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![[Emperor's Banner until 1401
(Holy Roman Empire, Germany)]](de_sacr1.gif)
![[Germany 1871-1921, N. Ger.
Confed. 1867-1870]](de1871.gif)
![[Third
Reich 1933-1945 (Germany)]](de-1933.gif)
![[Allied Occupation of Germany
(C-Ensign)]](de-1945.gif)
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- 25 Dec 800 Holy Roman Empire¹
- 6 Aug 1806 Reich dissolved.
Emperors-elect¹
2 Nov 1576 - 20 Jan 1612 Rudolf II
(b. 1552 - d. 1612)
(elected
27 Oct 1575)
20 Jan 1612 - 13 Jun 1612 Imperial
vicars
- Friedrich
V (1st time) (b. 1596 - d. 1632)
(count
palatine of the Rhine)
- Johann
Georg I (1st time) (b. 1585 - d. 1656)
(count
palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony)
24 Jun 1612 - 20 Mar 1619 Matthias
II (b. 1557 - d. 1619)
(elected
13 Jun 1612)
20 Mar 1619 - 28 Aug 1619 Imperial
vicars
- Friedrich
V (2nd time) (s.a.)
(count
palatine of the Rhine)
- Johann
Georg I (2nd time) (s.a.)
(count
palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony)
28 Aug 1619 - 15 Feb 1637 Ferdinand
III (b. 1578 - d. 1637)
15 Feb 1637 - 2 Apr 1657 Ferdinand
IV (b. 1608 - d. 1657)
(elected
22 Dec 1636)
2 Apr 1657 - 18 Jul 1658 Imperial
vicars
- Karl
I Ludwig (b. 1617 - d.
1680)
(count
palatine of the Rhine;
in
dispute with Ferdinand Maria)
- Ferdinand
Maria (duke of Bavaria)(b. 1636 - d.
1679)
(in
dispute with Karl I Ludwig)
- Johann
Georg II (b. 1613 - d. 1680)
(count
palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony)
1 Aug 1658 - 5 May 1705
Leopold I (b.
1640 - d. 1705)
(elected
18 Jul 1658)
5 May 1705 - 17 Apr 1711 Joseph
I (b. 1678 - d. 1711)
(elected
23 Jan 1690, crowned 26 Jan 1690)
17 Apr 1711 - 12 Oct 1711 Imperial
vicars
- Johann
Wilhelm (b. 1658 - d.
1716)
(count
palatine of the Rhine)
- Friedrich
August I "der Starke" (b. 1670 - d. 1740)
(count
palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony)
22 Dec 1711 - 20 Oct 1740 Karl VI
(b. 1685 - d. 1740)
(elected
12 Oct 1711)
20 Oct 1740 - 14 Jan 1742 Imperial
vicars
- Karl
Albrecht (b. 1697 -
d. 1745)
(duke
of Bavaria)
- Friedrich
August II (1st time) (b. 1696 - d. 1763)
(count
palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony, etc.)
12 Feb 1742 - 20 Jan 1745 Karl VII
(s.a.)
(Karl
Albrecht, duke of Bavaria)
(elected
14 Jan 1742)
20 Jan 1745 - 13 Sep 1745 Imperial
vicars
- Maximilian
III Joseph (b. 1727 - d. 1777)
(duke
of Bavaria)
- Friedrich
August II (2nd time) (s.a.)
(count
palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony, etc.)
4 Oct 1745 - 18 Aug 1765 Franz
I (b. 1708 - d. 1765)
(elected
13 Sep 1745)
18 Aug 1765 - 20 Feb 1790 Joseph
II (b. 1741 - d. 1790)
(elected
27 Mar 1764, crowned 3 Apr 1764)
20 Feb 1790 - 30 Sep 1790 Imperial
vicars
- Karl
IV Philipp Theodor (b. 1724 - d.
1799)
(1st
time) (count palatine of the Rhine, duke of Bavaria)
- Friedrich
August III (b. 1750 - d. 1827)
"der
Gerechte" (1st time)
(count
palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony, etc.)
9 Oct 1790 - 1 Mar 1792 Leopold
II (b. 1747 - d. 1792)
(elected
30 Sep 1790)
1 Mar 1792 - 7 Jul 1792 Imperial
vicars
- Karl
IV Philipp Theodor (s.a.)
(2nd
time) (count palatine of the Rhine, duke of Bavaria)
- Friedrich
August III (s.a.)
"der
Gerechte" (2nd time)
(count
palatine of Saxony, duke of Saxony, etc.)
14 Jul 1792 - 6 Aug 1806 Franz
II (b. 1768 - d. 1835)
(elected
7 Jul 1792)
Archchancellors for Germany
30 Mar 1695 - 25 Jul 1806 the Archbishops of Mayence
(Mainz)
Archchancellors for Gaul and the Kingdom of Arles
13 Jul 1676 - 27 Apr 1803 the Archbishops of Trier
Archchancellors for Italy
19 Jul 1688 - 27 Apr 1803 the Archbishops
of Cologne
¹Constitutionally the entity dealt
here is the Reich ruled by the king elected by the
electors (Kurfürsten) and crowned king. (It is a matter
of dispute whether the king acquires his ruling authority
with the election or only with the coronation; both dates
are given in the following record.) In theory, his title
is just King (König) without territorial appendage.
By the time period covered here, it was understood that the
king had acquired the dignity and notional authority of a
Roman emperor (see below), and the scope of his authority
as such was styled the Holy Roman Empire (Heiliges
Römisches Reich - Sacrum Romanum Imperium);
the addition "of the German Nation" (deutscher Nation
- nationis germanicae) comes into official use
in the 15th century (e.g., Act of the Imperial Diet [Reichsschluss]
of 1486); its meaning has been the subject of
considerable dispute since the 17th century. In the time
period covered, the imperial authority extended de facto
(except for some vestigial remnants, such as the chartering
of notaries-public throughout Western Europe) only to the
(German) Reich, and official use made no distinctions.
Upon his election (and coronation) the
person acquired the style of king, whether during the
lifetime of the ruler or after an interregnum. Theoretically,
he was king just as much as an existing ruler, but this was
just theory. In honor of the imperial status of the ruler,
the elected and crowned king, if not yet emperor-elect (see
above), was styled, not just King or German King, but Roman
King (Römischer König - Rex Romanorum, literally
"king of the Romans").
With the demise of the imperial authority,
by death or abdication, if a Roman King was in
existence, he took the style of Roman Emperor-Elect, King
in Germany (see above). The imperial coronation by the pope
having been discontinued (except for Karl V 24 Feb 1530),
it was decided 4 Feb 1508 to forego the formal acquisition
of the style of Roman Emperor and to fall back on the theory
that an elected German king was ipso facto Roman emperor-elect
and to make this point by incorporating this concept into
the ruler's style.
The full style during the period covered
(to which were, of course, attached the styles belonging
to the states ruled by the emperor-elect, such as
Archduke of Austria) was as follows: Von Gottes Gnaden
erwählter römischer Kaiser, R.I.S.A., König in Germanien
- Divina favente clementia Romanorum imperator electus
et semper augustus, R.I.S.A., rex in Germania. The
initials R.I.S.A. stood for Romanorum imperator
semper augustus, but were misinterpreted to stand for
Romani imperii semper auctor, and this misinterpretation
had by the period covered come into official use, being rendered
in German as zu allen Zeiten Mehrer des Reichs ("at
all times increaser of the empire").
