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Germany
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![[Emperor's Banner until 1401 (Holy Roman Empire, Germany)]](de_sacr1.gif)
![[Germany 1871-1921, N. Ger. Confed. 1867-1870]](de1871.gif)
![[Germany]](de.gif)
![[Third Reich 1933-1945 (Germany)]](de-1933.gif)
![[C-Ensign]](de-1945.gif)
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- 25 Dec 800 Holy Roman Empire¹
- 6 Aug 1806 Reich dissolved.
Emperors-elect¹
2 Nov 1576 - 20 Jan 1612 Rudolf II
(b. 1552 - d. 1612)
(elected 27 Oct 1575)
20 Jan 1612 - 13 Jun 1612 Imperial vicars
- Friedrich V (1st time)
(b. 1596 - d. 1632)
(count palatine of the Rhine)
- Johann Georg I (1st time)
(b. 1585 - d. 1656)
(count palatine of Saxony, duke
of Saxony)
24 Jun 1612 - 20 Mar 1619 Matthias II
(b. 1557 - d. 1619)
(elected 13 Jun 1612)
20 Mar 1619 - 28 Aug 1619 Imperial vicars
- Friedrich V (2nd time)
(s.a.)
(count palatine of the Rhine)
- Johann Georg I (2nd time)
(s.a.)
(count palatine of Saxony, duke
of Saxony)
28 Aug 1619 - 15 Feb 1637 Ferdinand III
(b. 1578 - d. 1637)
15 Feb 1637 - 2 Apr 1657 Ferdinand IV
(b. 1608 - d. 1657)
(elected 22 Dec 1636)
2 Apr 1657 - 18 Jul 1658 Imperial vicars
- Karl I Ludwig
(b. 1617 - d. 1680)
(count palatine of the Rhine;
in dispute with Ferdinand Maria)
- Ferdinand Maria (duke of Bavaria)(b. 1636 - d. 1679)
(in dispute with
Karl I Ludwig)
- Johann Georg II
(b. 1613 - d. 1680)
(count palatine of Saxony, duke
of Saxony)
1 Aug 1658 - 5 May 1705 Leopold I
(b. 1640 - d. 1705)
(elected 18 Jul 1658)
5 May 1705 - 17 Apr 1711 Joseph I
(b. 1678 - d. 1711)
(elected 23 Jan 1690, crowned
26 Jan 1690)
17 Apr 1711 - 12 Oct 1711 Imperial vicars
- Johann Wilhelm
(b. 1658 - d. 1716)
(count palatine of the Rhine)
- Friedrich August I "der Starke"
(b. 1670 - d. 1740)
(count palatine of Saxony, duke
of Saxony)
22 Dec 1711 - 20 Oct 1740 Karl VI
(b. 1685 - d. 1740)
(elected 12 Oct 1711)
20 Oct 1740 - 14 Jan 1742 Imperial vicars
- Karl Albrecht
(b. 1697 - d. 1745)
(duke of Bavaria)
- Friedrich August II (1st
time) (b. 1696 - d. 1763)
(count palatine of Saxony, duke
of Saxony, etc.)
12 Feb 1742 - 20 Jan 1745 Karl VII
(s.a.)
(Karl Albrecht, duke of Bavaria)
(elected 14 Jan 1742)
20 Jan 1745 - 13 Sep 1745 Imperial vicars
- Maximilian III Joseph
(b. 1727 - d. 1777)
(duke of Bavaria)
- Friedrich August II (2nd
time) (s.a.)
(count palatine of Saxony, duke
of Saxony, etc.)
4 Oct 1745 - 18 Aug 1765 Franz I
(b. 1708 - d. 1765)
(elected 13 Sep 1745)
18 Aug 1765 - 20 Feb 1790 Joseph II
(b. 1741 - d. 1790)
(elected 27 Mar 1764, crowned
3 Apr 1764)
20 Feb 1790 - 30 Sep 1790 Imperial vicars
- Karl IV Philipp Theodor
(b. 1724 - d. 1799)
(1st time) (count palatine of
the Rhine, duke of Bavaria)
- Friedrich August III
(b. 1750 - d. 1827)
"der Gerechte" (1st time)
(count palatine of Saxony, duke
of Saxony, etc.)
