812  Pedro Agar y Bustillo (3rd time)   (s.a.)
Presidents of the Regency
22 Jan 1812 - 15 Jun 1812  Joaquín de Mosquera y Figueroa     (b. 1748 - d. 1830)
15 Jun 1812 - 15 Dec 1812? Pedro de Alcántara de Toledo y     (s.a.)
                             Salm-Salm, duque del Infantado 
15 Dec 1812? - 8 Mar 1813  Juan María de Villavicencio        (b. 1755 - d. 1830)
President of the (to 22 Mar 1813, Provisional) Regency
 8 Mar 1813 - 10 May 1814  Cardenal Luis María de Borbón y    (b. 1777 - d. 1823)
                             Vallabriga, arzobispo de Toledo,
                             primado de las Españas 
       

First Secretaries of State
15 Oct 1808 -  5 Jan 1809  Pedro Felix Cevallos y Guerra de   (s.a.)
                             la Vega
 5 Jan 1809 - 13 Oct 1809  Martín de Garay y Perales (acting) (b. 1760 - d. 1823)
13 Oct 1809 - 30 Oct 1809  Pedro Inguanzo y Rivero (acting)   (b. 1764 - d. 1836)
30 Oct 1809 - 31 Jan 1810  Francisco Saavedra y Sangronis     (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
31 Jan 1810 - 20 Mar 1810  Nicolás Ambrosio de Garro y        (b. 1747 - d. 1825)
                             Arizcun, marqués de las Hormazas
                             (acting)
20 Mar 1810 -  6 Feb 1812  Eusebio Bardají y Azara            (s.a.)
                             (acting to 27 May 1810)
 6 Feb 1812 - 12 May 1812  José García de León Pizarro y      (s.a.)
                             Ximenez Frías (acting)
12 May 1812 - 23 Jun 1812  Ignacio de la Pezuela y Sánchez    (b. 1764 - d. 1850)
                             (acting)
23 Jun 1812 - 27 Sep 1812  Carlos Martínez de Irujo Tacón,    (s.a.)
                             marqués de Casa-Irujo (1st time)
23 Jun 1812 - 27 Sep 1812  Ignacio de la Pezuela y Sánchez    (s.a.)
                             (acting for marqués de Casa-Irujo)
27 Sep 1812 - 11 Jul 1813  Pedro Gómez Labrador y Havelo      (b. 1764 - d. 1852)
11 Jul 1813 - 10 Oct 1813  Antonio Cano Manuel y Ramírez de   (b. 1768 - d. 1836)
                             Arellano (acting)
10 Oct 1813 -  6 Dec 1813  Juan O'Donoju y O'Ryan (acting)    (b. 1762 - d. 1821)  Mil
 6 Dec 1813 - 10 May 1814  José de Luyando y Diez Pueyo       (s.a.)               Mil
                             (1st time) (acting)

"Carlist" Insurrectionary Governments

In use 1833 - 1840

Banner used c.1837 (one of many)

c.1860 - 1876

29 Sep 1833                King Fernando VII dies, Queen María Cristina becomes regent on

                             behalf of their infant daughter Isabel II. This splits the

                             country into two factions, known as the "Cristinos" (or

                             "Isabelinos") and the "Carlists", who were the supporters of 

                             Don Carlos, conde de Molina as Carlos V, who was the brother 

                             of Fernando VII.
 9 Dec 1833                Carlos V appoints a government under Joaquín Abarca y Banqué.

22 Apr 1834                Quadruple Alliance of Portugal, Spain, England and France agree

                             to banish Don Carlos from Spain and Dom Miguel from Portugal.

31 Aug 1839                Carlos V leaves Spain for France. For almost a year some of his 

                             commanders continued to fight on his behalf especially in

                             Catalonia. By 6 Jul 1840 almost all resistance concludes.

25 Sep 1839                Guevara, the last "Carlist" stronghold in the north, submits.

18 May 1845                Carlos V renounces his claims in favor of his son Carlos Luis,

                             conde de Montemolín, who becomes "Carlist" claimant as Carlos VI.

 2 Apr 1860                Carlos VI lands at San Carlos de la Ràpita in the southernmost

                             part of Catalonia. 

21 Apr 1860                Carlos VI is captured by the troops of Isabel II and forced to

                             renounce his claims to the Spanish throne. On 2 Jun 1860 his

                             brother Juan Carlos, conde de Montizón (b. 1822 - d. 1887),

                             publishes a declaration affirming his accession as Juan III,

                             however on 15 Jun 1860 Carlos VI declares his renouncement was

                             invalid as he been forced to sign against his will.
13 Jan 1861                Carlos VI dies and Juan III becomes sole "Carlist" claimant,

                             although he takes no active part in the "Carlist" cause.
30 Sep 1868                Queen Isabel II is deposed by a military coup.