Under the provisions of the Golden Bull of
1356, when there was no king the royal authority was
exercised by two imperial vicars (Reichsvikare -
vicarii imperii), each with a separate territorial
jurisdiction. They were specified to be the count palatine
of the Rhine (Pfalzgraf bei Rhein) and the count palatine
of Saxony (Pfalzgraf von Sachsen). By the time period
covered, the count palatine of Saxony was the duke of Saxony,
elector; and the count palatine of the Rhine was the elector
with that title, until the interregnum of 1657, when the
electorate in question, and with it the county palatine,
were in dispute with Bavaria.
The Confederation of the Rhine
-
![[French Flag]](fr.gif)
- 25 Jul 1806 - 19 Oct 1813
|
of the Rhine |
|
25 Jul 1806
Confederation of the Rhine founded.
Charter
members:
- King
of Bavaria (to 8 Oct 1813)
- King
of Württemberg
- Elector-archchancellor
(formerly archbishop of Mayence).
- Elector
of Baden, becomes a grand-duke.
- Duke
of Berg and Cleves, becomes a grand-duke.
- Landgrave
of Hesse-Darmstadt, becomes a grand-duke.
- Prince
of Nassau-Usingen, senior of these two becomes a duke.
- Prince
of Nassau-Weilburg
- Prince
of Hohenzollern-Hechingen
- Prince
of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
- Prince
of Salm-Salm
- Prince
of Salm-Kyrburg
- Prince
of Isenburg-Birstein
- Duke
of Arenberg
- Prince
of Liechtenstein
- Count
of Leyen, becomes a prince.
From
15 Sep 1806:
- Grand-duke
of Würzburg
From
11 Dec 1806:
- King
of Saxony
From
15 Dec 1806:
- Duke
of Saxe-Weimar
- Duke
of Saxe-Gotha
- Duke
of Saxe-Meiningen
- Duke
of Saxe-Hildburghausen
- Duke
of Saxe-Coburg
- Duke
of Anhalt-Dessau
- Duke
of Anhalt-Bernburg
- Duke
of Anhalt-Köthen
- Duke
of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
- Duke
of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- Duke
of Oldenburg
- Prince
of Lippe-Detmold
- Prince
of Schaumburg-Lippe
- four
Princes of Reuss
- two
Princes of Schwarzburg
- Prince
of Waldeck
From
15 Nov 1807:
- King
of Westphalia
19 Oct 1813
Confederation dissolves.
Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine
25 Jul 1806 - 19 Oct 1813 Napoléon
I (b. 1769 - d. 1821)
Prince-Primate (also Chairman of the Diet and
the College of Kings)
25 Jul 1806 - 19 Oct 1813 Karl Theodor
Anton Maria Kämmerer
von
Worms, Reichsfreiherr von Dalberg (b. 1744 - d. 1817)
(1803
- 1806 Prince-archbishop of Regensburg,
Transitional Central Administration 1813-1815
Note: After the dissolution of the Rhine Confederation, there was no central authority in Germany until the creation of the German Confederation. An attempt at coordination was, however, made, and it was headed by a body called Central Administration Council (Zentralverwaltungsrat).
21 Oct 1813 - 20 Jun 1815 Attempted central coordination.
President of the Central Administration Council (Zentralverwaltungsrat)
21 Oct 1813 - 20 Jun 1815 Heinrich
Friedrich Karl Freiherr (b. 1757 - d. 1831)
vom
und zum Stein
German Reich
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(Plön 29 Apr - 23 May 1945) |
Paper Mark (DED); 1924-1948 German Reichsmark (DER) |
23 Apr (1889) Fuhrer's Birthday -------------------------- 1888-1918: Kaiser's Birthday 27 Jan (1859) |
62,348,782 (1925) 67,812,000 (1914) |
|
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(None) |
Constitution (8 Jun 1815; in German) |
|
|
"'Heil Dir im Siegerkranz" (Hail To Thee in Victor's Crown) |
(1 Jan 1871-11 Aug 1922) |
(16 Apr 1871 - 14 Aug 1919; in German) |
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"Deutschland, Deutschland ueber alles" (Germany, Germany above all) |
(11 Aug 1922 - 23 May 1945) |
(14 Aug 1919 - 5 Jun 1945) |
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"Horst Wessel Lied" (Host Wessel Song) |
(11 Mar 1933 - 23 May 1945) |
(15 Sep 1935-May 1945) |
| International Organizations/Treaties 1871-1945: BIS, ICRM, IHB, ILO, IMO, IOC, ICPC, IPU, ITU, League of Nations, LORCS, PCA, PCIJ, UIBPIP, UPU | |||
1 Jul 1867 North German Confederation
1 Jan 1871 German Empire (Deutsches Reich)
10 Nov 1918 Germany a republic (but style German Reich not abandoned).
Presidents of the German Confederation
20 Jun 1815 - 24 Aug 1866 the
Emperors of Austria
Presidential Envoys to the Federal
Parliament (in Frankfurt)(all Austrian)
5 Oct 1815 - 16 Dec 1815 Franz
Joseph Freiherr von Albini (b. 1748 - d. 1816)
auf Dürrenried
16 Dec 1815 - 24 Feb 1823 Johann Rudolf
Graf von Buol- (b. 1763 - d. 1834)
Schauenstein
24 Feb 1823 - 12 Mar 1848 Joachim Eduard
Freiherr von (b. 1786 - d. 1866)
Münch-Bellinghausen
12 Mar 1848 - 14 May 1848 Franz Graf von
Colloredo-Wallsee (b. 1799 - d. 1859)
14 May 1848 - 12 Jul 1848 Anton von
Schmerling (b. 1805 - d. 1893)
1 May 1850 - 1 Nov 1852 Friedrich
Graf von Thun-Hohenstein (b. 1810 - d. 1881)
2 Jan 1853 - 12 Oct 1855 Anton
Freiherr Prokesch (b.
1795 - d. 1876)
12 Oct 1855 - 4 May 1859 Johann
Bernhard Graf von Rechberg (b. 1806 - d. 1899)
und Rothenlöwen
23 May 1859 - 24 Aug 1866 Aloys Freiherr
von Kübeck (b.
1819 - d. 1873)
Presidents of the Constituent National Assembly
(Frankfurt-am-Main)
18 May 1848 - 19 May 1848 Friedrich
Lang (b. 1778 - d. 1859)
(president by age of the Constituent National Assembly)
19 May 1848 - 12 Jul 1849 Heinrich
Wilhelm August Freiherr (b. 1799 - d. 1880) R-Lib
von Gagern
Provisional Central Authorities of the
German Reich (Frankfurt-am-Main)
12 Jul 1848 - 20 Dec 1849 Johann,
Erzherzog von Österreich (b. 1782 - d. 1859)
(Imperial Vicar [Reichsverweser])
6 Jun 1849 - 18 Jun 1849 German
Imperial Regency
(in Stuttgart; in rebellion)
- Peter Franz Joseph Raveaux (b. 1810 - d.
1851) Dem
- August Christoph Carl Vogt (b. 1817 - d.
1895) Dem
- August Heinrich Simon (b.
1805 - d. 1860) Dem
- Friedrich Schüler
(b. 1791 - d. 1873) Dem
- Heinrich August Becher (b.
1816 - d. 1890) Dem
20 Dec 1849 - 1 May 1850 Federal
Commission (Frankfurt-am-Main)
(on behalf of the Emperor of Austria
and the King of Prussia)
- Karl Friedrich Kübeck Freiherr (b. 1780 - d. 1855)
von Kübau (Austria)
- Karl Freiherr von Schönhals (b. 1788 - d. 1857)
(Austria)
- Carl Wilhelm Boetticher (b.