9 Oct 1790 - 1 Mar 1792 Leopold II
(b. 1747 - d. 1792)
(elected 30 Sep 1790)
1 Mar 1792 - 7 Jul 1792 Imperial vicars
- Karl IV Philipp Theodor
(s.a.)
(2nd time) (count palatine of
the Rhine, duke of Bavaria)
- Friedrich August III
(s.a.)
"der Gerechte" (2nd time)
(count palatine of Saxony, duke
of Saxony, etc.)
14 Jul 1792 - 6 Aug 1806 Franz II
(b. 1768 - d. 1835)
(elected 7 Jul 1792)
Archchancellors for Germany
30 Mar 1695 - 25 Jul 1806 the Archbishops
of Mayence (Mainz)
Archchancellors for Gaul and the Kingdom of Arles
13 Jul 1676 - 27 Apr 1803 the Archbishops
of Trier
Archchancellors for Italy
19 Jul 1688 - 27 Apr 1803 the Archbishops
of Cologne
¹Constitutionally the entity dealt here is the
Reich
ruled by the king elected by the electors (Kurfürsten) and
crowned king. (It is a matter of dispute whether the king acquires his
ruling authority with the election or only with the coronation; both dates
are given in the following record.) In theory, his title is just King (König)
without territorial appendage. By the time period covered here, it was
understood that the king had acquired the dignity and notional authority
of a Roman emperor (see below), and the scope of his authority as such
was styled the Holy Roman Empire (Heiliges Römisches Reich
- Sacrum Romanum Imperium); the addition "of the German Nation"
(deutscher Nation -
nationis germanicae) comes into official
use in the 15th century (e.g., Act of the Imperial Diet [Reichsschluss]
of 1486); its meaning has been the subject of considerable dispute since
the 17th century. In the time period covered, the imperial authority extended
de facto (except for some vestigial remnants, such as the chartering of
notaries-public throughout Western Europe) only to the (German) Reich,
and official use made no distinctions.
Upon his election (and coronation) the person acquired the
style of king, whether during the lifetime of the ruler or after an interregnum.
Theoretically, he was king just as much as an existing ruler, but this
was just theory. In honor of the imperial status of the ruler, the elected
and crowned king, if not yet emperor-elect (see above), was styled, not
just King or German King, but Roman King (Römischer König
- Rex Romanorum, literally "king of the Romans").
With the demise of the imperial authority, by death or abdication,
if a Roman King was in existence, he took the style of Roman Emperor-Elect,
King in Germany (see above). The imperial coronation by the pope having
been discontinued (except for Karl V 24 Feb 1530), it was decided 4 Feb
1508 to forego the formal acquisition of the style of Roman Emperor and
to fall back on the theory that an elected German king was ipso facto Roman
emperor-elect and to make this point by incorporating this concept into
the ruler's style.
The full style during the period covered (to which were,
of course, attached the styles belonging to the states ruled by the emperor-elect,
such as Archduke of Austria) was as follows: Von Gottes Gnaden erwählter
römischer Kaiser, R.I.S.A., König in Germanien - Divina favente
clementia Romanorum imperator electus et semper augustus, R.I.S.A., rex
in Germania. The initials R.I.S.A. stood for Romanorum imperator
semper augustus, but were misinterpreted to stand for Romani imperii
semper auctor, and this misinterpretation had by the period covered
come into official use, being rendered in German as zu allen Zeiten
Mehrer des Reichs ("at all times increaser of the empire").
Under the provisions of the Golden Bull of 1356, when there
was no king the royal authority was exercised by two imperial vicars (Reichsvikare
- vicarii imperii), each with a separate territorial jurisdiction.
They were specified to be the count palatine of the Rhine (Pfalzgraf
bei Rhein) and the count palatine of Saxony (Pfalzgraf von Sachsen).