 3 Oct 1868                Juan III abdicates his rights to the Spanish throne in favor

                             of his son Carlos María, duque de Madrid who becomes Carlos VII.

 2 May 1872                Carlos VII crosses into Spain on foot, and subsequently joins 

                             the volunteers at Oroquieta in Navarre.

Aug 1873                   "Carlist" forces capture Estella in Navarre.

Oct 1874 - 19 Nov 1875     Carlos VII restores the Generalitat in Catalonia.

19 Feb 1876                Spanish government forces retake Estella.

28 Feb 1876                Carlos VII leaves Spain ending the "Carlist" insurrection.

 

Kings² (dates correspond to presence on Spanish territory)
 1 Oct 1833 - 31 Aug 1839  Carlos V                           (s.a.)

 2 Apr 1860 - 1860         Carlos VI                          (s.a.)

 2 May 1872 - 28 Feb 1876  Carlos VII                         (s.a.) 

First Secretaries of State 

 9 Dec 1833 - 1836         Joaquín Abarca y Blanqué,          (b. 1778 - d. 1844)

                             obispo de León 

20 Apr 1836 - 10 Jan 1837  Juan Bautista Erro Azpiroz y       (b. 1773 - d. 1854)

                             Beloqui

10 Jan 1837 - 24 Feb 1839  Joaquín Abarca y Blanqué,          (s.a.)

                             obispo de León 

24 Feb 1839 - 14 Sep 1839  Paulino Ramírez de la Piscina      (b. 1799 - d. 1852)

 6 May 1871 - 17 Apr 1874  Joaquín Elío y Ezpeleta, duque     (b. 1806 - d. 1876) 

                             de Elío, marqués de la Lealtad

17 Apr 1874 -  3 May 1875  Romualdo Martínez de Viñalet       (b. 1814 - d. 1882)

 3 May 1875 - 28 Feb 1876  Luís Mon y Velasco, conde del      (b. 1825 - d. 1878)

                             Pinar (acting) 

Spanish Republic in Exile

Presidents

 5 Feb 1939 - 27 Feb 1939  Manuel Azaña y Díaz                (s.a.)               IR

27 Feb 1939 -  1 Jan 1962  Diego Martínez Barrio              (s.a.)               UR

                             ([nominally] acting to 17 Aug 1945, then interim;

                             in France [Mexico 1940-1946] exile)

 1 Jan 1962 - 16 Nov 1970  Luis Jiménez de Asúa               (b. 1889 - d. 1970)  PSOE

                             (acting to Feb 1962; in Buenos Aires, Argentina exile)

16 Nov 1970 - 21 Jun 1977  José Maldonado González            (b. 1900 - d. 1985)  ARDE

                             (acting to Nov 1970; in Paris, France exile)

 

Prime ministers (in Paris, France [1940-Feb 1946 Mexico] exile)

 6 Mar 1939 - 17 Aug 1945  Juan Negrín López                  (s.a.)               PSOE

17 Aug 1945 -  9 Feb 1947  José Giral Pereira                 (s.a.)               IR

 9 Feb 1947 -  8 Aug 1947  Rodolfo Llopis Ferrándiz           (b. 1895 - d. 1983)  PSOE

 8 Aug 1947 - 30 Nov 1950  Álvaro de Albornoz y Liminiana     (b. 1879 - d. 1959)  IR

30 Nov 1950 -  9 May 1960  Félix Gordón Ordás                 (b. 1885 - d. 1973)  UR

 9 May 1960 - 28 Feb 1962  Emilio Herrera Linares             (b. 1879 - d. 1967)  Non-party

28 Feb 1962 - 28 Feb 1971  Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz y         (b. 1893 - d. 1984)  Non-party

                             Menduiña

28 Feb 1971 - 21 Jun 1977  Fernando Valera Aparicio           (b. 1899 - d. 1981)  ARDE 

 ¹What we typically think of as España (Spain) had no constitutionally sanctioned identity until 1808. The style Monarquía Española (Spanish Monarchy) gradually came into use for the whole complex, while several of the component units maintained (in some cases fanatically) their political identity, with their own Cortes, their own charters of rights (fueros), etc. Españas (or Españas e Indias) more closely reflects usage before 1808 than España.