1791 - d. 1868)
(Prussia)
- Joseph Maria von Radowitz (b. 1797
- d. 1853)
(to 31 Mar 1850)(Prussia)
- Eduard von Peucker (Prussia) (b. 1791 - d. 1876)
(from 19 Jan 1850; acting to 31 Mar 1850)
President of the North German Confederation
1 Jul 1867 - 1 Jan 1871 the
King of Prussia
Emperors4
18 Jan 1871 - 9 Mar 1888 Wilhelm
I (b. 1797 - d. 1888)
4 Jun 1878 - 5 Dec 1878 Friedrich
Wilhelm von Prussen (b. 1831 - d.
1888)
(acting)
9 Mar 1888 - 15 Jun 1888 Friedrich
III (s.a.)
9 Mar 1888 - 15 Jun 1888 Wilhelm
von Preussen (acting) (b. 1859 - d. 1941)
15 Jun 1888 - 9 Nov 1918 Wilhelm
II (s.a.)
Chairmen of the Executive Council of the Workers
and
Soldiers' Councils of Greater Berlin
11 Nov 1918 - 20 Dec 1918 Richard
Müller (b. 1880 - d. 1943)
USPD
+ Hans-Georg von Beerfelde (b.
1877 - d. 1960) Mil
(to 12 Nov 1918)
+ Brutus Molkenbuhr
(b. 1881 - d. 1959) SPD
(from 12 Nov 1918)
Chairmen of the Central Council of the German
Socialist Republic
20 Dec 1918 - 6 Feb 1919 Robert
Leinert (b. 1873 - d. 1940)
SPD
+ Emmanuel "Max" Cohen-Reuss (b.
1876 - d. 1963) SPD
+ Hermann Müller
(b. 1876 - d. 1931) SPD
Presidents of the Constituent National
Assembly
6 Feb 1919 - 7 Feb 1919 Wilhelm
Pfannkuch (b. 1841
- d. 1923) SPD
(president by age of the Constituent National Assembly)
7 Feb 1919 - 11 Feb 1919 Eduard
Heinrich Rudolph David (b. 1863 - d. 1930) SPD
Presidents
11 Feb 1919 - 28 Feb 1925 Friedrich
Ebert (s.a.)
SPD
28 Feb 1925 - 12 Mar 1925 Hans Luther
(acting) (b. 1879 - d. 1962)
Non-party
12 Mar 1925 - 12 May 1925 Walter Simons
(acting) (b. 1861 - d. 1937)
Non-party
12 May 1925 - 2 Aug 1934 Paul von
Beneckendorff und (b.
1847 - d. 1934) Non-party
Hindenburg
2 Aug 1934 - 30 Apr 1945 Adolf
Hitler -Führer (b. 1889
- d. 1945) NSDAP
1 May 1945 - 23 May 1945 Karl
Dönitz (b. 1891 - d. 1980)
Mil
Prime ministers
15 Jul 1848 - 16 Sep 1848 Karl Emich
Prinz von Leiningen- (b. 1804 - d. 1856) Lib-Con
Westerburg
16 Sep 1848 - 18 Dec 1848 Anton von
Schmerling (b. 1805 - d. 1893)
Lib-Con
18 Dec 1848 - 16 May 1849 Heinrich
Freiherr von Gagern (s.a.)
16 May 1849 - 21 May 1849 Maximillian
Karl Friedrich Wilhelm (b. 1781 - d. 1860) Con
Grävell (provisional)
21 May 1849 - 20 Dec 1849 August Prinz
von Sayn-Wittgenstein (b. 1788 - d. 1874) Mil
zu Berleburg
Federal Chancellor
14 Jul 1867 - 21 Mar 1871 Otto Eduard
Graf von Bismarck- (b. 1815 - d. 1898) Non-party
Schönhausen
Chancellors
21 Mar 1871 - 20 Mar 1890 Otto Eduard
Fürst von Bismarck- (s.a.)
Non-party
Schönhausen
20 Mar 1890 - 29 Oct 1894 Leo von
Caprivi (b. 1831 - d. 1899)
Non-party
(from 18 Dec 1891, Leo Graf von Caprivi)
29 Oct 1894 - 17 Oct 1900 Chlodwig Carl
Victor Fürst zu (b. 1819 - d. 1901) Non-party
Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst,
Prinz von Ratibor und Corvey
17 Oct 1900 - 14 Jul 1909 Bernhard Graf
von Bülow (b.
1849 - d. 1929) Non-party
(from 6 Sep 1905, Bernhard Fürst von Bülow)
14 Jul 1909 - 16 Jul 1917 Theobald von
Bethmann Hollweg (b. 1856 - d. 1921) Non-party
16 Jul 1917 - 2 Dec 1917 Georg
Michaelis (b. 1857 - d. 1936)
Non-party
2 Dec 1917 - 5 Oct 1918 Georg
Graf von Hertling (b.
1843 - d. 1919) Z
5 Oct 1918 - 9 Nov 1918 Maxmilian
Prinz von Baden (b. 1867 - d.
1929) Non-party
9 Nov 1918 - 10 Nov 1918 Friedrich
Ebert (s.a.)
MSPD
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissioners
10 Nov 1918 - 27 Dec 1918 Friedrich Ebert
(1st time) (s.a.)
MSPD
+ Hugo Haase
(b. 1863 - d. 1919) USPD
27 Dec 1918 - 29 Dec 1918 Friedrich Ebert
(2nd time) (s.a.)
MSPD
29 Dec 1918 - 30 Dec 1918 Friedrich Ebert
(3rd time) (s.a.)
MSPD
+ Philipp Scheidemann
(b. 1865 - d. 1939) MSPD
30 Dec 1918 - 11 Feb 1919 Friedrich Ebert
(4th time) (s.a.)
MSPD
(executive chairman)
Prime Ministers (presidents of the imperial
ministry)
13 Feb 1919 - 21 Jun 1919 Philipp
Scheidemann (s.a.)
SPD
21 Jun 1919 - 14 Aug 1919 Gustav
Bauer (b. 1870 - d. 1944)
SPD
Chancellors
14 Aug 1919 - 27 Mar 1920 Gustav
Bauer (s.a.)
SPD
13 Mar 1920 - 17 Mar 1920 Wolfgang Kapp
(in rebellion) (b. 1858 - d. 1922) ADV
27 Mar 1920 - 21 Jun 1920 Hermann Müller
(1st time) (s.a.)
SPD
21 Jun 1920 - 10 May 1921 Konstantin
Fehrenbach (b. 1852 - d. 1926)
Z
10 May 1921 - 22 Nov 1922 Joseph Karl
Wirth (b. 1879 - d. 1956)
Z
22 Nov 1922 - 13 Aug 1923 Wilhelm Carl
Josef Cuno (b.
1876 - d. 1933) Non-party
13 Aug 1923 - 30 Nov 1923 Gustav
Stresemann (b. 1878 - d. 1929)
DVP
30 Nov 1923 - 16 Jan 1925 Wilhelm Marx
(1st time) (b.
1863 - d. 1946) Z
16 Jan 1925 - 13 May 1926 Hans
Luther (s.a.)
Non-party
13 May 1926 - 17 May 1926 Otto Gessler
(acting) (b. 1875 - d. 1955)
DDP
17 May 1926 - 28 Jun 1928 Wilhelm Marx
(2nd time) (s.a.)
Z
28 Jun 1928 - 30 Mar 1930 Hermann Müller
(2nd time) (s.a.)
SDP
30 Mar 1930 - 1 Jun 1932 Heinrich
Brüning (b. 1885 - d. 1970)
Z
1 Jun 1932 - 3 Dec 1932 Franz
von Papen (b.
1879 - d. 1969) Z/Non-party
3 Dec 1932 - 30 Jan 1933 Kurt von
Schleicher (b. 1882 - d. 1934)
Non-party
30 Jan 1933 - 30 Apr 1945 Adolf
Hitler (s.a.)
NSDAP
30 Apr 1945 - 1 May 1945 Paul
Joseph Goebbels (b.