By the time period covered, the count palatine of Saxony was the duke of
Saxony, elector; and the count palatine of the Rhine was the elector with
that title, until the interregnum of 1657, when the electorate in question,
and with it the county palatine, were in dispute with Bavaria.
The Confederation of the Rhine
-
![[French Flag]](fr.gif)
- 25 Jul 1806 - 19 Oct 1813
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of the Rhine |
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25 Jul 1806
Confederation of the Rhine founded.
Charter members:
- King of Bavaria (to 8 Oct 1813)
- King of Württemberg
- Elector-archchancellor (formerly
archbishop of Mayence).
- Elector of Baden, becomes a
grand-duke.
- Duke of Berg and Cleves, becomes
a grand-duke.
- Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt,
becomes a grand-duke.
- Prince of Nassau-Usingen, senior
of these two becomes a duke.
- Prince of Nassau-Weilburg
- Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen
- Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
- Prince of Salm-Salm
- Prince of Salm-Kyrburg
- Prince of Isenburg-Birstein
- Duke of Arenberg
- Prince of Liechtenstein
- Count of Leyen, becomes a prince.
From 15 Sep 1806:
- Grand-duke of Würzburg
From 11 Dec 1806:
- King of Saxony
From 15 Dec 1806:
- Duke of Saxe-Weimar
- Duke of Saxe-Gotha
- Duke of Saxe-Meiningen
- Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen
- Duke of Saxe-Coburg
- Duke of Anhalt-Dessau
- Duke of Anhalt-Bernburg
- Duke of Anhalt-Köthen
- Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
- Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- Duke of Oldenburg
- Prince of Lippe-Detmold
- Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe
- four Princes of Reuss
- two Princes of Schwarzburg
- Prince of Waldeck
From 15 Nov 1807:
- King of Westphalia
19 Oct 1813
Confederation dissolves.
Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine
25 Jul 1806 - 19 Oct 1813 Napoléon I
(b. 1769 - d. 1821)
Prince-Primate (also Chairman of the Diet and the College
of Kings)
25 Jul 1806 - 19 Oct 1813 Karl Theodor Anton Maria Kämmerer
von Worms, Reichsfreiherr von
Dalberg (b. 1744 - d. 1817)
(1803 - 1806 Prince-archbishop
of Regensburg;
1806 - 1810 Grand duke of Frankfurt)
Transitional Central Administration 1813-1815
Note: After the dissolution of the Rhine Confederation, there was no central authority in Germany until the creation of the German Confederation. An attempt at coordination was, however, made, and it was headed by a body called Central Administration Council (Zentralverwaltungsrat).
21 Oct 1813 - 20 Jun 1815 Attempted central coordination.
President of the Central Administration Council (Zentralverwaltungsrat)
21 Oct 1813 - 20 Jun 1815 Heinrich Friedrich Karl Freiherr
(b. 1757 - d. 1831)
vom und zum Stein
German Reich
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(Plön 29 Apr - 23 May 1945) |
Paper Mark (DED); 1924-1948 German Reichsmark (DER) |
23 Apr (1889) Fuhrer's Birthday -------------------------- 1888-1918: Kaiser's Birthday 27 Jan (1859) |
62,348,782 (1925) 67,812,000 (1914) |
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(None) |
Constitution (8 Jun 1815; in German) |
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"'Heil Dir im Siegerkranz" (Hail To Thee in Victor's Laurels) |
(1 Jan 1871-11 Aug 1922) |
(16 Apr 1871 - 14 Aug 1919; in German) |
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"Deutschland, Deutschland ueber alles" (Germany, Germany above all) |
(11 Aug 1922 - 23 May 1945) |
(14 Aug 1919 - 5 Jun 1945) |
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"Horst Wessel Lied" (Host Wessel Song) |
(11 Mar 1933 - 23 May 1945) |
(15 Sep 1935-May 1945) |
| International Organizations/Treaties 1871-1945: ICRM, ILO, IMO, IOC, ICPC, IPU, ITU, League of Nations, LORCS, PCA, PCIJ, UIBPIP, UPU | |||