 ²The style of the ruler:
(a) 18 Oct 1035 - 21 Aug 1157 (in Latin): Rex/Regina Castellae; (in Castilian): Rey/Reina de Castiella ("King of Castile");
(b) 21 Aug 1157 - 24 Sep 1230 (in Latin): Rex/Regina Castellae et Toleti; (in Castilian): Rey/Reina de Castiella e Toledo ("King/Queen of Castile and Toledo");
(c) 24 Sep 1230 - 1516: Rey/Reina de Castiella, de Toledo, León e de Gallizia ("King/Queen of Castile, of Toledo, León and of Galicia");
(d) after 1516: In official documents the ruler used a full style that included effective and titular non-Hispanic titles (e.g., Archduke of Austria) the following is a typical form, while variants are not uncommon: Por la gracia de Dios, Rey/Reina de Castilla, de León, de Aragón, de las dos Sicilias, de Jerusalén, de Navarra, de Granada, de Toledo, de Valencia, de Galicia, de Mallorca, de Menorca, de Sevilla, de Cerdeña, de Córdoba, de Córcega, de Murcia, de Jaén, del Algarve, de Algeciras, de Gibraltar, de las Islas Canarias, de las Indias Orientales y Occidentales, de las Islas y Tierrafirme del Continente Oceánico, Archiduque/Archiduquesa de Austria, Duque/Duquesa de Borgoña, de Brabante y de Milán, Conde/Condesa de Abspurg, de Flandes, del Tirol y de Barcelona, Señor/Señora de Vizcaya y de Molina, etc ("by the grace of God, King/Queen of Castille, of Leon, of Aragon, of the Two Sicilies, of Jerusalem, of Navarre, of Granada, of Toledo, of Valencia, of Galicia, of Mallorca, of Minorca, of Seville, of Sardinia, of Cordoba of Corsica, of Murcia, of Jaen, of the Algarve, of Algeciras, of Gibraltar, of the Canary Islands, of the East and West Indies, of the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Continent, Archduke/Archduchess of Austria, Duke/Duchess of Burgundy, of Barabant and Milan, Count/Countess of Habsburg, of Flanders, of Tyrol, and of Barcelona, Lord/Lady of Vizcaya and of Molina, etc."). The following short style gradually comes into official use before 1808: Por la gracia de Dios Rey/Reina de las Españas y de las Indias ("by the grace of God, King/Queen of the Spanish and of the Indies");
(e) Carlists 1 Oct 1833 - 31 Aug 1839, 2 Apr 1860 - 1860, 2 May 1872 - 28 Feb 1876: Por la gracia de Dios, Rey de las Españas y de las Indias ("by the grace of God, King of the Spanish and of the Indies");
(f) from 1978: Rey Constitucional de España, Rey de Castilla, de León, de Aragón, de las Dos Sicilias, de Jerusalén, de Navarra, de Granada, de Toledo, de Valencia, de Galicia, de Cerdeña, de Córdoba, de Córcega, de Murcia, de Jaén, de los Algarves, de Algerciras, de Gibraltar, de las Islas Canarias, de las Indias Orientales y Occidentales, de las Islas y Tierra Firme del Mar Océano; Archiduque de Austria; Duque de Borgoña, de Brabante, de Milán, de Atenas y Neopatria; Conde de Habsburgo, de Flandes, del Tirol, del Rosellón, y de Barcelona; Señor de Vizcaya y de Molina; Capitán General de las Reales Fuerzas Armadas y su Comandante Supremo; Soberano Gran maestre de la Insigne Orden del Toisón de Oro, y de cuantas Ordenes discierne el Estado Español ("Constitutional king of Spain, king of Castile, king of Leon, king of Aragon, king of the Two Sicilies, king of Jerusalem, king of Navarra, king of Granada, king of Toledo, king of Valencia, king of Galicia, king of Sardinia, king of Cordoba, king of Corsica, king of Murcia, king of Jaén, king of the Algarves, king of Algeciras, king of Gibraltar, king of the Canaries Islands, king of the West and East Indies, king of the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea [the Americas]; Archduke of Austria; duke of Burgundy, duke of Brabant, duke of Milan, duke of Athens and duke of Neo-Patras, count of Habsburg, count of Flanders, count of Roussillon, count of Barcelona; lord of Viscaya, lord of Molina; Captain-General and Supreme Head of the Royal Armed Forces, Sovereign Grand-Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece, Grand-Master of the orders awarded by the Spanish State").