1897 - d. 1945) NSDAP
2 May 1945 - 23 May 1945 Johann
Ludwig Graf Schwerin von (b. 1887 - d. 1977) Non-party
Krosigk (at Flensburg)
(chairman
[Leitender Minister] of
interim government, at Flensburg)
²According to the Charter of the German Confederation, "Austria has the chair in the Federal Assembly." Although the Charter does not use the term, this chairmanship is officially styled Präsidium or Bundespräsidium; it is ambiguous whether this style refers to the person or office of the Emperor of Austria.
³According to the Constitution of the North German Confederation, "The Crown of Prussia is entitled to the Presidency of the Confederation" (Präsidium des Bundes). The office does not confer a specific style on the King of Prussia; when exercising it, the style used is "King of Prussia in the name of the North German Confederation."
4Full official style of the ruler:
Deutscher Kaiser und König von Preussen, Markgraf
zu Brandenburg, Burggraf zu Nürnberg, Graf zu Hohenzollern,
souveräner und oberster Herzog von Schlesien wie auch der
Grafschaft Glatz, Grossherzog vom Niederrhein und Posen,
Herzog zu Sachsen, Westfalen und Engern, zu Pommern, Lüneburg,
Holstein und Schleswig, zu Magdeburg, Bremen, Geldern,
Cleve, Jülich und Berg, sowie auch der Wenden und Kaschuben,
zu Krossen, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg, Landgraf zu Hessen
und Thüringen, Markgraf der Ober- und Niederlausitz,
Prinz von Oranien, Fürst zu Rügen, zu Ostfriesland, zu
Paderborn und Pyrmont, zu Halberstadt, Münster,
Minden, Osnabrück, Hildesheim, zu Verden, Kammin,
Fulda, Nassau und Moers, gefürsteter Graf zu Henneberg,
Graf der Mark und zu Ravensberg, zu Hohnstein, Tecklenburg
und Lingen, zu Mansfeld, Sigmaringen und Veringen, Herr
zu Frankfurt ("German Emperor and King of Prussia; Margrave
of Brandenburg; burgrave of Nürnberg, count of Hohenzollern;
sovereign and highest Duke of Silesia as of the county of
Glatz; Grand duke of the Lower Rhine and of Posen; Duke of
Saxony, Wesphalia, and Angaria, of Pomerania, Lüneburg,
Holstein and Schleswig, of Magdeburg, Bremen, Gelders,
Cleves, Jülich and Berg, as well as of the Wendes and
Kaschubs, of Krossen, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg; Landgrave
of Hesse and Thuringia, Margrave of Upper and Lower
Lusatia, Prince of Orange, Prince of Rügen, of East Frisia,
of Paderborn and Pyrmont, of Halberstadt, Münster, Minden,
Osnabrück, Hildesheim, of Verden, Kammin, Fulda, Nassau and
Moers; Princely count of Henneberg; Count of the Mark and
of Ravensberg, of Hohnstein, Tecklenburg and Lingen, of Mansfeld,
Sigmaringen and Veringen, Lord of Frankfurt").
Party abbreviations (from 1 Dec
1933 all political parties except NSDAP are banned):
ADV = Alldeutscher Verband (All-German [or
pan-German] Union, nationalist, 1891-39); DDP =
Deutsche Demokratische Partei (German Democratic Party,
liberal democratic, 1918-33); DVP = Deutsche
Volkspartei (German People's Party, conservative,
nationalist, 1918-33); NSDAP = Nationalsozialistische
Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Worker's
Party, Nazi fascist, xenophobic, nationalist -only legal
party 14 Jul 1933-31 May 1945); SPD = Sozialdemokratische
Partei Deutschlands (Social Democratic Party of Germany,
social-democratic, 1875-1933); USPD =
Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Independent
Social Democratic Party, socialist-liberal, 1917-22); Z
= Deutsche Zentrumspartei
'Zentrum' (Centre Party, catholic, centerist,
1870-1933); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: Con =
Conservative; Dem = Democrat; Lib =
Liberal; Lib-Con = Liberal-
Conservative; MSPD = Majorität
Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Majority Social
Democratic Party of Germany, 1917-19, renamed SPD);
R-Lib = Right Liberal
Allied Military Occupation
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Zones in Germany |
Commanders of Berlin |
2 May 1945
Soviet forces begin Allied occupation of Berlin.
8 May 1945
Allies accept the unconditional of Germany surrender.
23 May 1945
Allied occupation.
5 Jun 1945 Four Allied Powers
issue a declaration "on the assumption of supreme
power in
Germany."
1 Jan 1947
Bizone ("Bizonia") created my economic merger of U.K.
& U.S. zones.
8 May 1949
Trizone ("Trizonia") formed by addition of French zone
to Bizone.
7 Sep 1949
American, British, and French zones become Federal Republic
of
Germany.
21 Sep 1949 - 23 Oct 1954 American, French,
and British form Allied High Commission.
7 Oct 1949
Soviet zone becomes German Democratic Republic.
5 May 1955
Allied Occupation of West Germany ends.
21 Sep 1955
Soviet military occupation of East Germany ends.
3 Oct 1990
Re-unification of Germany, end of allied control on 15
Mar 1991.
![[US flag]](us.gif)
Military governors
8 May 1945 - 10 Nov 1945 Dwight David
Eisenhower (b. 1890 - d. 1960)
11 Nov 1945 - 25 Nov 1945 George S. Patton,
Jr. (acting) (b. 1885 - d. 1945)
26 Nov 1945 - 5 Jan 1947 Joseph T.
McNarney (b. 1893 - d. 1972)
6 Jan 1947 - 14 May 1949 Lucius
DuBignon Clay (b. 1897 -
d. 1978)
15 May 1949 - 1 Sep 1949 Clarence R.
Huebner (acting) (b. 1888 - d. 1972)
High commissioners
2 Sep 1949 - 1 Aug 1952 John J.
McCloy (b. 1895 - d. 1989)
1 Aug 1952 - 11 Dec 1952 Walter J.
Donnelly (b. 1896 - d. 1970)
11 Dec 1952 - 10 Feb 1953 Samuel Reber
(acting) (b. 1903 - d. 1971)
10 Feb 1953 - 5 May 1955 James B.
Conant (b. 1893 - d. 1978)
British Zone
Military governors
22 May 1945 - 30 Apr 1946 Sir Bernard Law
Montgomery (b. 1887 - d. 1976)
(from
1 Jan 1946, Bernard Law
Montgomery,
Viscount Montgomery
of
Alamein)
1 May 1946 - 31 Oct 1947 Sir William
Sholto Douglas (b. 1893 - d.
1969)
1 Nov 1947 - 21 Sep 1949 Sir Brian
Hubert Robertson (b. 1896 - d.
1974)
High commissioners
21 Sep 1949 - 24 Jun 1950 Sir Brian Hubert
Robertson (s.a.)
24 Jun 1950 - 29 Sep 1953 Sir Ivone
Kirkpatrick (b. 1897 - d. 1964)
29 Sep 1953 - 5 May 1955 Sir Frederick
Hoyer Millar (b. 1900 - d. 1989)
French Zone
Military commander
May 1945 - Jul 1945 Jean de
Lattre de Tassigny
(b. 1889 - d. 1952)
Military governor
Jul 1945 - 21 Sep 1949 Marie-Pierre
Koenig (b. 1898 - d. 1970)
High commissioner
21 Sep 1949 - 5 May 1955 André
François-Poncet (b. 1887 - d. 1978)
Soviet Zone
![[Flag of USSR]](su.gif)
Military commander
Apr 1945 - 9 Jun 1945 Georgy
Konstantinovich Zhukov (b. 1896 - d. 1974)
Military governors
9 Jun 1945 - 10 Apr 1946 Georgy
Konstantinovich Zhukov (s.a.)