1 Jul 1867 North German Confederation
1 Jan 1871 German Empire (Deutsches Reich)
14 Aug 1919 Germany a republic (but style German Reich not abandoned).
23 May 1945 Allied occupation (formally assuming supreme power 5 Jun 1945).
Presidents of the German Confederation
20 Jun 1815 - 24 Aug 1866 the Emperors of Austria
Presidential Envoys to the Federal Parliament (in Frankfurt)(all
Austrian)
5 Oct 1815 - 16 Dec 1815 Franz Joseph Freiherr
von Albini (b. 1748 - d. 1816)
auf Dürrenried
16 Dec 1815 - 24 Feb 1823 Johann Rudolf Graf von Buol-
(b. 1763 - d. 1834)
Schauenstein
24 Feb 1823 - 12 Mar 1848 Joachim Eduard Freiherr von
(b. 1786 - d. 1866)
Münch-Bellinghausen
12 Mar 1848 - 14 May 1848 Franz Graf von Colloredo-Wallsee
(b. 1799 - d. 1859)
14 May 1848 - 12 Jul 1848 Anton von Schmerling
(b. 1805 - d. 1893)
1 May 1850 - 1 Nov 1852 Friedrich Graf von Thun-Hohenstein
(b. 1810 - d. 1881)
2 Jan 1853 - 12 Oct 1855 Anton Freiherr Prokesch
(b. 1795 - d. 1876)
12 Oct 1855 - 4 May 1859 Johann Bernhard Graf von Rechberg
(b. 1806 - d. 1899)
und Rothenlöwen
23 May 1859 - 24 Aug 1866 Aloys Freiherr von Kübeck
(b. 1819 - d. 1873)
Presidents of the Constituent National Assembly (Frankfurt-am-Main)
18 May 1848 - 19 May 1848 Friedrich Lang
(b. 1778 - d. 1859)
(president by age of the Constituent
National Assembly)
19 May 1848 - 12 Jul 1849 Heinrich Wilhelm August Freiherr
(b. 1799 - d. 1880) R-Lib
von Gagern
Provisional Central Authorities of the German Reich (Frankfurt-am-Main)
12 Jul 1848 - 20 Dec 1849 Johann, Erzherzog von Österreich
(b. 1782 - d. 1859)
(Imperial Vicar [Reichsverweser])
6 Jun 1849 - 18 Jun 1849 German Imperial Regency
(in Stuttgart; in rebellion)
- Peter Franz Joseph Raveaux
(b. 1810 - d. 1851) Dem
- August Christoph Carl Vogt
(b. 1817 - d. 1895) Dem
- August Heinrich Simon
(b. 1805 - d. 1860) Dem
- Friedrich Schüler
(b. 1791 - d. 1873) Dem
- Heinrich August Becher
(b. 1816 - d. 1890) Dem
20 Dec 1849 - 1 May 1850 Federal Commission
(Frankfurt-am-Main)
(on behalf of the Emperor of Austria
and the King of Prussia)
- Karl Friedrich Kübeck Freiherr
(b. 1780 - d. 1855)
von Kübau (Austria)
- Karl Freiherr von Schönhals
(b. 1788 - d. 1857)
(Austria)
- Carl Wilhelm Boetticher
(b. 1791 - d. 1868)
(Prussia)
- Joseph Maria von Radowitz
(b. 1797 - d. 1853)
(to 31 Mar 1850)(Prussia)
- Eduard von Peucker (Prussia)
(b. 1791 - d. 1876)
(from 19 Jan 1850; acting to 31
Mar 1850)
President of the North German Confederation
1 Jul 1867 - 1 Jan 1871 the King of Prussia
Emperors4
18 Jan 1871 - 9 Mar 1888 Wilhelm I
(b. 1797 - d. 1888)
4 Jun 1878 - 5 Dec 1878 Friedrich Wilhelm von
Prussen (b. 1831 - d. 1888)
(acting)
9 Mar 1888 - 15 Jun 1888 Friedrich III
(s.a.)