 ³The Governing Board (Junta de Gobierno de los Reinos de España e Indias), 1 Nov 1700 - 18 Feb 1701, was constituted in accordance with the last will of King Carlos II to rule pending the acceptance of the crown by one of three named successors; was composed of the Queen Dowager, Cardenal Portocarrero, President of the Council of Castile (Presidente del Consejo de Castilla), President of the Council of Aragon (Presidente del Consejo de Aragón), President of the Council of Italy (Presidente del Consejo de Italia), President of the Council of Flanders (Presidente del Consejo de Flandes), President of the Council of State (Presidente del Consejo de Estado), Inquisitor General (inquisidor general), and Conde de Benavente; communicated the will of Carlos II to Paris, where it was considered by the Council of State and positive answer returned on behalf of Philippe, petit-fils de France, duc d'Anjou (received in Madrid 21 Nov 1700); arranged for proclamation of duc d'Anjou as King Felipe V in Madrid (24 Nov 1700); continued to govern until Felipe's arrival to Madrid (18 Feb 1701). It had no formal president, but only one of its members was con voto de calidad, i.e., with "preferred vote," namely the widow of Carlos II: María Ana de Baviera-Neoburgo y Hesse-Darmstadt, Reina viuda de las Españas y de las Indias (b. 1667 - d. 1740). 

Noble titles: archiduque/archiduquesa = archduke/archduchess; barón/baronesa = baron/baroness; conde/condesa = count/countess; duque/duquesa = duke/duchess; marqués = marquis; 
rey/reina = king/queen; señor/señora = lord/lady; vizconde = viscount; príncipe/princesa = prince/princess

Ecclesiastical titles: arzobispo = archbishop; cardenal = cardinal; obispo = bishop

Territorial Disputes: In 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by referendum to reject any "shared sovereignty" arrangement; the government of Gibraltar insists on equal participation in talks between the U.K. and Spain; Spain disapproves of U.K. plans to grant Gibraltar greater autonomy; after voters in the U.K. chose to leave the EU in a Jun 2016 referendum, Spain again proposed shared sovereignty of Gibraltar, U.K. officials rejected Spain's joint sovereignty proposal; Morocco protests Spain's control over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and the islands of Penon de Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Alhucemas, and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding waters; both countries claim Isla Perejil (Leila Island); Morocco serves as the primary launching site of illegal migration into Spain from North Africa; Portugal does not recognize Spanish sovereignty over the territory of Olivenza (Olivença) based on a difference of interpretation of the 1815 Congress of Vienna and the 1801 Treaty of Badajoz.

Party abbreviations: PP = Partido Popular (People's Party, center-right, est.1989); PSOE = Partido Socialista Obrero Español (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, social-democratic, est.1879, banned 1939-1977); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: Abs = Absolutist (royalist, right-wing reactionary); AR = Acción Republicana (Republican Action, liberal progressive, republican, 1930-1934, then IR); ARDE = Acción Republicana Democrática Española (Spanish Democratic Republican Action, left republican, merger of IR and UR, 1959-85); DLR = Derecha Liberal Republicana (Liberal Republican Right, conservative republican, 1930-1936); FET = Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensivas Nacional Sindicalistas (Spanish Phalange Traditionalists and the Junta of National Syndicalist Offensive, main party of the National Movement, authoritarian, fascist, 1937-1977, only legal party 1939-1975); ID = Izquierda Dinástica (Dynastic Left, liberal, 1881-1884, then part of PL); IR = Izquierda Republicana (Republican Left, reformist republican, anti-clerical, 1934-1959); Lib = Liberal; Mod = Moderato (Moderate, moderate liberal, centralist, monarchist, 1834-1874, then part of PC); PC = Partido Constitucional (Constitutional Party, liberal, constitutionalist, 1871-1880, split from PPg); PD = Partido Democrático (Democratic Party, liberal, progressive, 1849-1869); PDR = Partido Demócrata-Radical (Radical Democratic Party, republican, liberal progressive, split from PPg, 1871-1880); PL = Partido Liberal (Liberal Party, liberal, monarchist, 1880-1931); PLC = Partido Liberal-Conservador (Liberal-Conservative Party, liberal-conservative, monarchist, 1874-1931); PLD = Partido Liberal Democrático (Liberal Democratic Party, 1913-1931, split from PL); PM = Partido Moderado (Moderate Party, moderate, 1834-1873, merged into PLC); PPD = Partido Progresista Demócrata (Progressive Democratic Party, liberal, republican, 1849-1873); PPg = Partido Progresista (Progressive Party, liberal, progressive, 1834-1874); PR = Partido Republicano (Republican Party, conservative); PRF = Partido Republicano Democrático Federal (Democratic Federalist Republican Party, republican federalist, 1868-1910); PRR = Partido Republicano Radical (Radical Republican Party, radical republican, 1908-1936, split from UR); UCD = Unión Centro Democrático (Union of Democratic Center, centrist, 1977-1983); UL = Unión Liberal (Liberal Union, 1858-1874, merged into PLC); UP = Unión Patriótica (Patriotic Union, nationalist, catholic conservative, Primo de Rivera personalist, 1924-1931); UR = Unión Republicana (Republican Union, republican 1903-1910 and 1934-1958 as centrist republican)