10 Apr 1946 - 29 Mar 1949 Vasily Danilovich
Sokolovsky (b. 1897 - d. 1968)
29 Mar 1949 - 10 Oct 1949 Vasily Ivanovich
Chuikov (b. 1900 - d. 1982)
Chairman of the Soviet Control Commission
10 Oct 1949 - 28 May 1953 Vasily Ivanoivich
Chuikov (s.a.)
High commissioners
28 May 1953 - 16 Jul 1954 Vladimir
Semyonovich Semyonov (b. 1911 - d. 1992)
16 Jul 1954 - 20 Sep 1955 Georgy
Maksimovich Pushkin (b. 1909 - d.
1963)
Dutch Zone
![[National flag of the
Netherlands]](nl.gif)
- 22 Mar 1949 By the Treaty of Paris, The Netherlands are auhorized to occupy
- and annex some frontier parts of Germany as a compensation
- for the German occupation 1940-45 (effective 21 Apr 1949).
- 23 Apr 1949
Dutch administration begins in two frontier areas of
(West)
Germany, as authorized by Treaty of Paris as compensation
for the
1940-45 German occupation of The Netherlands;
two Drostambten
come into existence (including - municipalities
of Havert, Hillensberg, Millen, Süsterseel, Tüddern [Dutch: - 26 Sep 1951
The areas are annexed to neighbouring Netherlands provinces:
Elten to Gelderland, Tudderen to Limburg; the landdrosten
continue in office. - 1 Aug 1963 Elten and Tudderen are returned to (West) Germany in exchange
- for the payment of a war indemnity.
Tudderen], Wehr, parts of Höngen, Gangelt, Schümm, Saeffelen as
and Elten and Hoch-Elten).
to the Queen's commissioners for Limburg)
23 Apr 1949 - 1 Aug 1963 Hubert Michiel Jozef Dassen (b. 1909 - d. 1978)
Landdrosten of Elten
(subordinated to the Dutch government, from 26 Sep 1951
to the Queen's commissioners for Gelderland)
23 Apr 1949 - 28 Oct 1961 Adriaan Blaauboer
(b. 1906 - d. 1961)
5 Nov 1961 - 1 Aug 1963 Hans Georg
Inundat baron van Tuyll (b. 1917 - d. 1988) VVD
van
Serooskerken
Party abbreviations: VVD
= Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie (People's
Party for Freedom and Democracy, conservative-liberal,
est.1948)
![[Poland]](pl.gif)
19 May 1945 Free Polish forces
occupy 6,500 km of western Germany bordering
The
Netherlands in Emsland, Lower Saxony (districts
of Aschendorf,
Meppen,
Lingen and counties of Bentheim, Bersenbrück and
Cloppenburg,
including the towns of Papenburg and Haren).
May 1945
Polish zone is formally established (within the
British zone);
subordinated
to the Polish government in London exile.
28 May 1945 German
residents are evicted from Haren.
4 Jun 1945
Haren renamed Maczków.
autumn 1946
Free Polish forces begin evacuation.
10 Sep 1948
Polish administration terminated, Maczków
renamed Haren.
Mayors (burmistrzem) of Maczków
May 1945 - 23 Mar 1946 Zygmunt Galecki
23 Mar 1946 - 1947 Mieczyslaw Futa
Federal Republic of Germany
![[Germany]](de.gif)
Note: For data on Germany since 3 Oct 1990 see the table at the top of the entry.
|
|
Hear
National Anthem "Deutschlandlied" (Song of Germany) Adopted May 1952 |
"Hymne an Deutschland" (Hymn to Germany) (1950-1952) ------------------------ Hear Former Anthem "Ich hab mich ergeben" (I Am Devoted To You) (1949-1950) |
(23 May 1949) |
|
|
(DEM) |
National Holidays: 17 Jun (1953) National Day (celebrates East German uprising) ------------------------------------- 1949 -1953: 23 May (1949) Republic Day |
(includes West Berlin) |
|
|
Imports: $250.6 billion (1988) |
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 422 ships (1990) |
other 11% |
||
| International Organizations/Treaties 1949-1990: ADB, AG, ANT, BTWC, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CTBT, DC (observer), EC, EIB, ENMOD, ESCR, FAO, GATT, G-8, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITU, LORCS, NATO, NPT, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO | |||
| States |
|||
7 Sep 1949 Federal Republic of Germany ("West Germany" to 2 Oct 1990).
Presidents
7 Sep 1949 - 12 Sep 1949 Karl Arnold
(acting) (b. 1901 - d. 1958) CDU
12 Sep 1949 - 12 Sep 1959 Theodor
Heuss (b. 1884 - d. 1963) FDP
13 Sep 1959 - 30 Jun 1969 Karl Heinrich
Lübke (b. 1894 - d. 1972) CDU
1 Jul 1969 - 30 Jun 1974 Gustav
Heinemann (b. 1899 - d. 1976) SPD
1 Jul 1974 - 30 Jun 1979 Walter
Scheel (b. 1919)
FDP
1 Jul 1979 - 30 Jun 1984 Karl Carstens
(b. 1914 - d. 1992) CDU
1 Jul 1984 - 30 Jun 1994 Richard von
Weizsäcker (b. 1920)
CDU
1 Jul 1994 - 30 Jun 1999 Roman
Herzog (b. 1934)
CDU
1 Jul 1999 - 30 Jun 2004 Johannes
Rau (b. 1931 - d. 2006) SPD
1 Jul 2004 - 31 May 2010 Horst
Köhler (b. 1943)
CDU
31 May 2010 - 30 Jun 2010 Jens Böhrnsen
(acting) (b. 1949)
SPD
30 Jun 2010 - 17 Feb 2012
Christian Wulff (b.
1959) CDU
17 Feb 2012 - 18 Mar 2012 Horst Seehofer
(acting) (b. 1949)
CSU
18 Mar 2012 -
Joachim Gauck (b.
1940) Non-party
Chancellors
16 Sep 1949 - 15 Oct 1963 Konrad
Adenauer (b. 1876 - d. 1967) CDU
16 Oct 1963 - 1 Dec 1966 Ludwig
Wilhelm Erhard (b. 1897 - d. 1977)
CDU
1 Dec 1966 - 21 Oct 1969 Kurt Georg
Kiesinger (b. 1904 - d. 1988) CDU
21 Oct 1969 - 7 May 1974 Willy
Brandt (b. 1913 - d. 1992) SPD
7 May 1974 - 16 May 1974 Walter
Scheel (acting) (s.a.)
FDP
16 May 1974 - 1 Oct 1982 Helmut
Schmidt (b. 1918)
SPD
1 Oct 1982 - 27 Oct 1998 Helmut
Kohl (b. 1930)
CDU
27 Oct 1998 - 22 Nov 2005 Gerhard
Schröder (b. 1944)
SPD
22 Nov 2005 -
Angela Kasner Merkel(f) (b. 1954)
CDU
Overall Director and Chairman of the Board of
Directors
of the United Economic Area
2 Mar 1948 - 15 Sep 1949 Hermann
Pünder (b. 1888 - d. 1976) CDU
Party abbreviations: CDU = Christlich-Demokratische
Union (Christian-Democratic Union, conservative christian-democratic,
est.1945); CSU = Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern
(Christian Social Union in Bavaria, center-right, CDU in
Bavaria, est.1945); FDP = Freie Demokratische
Partei (Free Democratic Party, liberal); SPD =
Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Social
Democratic Party of Germany, social-democratic, est.1875)
German Democratic Republic (East Germany)
|
|
![[The national
flag of East Germany]](de-ddr.gif)
| Map of East Germany | Hear
National Anthem "Auferstanden aus Ruinen" (Risen from Ruins) |
Text
of National Anthem Adopted 1952 |
Constitution (6 Apr 1968; in German) |
| Capital: East Berlin (not officially recognized by US, UK, or France) |
Currency: East German Mark (DDM) |
National Holiday: 7 Oct (1949) Foundation of the German Democratic Republic |
Population: 16,307,170 (1990) |
|
|
Imports: $31.0 billion (1988) |
|
|
|
Merchant marine: 145 ships (1990) |
unaffiliated or other 46%; less than 5% of Protestants and about 25% of Roman Catholics active participants |
||
| International Organizations/Treaties: ANT, BTWC, CCC, Comecon, ENMOD, ESCR, IAEA, IBEC, ICRM, IHO, IIB, ILO, IMO, Inmarsat, Intersputnik, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NPT, UN, UNCLOS (signatory), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WP, WToO | |||
|
|
|||
7 Oct 1949
German Democratic Republic ("East Germany").