9 Mar 1888 - 15 Jun 1888 Wilhelm von Preussen (acting)
(b. 1859 - d. 1941)
15 Jun 1888 - 9 Nov 1918 Wilhelm II
(s.a.)
Chairmen of the Executive Council of the Workers and
Soldiers' Councils of Greater Berlin
11 Nov 1918 - 20 Dec 1918 Richard Müller
(b. 1880 - d. 1943) USPD
+ Hans-Georg von Beerfelde
(b. 1877 - d. 1960) Mil
(to 12 Nov 1918)
+ Brutus Molkenbuhr
(b. 1881 - d. 1959) SPD
(from 12 Nov 1918)
Chairmen of the Central Council of the German Socialist Republic
20 Dec 1918 - 6 Feb 1919 Robert Leinert
(b. 1873 - d. 1940) SPD
+ Emmanuel "Max" Cohen-Reuss
(b. 1876 - d. 1963) SPD
+ Hermann Müller
(b. 1876 - d. 1931) SPD
Presidents of the Constituent National Assembly
6 Feb 1919 - 7 Feb 1919 Wilhelm Pfannkuch
(b. 1841 - d. 1923) SPD
(president by age of the Constituent
National Assembly)
7 Feb 1919 - 11 Feb 1919 Eduard Heinrich Rudolph David
(b. 1863 - d. 1930) SPD
Presidents
11 Feb 1919 - 28 Feb 1925 Friedrich Ebert
(s.a.)
SPD
28 Feb 1925 - 12 Mar 1925 Hans Luther (acting)
(b. 1879 - d. 1962) Non-party
12 Mar 1925 - 12 May 1925 Walter Simons (acting)
(b. 1861 - d. 1937) Non-party
12 May 1925 - 2 Aug 1934 Paul von Beneckendorff und
(b. 1847 - d. 1934) Non-party
Hindenburg
2 Aug 1934 - 30 Apr 1945 Adolf Hitler -Führer
(b. 1889 - d. 1945) NSDAP
1 May 1945 - 23 May 1945 Karl Dönitz
(b. 1891 - d. 1980) Mil
Prime ministers
15 Jul 1848 - 16 Sep 1848 Karl Emich Prinz von Leiningen-
(b. 1804 - d. 1856) Lib-Con
Westerburg
16 Sep 1848 - 18 Dec 1848 Anton von Schmerling
(b. 1805 - d. 1893) Lib-Con
18 Dec 1848 - 16 May 1849 Heinrich Freiherr von Gagern
(s.a.)
16 May 1849 - 21 May 1849 Maximillian Karl Friedrich Wilhelm
(b. 1781 - d. 1860) Con
Grävell (provisional)
21 May 1849 - 20 Dec 1849 August Prinz von Sayn-Wittgenstein
(b. 1788 - d. 1874) Mil
zu Berleburg
Federal Chancellor
14 Jul 1867 - 21 Mar 1871 Otto Eduard Graf von Bismarck-
(b. 1815 - d. 1898) Non-party
Schönhausen
Chancellors
21 Mar 1871 - 20 Mar 1890 Otto Eduard Fürst von Bismarck-
(s.a.)
Non-party
Schönhausen
20 Mar 1890 - 29 Oct 1894 Leo von Caprivi
(b. 1831 - d. 1899) Non-party
(from 18 Dec 1891, Leo Graf von
Caprivi)
29 Oct 1894 - 17 Oct 1900 Chlodwig Carl Victor Fürst zu
(b. 1819 - d. 1901) Non-party
Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst,
Prinz von Ratibor und Corvey
17 Oct 1900 - 14 Jul 1909 Bernhard Graf von Bülow
(b. 1849 - d. 1929) Non-party
(from 6 Sep 1905, Bernhard Fürst
von Bülow)
14 Jul 1909 - 16 Jul 1917 Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
(b. 1856 - d. 1921) Non-party
16 Jul 1917 - 2 Dec 1917 Georg Michaelis
(b. 1857 - d. 1936) Non-party
2 Dec 1917 - 5 Oct 1918 Georg Graf von Hertling
(b. 1843 - d. 1919) Z
5 Oct 1918 - 9 Nov 1918 Maxmilian Prinz von Baden
(b. 1867 - d. 1929) Non-party
9 Nov 1918 - 10 Nov 1918 Friedrich Ebert
(s.a.)