from before 1164

Principality of Catalonia c.1714

Counts of Barcelona (style comes Barchilonensis/conde de Barcelona)
c.801 – c.820              Berà (Berus)                       (d. 844)
c.820 – c.825              Rampón (Rampo)                     (d. c.825)
Feb 826 – 831              Bernat de Septimania (1st time)    (b. 795 – d. 844)
                             (Bernardus de Septimanie)
831 – c.835                Berenguer de Tolosa (Berengarius)
c.835 – 844                Bernat de Septimania (2nd time)    (s.a.)
844 – 848                  Sunifredo I (Sunicfredus I)        (d. 848)
848 – 850                  Guillem de Septimania (usurper)    (b. 826 – d. 850)
                             (Guilhelmus)
850 – 852                  Alerán (Aledramnus)                (d. 852)  
850 – 852                  Isembart –Co-ruler
852 – 858                  Odalric (Odalricus)                (d. 858)  
858 – 864                  Humfrid (Unifredus)                (d. af.876)
865 – 878                  Bernat II de Gothia                (d. c.879)
                             (Bernardus)
879 – 11 Aug 898           Guifré I (Wifredo) "el Pilós"      (d. 898)
                             (the Hairy)(Guiffredus I)
898 – 911                  Guifré II (or Borrell I)           (b. c.874 - d. 911)
                             (Guiffredus II [or Borellus II])
911 – 947                  Sunyer I (Suniarius)               (b. c.870 – d. 950)
947 – 992                  Borrell II (Borellus II)           (b. c.927 - d. 993)
947 – 966                  Miró (Miro) -co-ruler              (b. c.926 - d. 966)
30 Sep 992 - 25 Feb 1017   Ramón Borrell                      (b. 972 – d. 1017)
                             (Raimundus Borellus)
25 Feb 1017 – 31 Mar 1035  Berenguer Ramón I "el Corbat"      (d. 1035)
                             (the Hunchback)(Berengarius Raimundus I)
1017 - 1021                Ermessenda de Carcassona (f)-Regent(b. c.972 – d. 1058)
                             (Ermesidis Carcassonae) (1st time)
1035 - 1076                Ramón Berenguer I "el Vell"        (b. 1023 –d. 1076)
                             (the Old)(Raimundus Berengarius I)
1035 - 1039                Ermessenda de Carcassona (f)-Regent(s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1076 –  5 Dec 1082         Ramón Berenguer II                 (b. c.1053 - d. 1082)
                             "el Cap d'Estope" (the Towhead [Blonde])
                             (Raimundus Berengarius II)
                           - jointly with –
1076 - 1097                Berenguer Ramón II "el Fratricida" (d. 1097/99)
                             (the Fratricide)(Berengarius Raimundus II)
                           - jointly with–
 5 Dec 1082 – 23 Jan 1131  Ramón Berenguer III "el Gran"      (b. 1082 – d. 1131)
                             (Raimundus Berengarus III)
23 Jan 1131 –  6 Aug 1162  Ramón Berenguer IV "el Sant"       (b. c.1113 - d. 1162)
                             (the Saint)(Raimundus Berengarus IV)
 6 Aug 1162 - 16 Sep 1714  the kings of Aragón
11 Aug 1462 - 23 Apr 1463  Enrique IV de Castilla             (b. 1425 - d. 1474)
                             (in rebellion)
22 Jan 1464 - 29 Jun 1466  Pedro de Portugal                  (b. 1429 – d. 1466)
                             (in rebellion)
14 Oct 1466 - 17 Oct 1472  Renato de Anjou (René d'Anjou)     (b. 1409 – d. 1480)
                             (in rebellion)
23 Jan 1641 - 18 Jan 1653  the kings of France
                             (in dissidence)

 ¹The Lists of "Presidents" of the Generalitat 1359-1714 are a modern work mainly coming from "Historia de la Generalitat de Catalunya i dels seus presidents" by Josep M. Solé i Sabaté published in 2003. The author picked the most prominent ecclesiastical deputies of the Diputació del General and designated them as presidents. The 109 original volumes of daily proceedings of the Diputació do not mention the elections or appointments of such officials.