3 Oct 1990
Incorporated into the Federal Republic of Germany.
General Secretaries of the Socialist Unity
(Communist) Party (SED)
22 Apr 1946 - 25 Jul 1950 Wilhelm
Pieck (b. 1876 - d. 1960)
+ Otto
Grotewohl (b. 1894 -
d. 1964)
(co-chairmen)
25 Jul 1950 - 3 May 1971 Walter
Ulbricht (b. 1893 - d. 1973)
3 May 1971 - 18 Oct 1989 Erich
Honecker (b. 1912 - d. 1994)
18 Oct 1989 - 3 Dec 1989 Egon Krenz
(b. 1937)
("leading
role" of the party abolished 1 Dec 1989)
18 Dec 1989 - 4 Feb 1990 Gregor
Gysi (b. 1948)
(Chairman
of the SED-PDS)
Co-Chairmen of the Presidium
of the German People's Council
19 Mar 1948 - 7 Oct 1949 Wilhelm
Pieck (s.a.)
SED
+
Wilhelm Külz (to 10 Apr 1948) (b.
1875 - d. 1948) LDPD
+ Otto
Nuschke (to 18 Mar 1949)
(b. 1883 - d. 1957) CDU
+ Ernst
Goldenbaum (b. 1898 - d.
1990) DBD
(from
18 Mar 1949)
+ Lothar
Bolz (from 18 Mar 1949) (b. 1903
- d. 1986) NDPD
+ Hermann
Kastner (from 18 Mar 1949)(b. 1886 - d. 1957)
LDPD
Presidents
7 Oct 1949 - 11 Oct 1949 Johannes
Dieckmann (1st time) (b. 1893 - d. 1969) LDPD
(acting)
11 Oct 1949 - 7 Sep 1960 Wilhelm
Pieck (s.a.)
SED
7 Sep 1960 - 12 Sep 1960 Johannes
Dieckmann (2nd time) (s.a.)
LDPD
(acting)
Chairmen of the Council of State
12 Sep 1960 - 1 Aug 1973 Walter
Ulbricht (s.a.)
SED
1 Aug 1973 - 3 Oct 1973 Friedrich
Ebert (acting) (b. 1894 - d.
1979) SED
3 Oct 1973 - 29 Oct 1976 Willi
Stoph (b. 1914 - d. 1999) SED
29 Oct 1976 - 24 Oct 1989 Erich
Honecker (s.a.)
SED
24 Oct 1989 - 6 Dec 1989 Egon Krenz
(s.a.) SED
6 Dec 1989 - 5 Apr 1990 Manfred
Gerlach (acting) (b. 1928
- d. 2011) LDPD
President of the People's Chamber
5 Apr 1990 - 2 Oct 1990 Sabine
Bergmann-Pohl (f) (b.
1946) CDU
Chairman of the German Economic Council
9 Mar 1948 - 11 Oct 1949 Heinrich
Rau (b. 1899 - d. 1961) SED
Prime minister
12 Oct 1949 - 8 Oct 1958 Otto
Grotewohl (s.a.)
SED
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (premiers)
8 Oct 1958 - 21 Sep 1964 Otto Grotewohl
(s.a.) SED
21 Sep 1964 - 3 Oct 1973 Willi Stoph
(1st time) (s.a.)
SED
(acting
to 24 Sep 1964; acting
for
Grotewohl Nov 1960 - 21 Sep 1964)
3 Oct 1973 - 29 Oct 1976 Horst Sindermann
(b. 1915 - d. 1990) SED
29 Oct 1976 - 13 Nov 1989 Willi Stoph (2nd
time) (s.a.)
SED
13 Nov 1989 - 12 Apr 1990 Hans Modrow
(b. 1928) SED/NFDDR
Prime minister
12 Apr 1990 - 2 Oct 1990 Lothar de Maizière
(b. 1940) CDU/AD
Commanders of Soviet Forces in Germany
9 Jun 1945 - 10 Apr 1946 Georgy
Konstantinovich Zhukov (b. 1896 - d. 1974)
10 Apr 1946 - 29 Mar 1949 Vasily Danilovich
Sokolovsky (b. 1897 - d. 1968)
29 Mar 1949 - 26 May 1953 Vasily Ivanovich
Chuikov (b. 1900 - d. 1982)
27 May 1953 - 16 Nov 1957 Adrey
Antonovich Grechko (b. 1903 - d. 1976)
17 Nov 1957 - 14 Apr 1960 Matvey
Vasilyevich Zakharov (b. 1898 - d. 1972)
15 Apr 1960 - 9 Aug 1961
Ivan Ignatyevich Yakubovsky (b. 1912 - d. 1976)
(1st
time)
9 Aug 1961 - 18 Apr 1962 Ivan
Stepanovich Konev (b. 1897 - d. 1973)
19 Apr 1962 - 26 Jan 1965 Ivan
Ignatyevich Yakubovsky (s.a.)
(2nd
time)
27 Jan 1965 - 31 Oct 1969 Petr
Kirillovich Koshevoy (b. 1904 - d. 1976)
1 Nov 1969 - 13 Sep 1971 Viktor
Georgyevich Kulikov (b. 1921)
14 Sep 1971 - 19 Jul 1972 Semyon
Konstantinovich Kurkotkin (b. 1917 - d. 1990)
20 Jul 1972 - 25 Nov 1980 Evgeny
Filippovich Ivanovski (b. 1918 - d. 1991)
26 Nov 1980 - 6 Jul 1985
Mikhail Mitrofanovich Zaytsev (b. 1923 - d. 2009)
7 Jul 1985 - 11 Jul 1986
Pyotr Georgyevich Lushev (b. 1923 - d. 1997)
12 Jul 1986 - 12 Nov 1987 Valery
Aleksandrovich Belikov (b. 1925 - d. 1987)
26 Nov 1987 - 13 Dec 1990 Boris
Vasilyevich Snetkov (b. 1925 - d. 2006)
13 Dec 1990 - 31 Aug 1994 Matvey Prokopyevich
Burlakov (b. 1935)
Territorial Disputes: It is U.S. policy that
the final borders of Germany have not been
established; the U.S. is seeking to settle the
property claims of U.S. nationals against the G.D.R.;
East Berlin is not officially recognized as the capital
of the G.D.R. by France, U.K., and U.S., which together
with the U.S.S.R. have special rights and responsibilities
in Berlin.