SPD
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissioners
10 Nov 1918 - 27 Dec 1918 Friedrich Ebert (1st time)
(s.a.)
SPD
+ Hugo Haase
(b. 1863 - d. 1919) USPD
27 Dec 1918 - 29 Dec 1918 Friedrich Ebert (2nd time)
(s.a.)
SPD
29 Dec 1918 - 30 Dec 1918 Friedrich Ebert (3rd time)
(s.a.)
SPD
+ Philipp Scheidemann
(b. 1865 - d. 1939) SPD
30 Dec 1918 - 11 Feb 1919 Friedrich Ebert (4th time)
(s.a.)
SPD
(executive chairman)
Prime Ministers (presidents of the imperial ministry)
13 Feb 1919 - 21 Jun 1919 Philipp Scheidemann
(s.a.)
SPD
21 Jun 1919 - 14 Aug 1919 Gustav Bauer
(b. 1870 - d. 1944) SPD
Chancellors
14 Aug 1919 - 27 Mar 1920 Gustav Bauer
(s.a.)
SPD
13 Mar 1920 - 17 Mar 1920 Wolfgang Kapp (in rebellion)
(b. 1858 - d. 1922) ADV
27 Mar 1920 - 21 Jun 1920 Hermann Müller (1st time)
(s.a.)
SPD
21 Jun 1920 - 10 May 1921 Konstantin Fehrenbach
(b. 1852 - d. 1926) Z
10 May 1921 - 22 Nov 1922 Joseph Karl Wirth
(b. 1879 - d. 1956) Z
22 Nov 1922 - 13 Aug 1923 Wilhelm Carl Josef Cuno
(b. 1876 - d. 1933) Non-party
13 Aug 1923 - 30 Nov 1923 Gustav Stresemann
(b. 1878 - d. 1929) DVP
30 Nov 1923 - 16 Jan 1925 Wilhelm Marx (1st time)
(b. 1863 - d. 1946) Z
16 Jan 1925 - 13 May 1926 Hans Luther
(s.a.)
Non-party
13 May 1926 - 17 May 1926 Otto Gessler (acting)
(b. 1875 - d. 1955) DDP
17 May 1926 - 28 Jun 1928 Wilhelm Marx (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Z
28 Jun 1928 - 30 Mar 1930 Hermann Müller (2nd time)
(s.a.)
SDP
30 Mar 1930 - 1 Jun 1932 Heinrich Brüning
(b. 1885 - d. 1970) Z
1 Jun 1932 - 3 Dec 1932 Franz von Papen
(b. 1879 - d. 1969) Z/Non-party
3 Dec 1932 - 30 Jan 1933 Kurt von Schleicher
(b. 1882 - d. 1934) Non-party
30 Jan 1933 - 30 Apr 1945 Adolf Hitler
(s.a.)
NSDAP
30 Apr 1945 - 1 May 1945 Paul Joseph Goebbels
(b. 1897 - d. 1945) NSDAP
Chairman of the Interim Government
2 May 1945 - 23 May 1945 Johann Ludwig Graf Schwerin
von (b. 1887 - d. 1977) Non-party
Krosigk (at Flensburg)
²According to the Charter of the German Confederation, "Austria has the chair in the Federal Assembly." Although the Charter does not use the term, this chairmanship is officially styled Präsidium or Bundespräsidium; it is ambiguous whether this style refers to the person or office of the Emperor of Austria.
³According to the Constitution of the North German Confederation, "The Crown of Prussia is entitled to the Presidency of the Confederation" (Präsidium des Bundes). The office does not confer a specific style on the King of Prussia; when exercising it, the style used is "King of Prussia in the name of the North German Confederation."
4Full
official style of the ruler: Deutscher Kaiser und König von Preussen,
Markgraf zu Brandenburg, Burggraf zu Nürnberg, Graf zu Hohenzollern,
souveräner und oberster Herzog von Schlesien wie auch der Grafschaft
Glatz, Grossherzog vom Niederrhein und Posen, Herzog zu Sachsen, Westfalen
und Engern, zu Pommern, Lüneburg, Holstein und Schleswig, zu Magdeburg,
Bremen, Geldern, Cleve, Jülich und Berg, sowie auch der Wenden und
Kaschuben, zu Krossen, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg, Landgraf zu Hessen und Thüringen,
Markgraf der Ober- und Niederlausitz, Prinz von Oranien, Fürst zu
Rügen, zu Ostfriesland, zu Paderborn und Pyrmont, zu Halberstadt,
Münster, Minden, Osnabrück, Hildesheim, zu Verden, Kammin, Fulda,
Nassau und Moers, gefürsteter Graf zu Henneberg, Graf der Mark und
zu Ravensberg, zu Hohnstein, Tecklenburg und Lingen, zu Mansfeld, Sigmaringen
und Veringen, Herr zu Frankfurt ("German Emperor and King of Prussia;
Margrave of Brandenburg; burgrave of Nürnberg, count of Hohenzollern;
sovereign and highest Duke of Silesia as of the county of Glatz; Grand
duke of the Lower Rhine and of Posen; Duke of Saxony, Wesphalia, and Angaria,
of Pomerania, Lüneburg, Holstein and Schleswig, of Magdeburg, Bremen,
Gelders, Cleves, Jülich and Berg, as well as of the Wendes and Kaschubs,
of Krossen, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg; Landgrave of Hesse and Thuringia, Margrave
of Upper and Lower Lusatia, Prince of Orange, Prince of Rügen, of
East Frisia, of Paderborn and Pyrmont, of Halberstadt, Münster, Minden,
Osnabrück, Hildesheim, of Verden, Kammin, Fulda, Nassau and Moers;
Princely count of Henneberg; Count of the Mark and of Ravensberg, of Hohnstein,
Tecklenburg and Lingen, of Mansfeld, Sigmaringen and Veringen, Lord of
Frankfurt").
Party abbreviations (from 1 Dec 1933 all political
parties except NSDAP are banned):
ADV = Alldeutscher Verband (All-German [or pan-German] Union,
nationalist); DDP = Deutsche Demokratische Partei (German Democratic
Party, democratic);
DVP = Deutsche Volkspartei (German People's
Party, Nationalist, right-liberal); NSDAP = Nationalsozialistische
Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Worker's Party, Nazi
fascist, xenophobic, nationalist -only legal party 14 Jul 1933-31 May 1945);
SPD
=
Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Social Democratic Party of Germany,
social-democratic); USPD = Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische
Partei Deutschlands (Independent Social Democratic Party, socialist-liberal,
1917-1922);
Z = Zentrum (Center Party, catholic, centerist);
Mil
= Military;
- Former parties: Con = Conservative; Dem
= Democrat;
Lib = Liberal; Lib-Con = Liberal-
Conservative; R-Lib = Right Liberal
Allied Military Occupation
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Zones in Germany |
Commanders of Berlin |
2 May 1945
Soviet forces begin Allied occupation of Berlin.
8 May 1945
Allies accept the unconditional of Germany surrender.
23 May 1945
Allied occupation (formally assuming supreme power 5 Jun 1945)
1 Jan 1947
Bizone ("Bizonia") created my economic merger of U.K. & U.S. zones.
8 May 1949
Trizone ("Trizonia") formed by addition of French zone to Bizone.
7 Sep 1949
American, British, and French zones become Federal Republic
of Germany.