Party abbreviations: SED = Sozialistische
Einheitspartei Deutschlands (Socialist Unity Party of Germany,
communist -major govt. party 1946-1989, which 4 Feb 1990
became the PDS = Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus [Party
of Democratic Socialism], from 15 Dec 1989 - 4 Feb 1990 called
SED-PDS);
- the Four "bloc parties" below were in
alliance with the SED until 1989 (all 5 Parties, along
with some mass organizations, formed the NFDD =
Nationale Front des Demokratischen Deutschland [National
Front of Democratic Germany], which from 1971 was the
NFDDR = Nationale Front der Deutschen Demokratischen
Republik [National Front of the German Democratic
Republic]) -
LDPD = Liberaldemokratische Partei
Deutschlands (Liberal Democratic Party of Germany,
1947-1990, from 9 Feb 1990 as LDP = Liberaldemokratische
Partei, from 27 Mar 1990 BFD, which 11 Aug 1990 merges
with FDP); CDU = Christlich-Demokratische Union Deutschlands
(Christian Democratic Union of [East] Germany,
1945-Oct 1990, merged into West German CDU); NDPD
= Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (National Democratic
Party of Germany, 1948-1990, merged into FDP); DBD
= Demokratische Bauernpartei Deutschlands (Democratic
Farmer's Party of Germany, 1948-15 Sep 1990,
merged into CDU);
- new parties from 1989 -
DA = Demokratischer Aufbruch (Democratic
Awakening, est.1 Oct 1989, merged into CDU 1 Oct 1990);
DSU = Deutsche Soziale Union (German Social
Union, est. 20 Jan 1990); FDP = Freie Demokratische
Partei (Free Democratic Party, est.4 Feb 1990); DFP
= Deutsche Forumpartei (German Forum Party, 11 Aug 1990 merged
into FDP); SDP = Sozialdemokratische Partei in der
Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (Social Democratic Party
in the German Democratic Republic, est.7 Oct 1989, which
is renamed on 13 Jan 1990 the SPD or Sozialdemokratische
Partei Deutschlands [Social Democratic Party of
Germany]); AD = Allianz für Deutschland (Alliance
for Germany, electoral alliance for 18 Mar 1990 elections
by the CDU, DA, and DSU); BFD = Bund Freier Demokraten
(Alliance of Free Democrats, est.27 Mar 1990 by former LDP/NDPD,
merged into the FDP 11 Aug 1990)
Heligoland (Helgoland)
|
|
|
![[Heligoland Civil
flag 1814-1890]](de-hel.gif)
![[Heligoland
unofficial flag 1814-1890]](de-helgo.gif)
|
|
(In the Town) |
12,307 (1900); 2,000 (1810) |
1402 Part of the Duchy
of Schleswig-Holstein.
10 Aug 1490
Part of the Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp.
7 Aug 1714
Part of Denmark.
5 Sep 1807
British occupation.
14 Jan 1814
British colony (officially ceded to U.K. by Treaty of
Kiel).
9 Aug 1890
Formal handover to Germany by U.K.
15 Dec 1890
Annexed to Germany (from 18 Feb 1891 part of Prussian
province
of Schleswig-Holstein).
8 May 1945 - 1 Mar 1952 British
occupation (population evacuated).
Lieutenant governors
5 Sep 1807 - 1808 Corbet
James d'Auvergne (b. 1765? -
d. 1826)
1808 - 1815
William Osborne Hamilton
(b. 1750? - d. 1818)
1815 - 1840
Henry King
(b. c.1770 - d. af.1849)
28 Sep 1840 - 7 Mar 1857 John Hindmarsh
(b. 1775 - d. 1860)
(from 7 Aug 1851, Sir John Hindmarsh)
1857 - 1863
Richard Pattinson
2 Jun 1863 - 1868
Henry Fitzharding Berkeley Maxse (b. 1832 - d.
1883)
Governors
1868 - 1881
Henry Fitzharding Berkeley Maxse (s.a.)
(from
1 May 1877, Sir Henry Fitzhardinge Berkeley Maxse)
1881 - 1888
John Terence Niolls O'Brien (b.
1830 - d. 1903)
27 Nov 1888 - 9 Aug 1890 Arthur Cecil
Stuart Barkly (b. 1843 - d.
1890)
German Imperial Commissioner
9 Aug 1890 - 1891
Adolf Wermuth
(b. 1855 - d. 1927)
Saarland (Saargebiet, Saarbecken)
|
|
|
![[Saar Territory
1920-1935 (Germany)]](de-sa-20.gif)
![[Saar
Territory 1920-1935 version for governmental
use]](de-sa-20g.gif)
![[Saar 1947-1956
(Germany)]](de-sa-47.gif)
|
|
"Saarlied" (The Saar Song) |
(1921-1935, 1948-1957) |
(17 Dec 1947; in German) |
|
|
1920-1935 French Franc Germinal (FRG) |
Constitution Day |
812, 000 (1933) -------------------------------- Religions: Roman Catholic 72.2%, Protestant 25.7%, Jewish 0.5% (1927) |
| International Organizations/Treaties: 1920-35: ITU, UPU; 1947-57: CE (associate), IOC, UPU | |||
Oct 1792
French rule.
1814 - 20 Nov 1815
Allied occupation.
20 Nov 1815
Annexed to Prussia (part of Rhine province); small parts
annexed
to Bavaria (part of Pfalz [Palatinate] province).
11 Nov 1918 - 26 Feb 1920 Allied (French)
occupation.
26 Feb 1920
League of Nations administration (Saargebiet/Saar
Territory/
Territoire
de la Sarre).
13 Jan 1935 In a plebiscite
90.73% vote to re-join Germany.
1 Mar 1935
Re-incorporated into Germany.
20 Mar 1945 - 31 Jul 1945 U.S. occupation.
31 Jul 1945
French administration (Saargebiet = Territoire
de la Sarre),
"Saarland"
gradually enters into official use after 8 Oct 1946.
31 Jul 1945
French administration: Saargebiet = Territoire
de la Sarre (also
in
official use: Sarre [French]; Saarland
[German, gradually
enters
into official use after 8 Oct 1946])
17 Dec 1947 Constituted
as an autonomous state in economic union with France
(Saarland).
23 Oct 1955 Referendum votes
against proposal for an independent Saarland
under
Western European Union (WEU) protection, 67.7% to 32.3%
1 Jan 1957 Incorporated
into Federal Republic of Germany as a state
(for
Saarland since 1957 see under Germany).
Administrators-superior (Supreme Administrators)
20 Nov 1918 - 17 Feb 1919 Henri Wirbel (France)(1st
time) (b. 1861 - d.
1948)
17 Feb 1919 - 20 Nov 1919 Joseph Louis Marie
Andlauer (b. 1869 - d. 1956)
(France)
20 Nov 1919 - 7 Mar 1920 Henri Wirbel (France)(2nd
time) (s.a.)
Chairmen of the Commission of Government
26 Feb 1920 - 31 Mar 1926 Victor-Michel-Émile-Marie
Rault (b. 1858 - d. 1930?)
(France)
1 Apr 1926 - 9 Jun 1927 George
Washington Stephens (Canada)(b. 1866 - d. 1942)
31 Mar 1927 - 20 Jun 1927
Frantisek Vezensky (Czechoslovakia)(d.
1938)
(acting for absent Stephens, then Wilton)
9 Jun 1927 - 31 Mar 1932 Sir Ernest Colville
Collins Wilton (b. 1870 - d. 1952)
(U.K.)