21 Sep 1949 - 23 Oct 1954 American, French, and British form
Allied High Commission.
7 Oct 1949
Soviet zone becomes German Democratic Republic.
5 May 1955
Allied Occupation of West Germany ends.
21 Sep 1955
Soviet military occupation of East Germany ends.
3 Oct 1990
Re-unification of Germany, end of allied control sectors in Berlin.
![[US flag]](us.gif)
Military governors
8 May 1945 - 10 Nov 1945 Dwight David Eisenhower
(b. 1890 - d. 1960)
11 Nov 1945 - 25 Nov 1945 George S. Patton, Jr. (acting)
(b. 1885 - d. 1945)
26 Nov 1945 - 5 Jan 1947 Joseph T. McNarney
(b. 1893 - d. 1972)
6 Jan 1947 - 14 May 1949 Lucius DuBignon Clay
(b. 1897 - d. 1978)
15 May 1949 - 1 Sep 1949 Clarence R. Huebner (acting)
(b. 1888 - d. 1972)
High commissioners
2 Sep 1949 - 1 Aug 1952 John J. McCloy
(b. 1895 - d. 1989)
1 Aug 1952 - 11 Dec 1952 Walter J. Donnelly
(b. 1896 - d. 1970)
11 Dec 1952 - 10 Feb 1953 Samuel Reber (acting)
(b. 1903 - d. 1971)
10 Feb 1953 - 5 May 1955 James B. Conant
(b. 1893 - d. 1978)
British Zone
Military governors
22 May 1945 - 30 Apr 1946 Sir Bernard Law Montgomery
(b. 1887 - d. 1976)
(from 1 Jan 1946, Bernard Law
Montgomery, Viscount Montgomery
of Alamein)
1 May 1946 - 31 Oct 1947 Sir William Sholto Douglas
(b. 1893 - d. 1969)
1 Nov 1947 - 21 Sep 1949 Sir Brian Hubert Robertson
(b. 1896 - d. 1974)
High commissioners
21 Sep 1949 - 24 Jun 1950 Sir Brian Hubert Robertson
(s.a.)
24 Jun 1950 - 29 Sep 1953 Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick
(b. 1897 - d. 1964)
29 Sep 1953 - 5 May 1955 Sir Frederick Hoyer-Millar
(b. 1900 - d. 1989)
French Zone
Military commander
May 1945 - Jul 1945 Jean
de Lattre de Tassigny (b.
1889 - d. 1952)
Military governor
Jul 1945 - 21 Sep 1949 Marie-Pierre Koenig
(b. 1898 - d. 1970)
High commissioner
21 Sep 1949 - 5 May 1955 André François-Poncet
(b. 1887 - d. 1978)
Soviet Zone
![[Flag of USSR]](su.gif)
Military commander
Apr 1945 - 9 Jun 1945 Georgy Konstantinovich
Zhukov (b. 1896 - d. 1974)
Military governors
9 Jun 1945 - 10 Apr 1946 Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov
(s.a.)
10 Apr 1946 - 29 Mar 1949 Vasily Danilovich Sokolovsky
(b. 1897 - d. 1968)
29 Mar 1949 - 10 Oct 1949 Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov
(b. 1900 - d. 1982)
Chairman of the Soviet Control Commission
10 Oct 1949 - 28 May 1953 Vasily Ivanoivich Chuikov
(s.a.)
High commissioners
28 May 1953 - 16 Jul 1954 Vladimir Semyonovich Semyonov
(b. 1911 - d. 1992)
16 Jul 1954 - 20 Sep 1955 Georgy Maksimovich Pushkin
(b. 1909 - d. 1963)
Dutch Zone
![[National flag of the Netherlands]](nl.gif)
- 22 Mar 1949 Allies agree the let the Netherlands to occupy and annex some
- German border territories. Annexed areas include - municipalities
- of Havert, Hillensberg, Millen, Süsterseel, Tüddern (Dutch:
- Tudderen), Wehr, parts of Höngen, Gangelt, Schumm, Saeffelen