1 Apr 1932 - 28 Feb 1935 Geoffrey
George Knox (U.K.) (b. 1884 - d. 1958)
(from
1 Mar 1935, Sir Geoffrey George Knox)
President of the Tripartite Committee of the League
of Nations for the Saar Territory
28 Feb 1935 - 1 Mar 1935 Barone
Pompeo Aloisi, conte di (b. 1847 - d. 1949)
Allumiere (Italy)
Reichskommissar für die Rückgliederung des
Saarlandes (from 17 Jun 1936,
Reichskommissar für das Saarland; from 8 Apr
1940, Reichskommissar für
die Saarpfalz; from 11 Mar 1941, Reichsstatthalter
in der Westmark)
1 Mar 1935 - 28 Sep 1944 Josef
Bürckel (b. 1895 - d. 1944) NSDAP
29 Sep 1944 - 21 Mar 1945 Willi
Stöhr (b. 1903 - d. 1994) NSDAP
Allied Military governors
Mar 1945 - 7 Jul 1945 Louis G. Kelly
(U.S.) (d. 1970)
7 Jul 1945 - 7 Sep 1945 Louis-Constant
Morlière (France) (b. 1897 - d. 1980)
Governor
7 Sep 1945 - 10 Jan 1948 Gilbert-Yves-Édmond
Grandval (b. 1904 - d. 1981) Mil
(appointed 30 Aug 1945)
High Commissioner of the French Republic in the Saar
10 Jan 1948 - 5 Mar 1952 Gilbert-Yves-Édmond
Grandval (s.a.)
Chiefs of the Diplomatic Mission of the French
Republic in the Saar
1 Jan 1952 - 8 Jul 1955 Gilbert-Yves-Édmond
Grandval (s.a.)
8 Jul 1955 - 27 Oct 1956 Charles-Marie-Eric
de Carbonnel (b. 1910 - d. 1965)
President of the Government
31 Jul 1945 - 8 Oct 1946 Hans Neureuter
(b. 1901 - d. 1953)
Non-party
(appointed in Saarbrücken 4 May 1945)
Chairman of the Administration Commission
8 Oct 1946 - 20 Dec 1947 Erwin
Müller (b. 1906 - d. 1968) Non-party
Minister-presidents
20 Dec 1947 - 29 Oct 1955 Johannes
Hoffmann (b. 1890 - d. 1967) CVP
29 Oct 1955 - 10 Jan 1956 Heinrich
Welsch (b. 1888 - d. 1976) Non-party
10 Jan 1956 - 1 Jan 1957 Hubert
Ney (b. 1892 - d. 1984) CDU
(continues to 4 Jun 1957)
Party abbreviations: CDU = Christlich-Demokratische
Union (Christian Democratic Union); CVP =
Christliche Volkspartei des Saarlandes (Saarland
Christian People's Party, 1945-56, merged into CDU); NSDAP
= Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei
(National Socialist German Worker's Party, Nazi fascist);
Mil = Military
Allied Occupation of the Rhineland
1 Dec 1918
Allied occupation of territories in western Germany begins
(Belgian zone
- north Rhine prov., Aachen, and from 1919
Eupen-Malmedy; British zone - northern-central
Rhine prov.,
and Köln; French zone - southern Rhine prov.,
Hessian Rhine prov.,
Bavarian
Pfalz district, Mainz, Kehl and from 1921
Wiesbaden; and
U.S.
zone - south-central Rhine prov., Birkenfeld,
and
Koblenz).
1 Jun 1919 - 1919 Rhineland Republic, failed
French attempt to back separatists.
6 Apr 1920 - 18 May 1920 France briefly
occupies the Hessian towns of Bad-Homburg, Darmstadt,
Frankfurt, Hanau, and Offenbach.
8 Mar 1921 Franco-Belgian
occupation of Düsseldorf, Duisberg and Ruhrort.
24 Jan 1923
Withdrawal U.S. forces, former U.S. zone
taken over by France.
11 Jan 1923 - 1 Aug 1924 Franco-Belgian
occupation of the Ruhr.
23 Aug 1923 Germany
establishes a separate ministry for the western territories
under
allied occupation.
21 Oct 1923 - 26 Nov 1924 Rhineland
Republic, 2nd failed French attempt to back
separatists
(Palatine Republic proclaimed at Speyer (2
Nov 1923 - 17 Feb 1924).
Dec 1929
Withdrawal of British forces, zone taken over
by Belgium and France.
30 Jun 1930
End of Allied occupation, Rhineland a demilitarized
zone.
7 Mar 1936
Rhineland is militarized by Germany.
Commanders-in-Chief of the Allied Armies in
Germany
(Belgian forces remained under direct command of
King Albert)
1918 - 1919 Ferdinand Foch
(France) (b. 1851 - d. 1929)
1919 - 30 Jun 1930 the Commanders
of the French Zone
Delegate of the Allied Commander-in-chief and
Chief Delegate of
Permanent International Armistice Commission
1918 - 1920 Alphonse Pierre
Nudant (France) (b. 1861 - d. 1952)
Chairman of Inter-Allied Rhineland
Commission (in Koblenz)
(Commission Interalliée des Territoires Rhénans)
1920 - 30 Jun 1930 Paul
Tirard (France) (b. 1879 -
d. 1945)
German Imperial Ministers for the Occupied
Territories
(Reichsminister für die besetzten Gebiete)
23 Aug 1923 - 1923
Johannes Fuchs (b.
1874 - d. 1956)
1923 - 1925 Anton Höfle
(b. 1882 - d. 1925)
1925 Josef
Frenken (b. 1854 - d. 1945)
1925 - 1926 Hans Luther
(b. 1879 - d. 1962)
1926 - 1927 Johannes Bell
(b. 1868 - d. 1949)
1927 - 1928 Wilhelm Marx
(b. 1863 -
d. 1946)
1928 - 1929 Theodor
von Guérard (b. 1863 - d.
1943)
1929 Karl
Severing (b. 1875 - d. 1952)
1929 - 1930 Joseph
Wirth (b.
1879 - d. 1956)
1930 - 30 Jun 1930 Gottfried
Reinhold Treviranus (b. 1891 - d. 1971)
Ruhr Occupation Area 1923-24
Commander of the French occupation forces
(subordinated to commander of French zone)
1923 - 1924 Henrys
Commander of the Belgian occupation forces
(subordinated to the French commander in the Ruhr)
1923 - 192. Borremans
Directors of the Inter-Allied
Mission of Control of the Factories and Mines
(Mission interalliée de Controle des Usines et des
Mines [MICUM])
1923 Emile Coste
(France) (b. 1864 - d. 1945)
1923 - 1924 Paul Herman Frantzen
(France) (b. 1880 - d. 1935)
American Zone
Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force
Apr 1917 - 1 Jul 1919 John
Joseph Pershing (b. 1860 -
d. 1948)
Commanders of the U.S. Third Army
(subordinated to commander of Allied
Expeditionary force)
1918 - 1919 Joseph Theodore
Dickman (b. 1857 - d. 1928)
1919 Hunter
Liggett (b. 1857 - d. 1935)
Commander of American Forces in Germany
2 Jul 1919 - 24 Jan 1923 Henry Tureman
Allen (b. 1859 - d. 1930)
U.S. Observers to the Inter-Allied
Rhineland Commission
1920 - May 1920 Pierrepont
Burt Noyes (b. 1870 - d. 1959)
1920 - 1923 Henry
Tureman Allen (s.a.)
1923 - 1930 None
Commanders of the Belgian Rhine Army
1918 - 1 Jun 1920 Auguste
Edouard, baron Michel du
Faing
d'Aigremont (b. 1855 - d. 1951)
1 Jun 1920 - Dec 1923 Louis, baron
Roucquoy (b. 1861 - d. 1937)
Dec 1923 - c.1925 Burguet
1925 - 1930 ....
Belgian Commissioners to the Inter-Allied
Rhineland Commission
1920 - 1921 Émile Edouard
Charles Louis (b. 1858 - d. 1937)
1921 - Jul 1925 Edouard, baron
Rolin-Jacquemyns (b. 1863 - d. 1936)
1925 - 1929 Pierre
Forthomme (b. 1877 - d. 1959)
British Zone
Commander of the British Second Army
1918 - 1919 Sir Herbert Charles
Onslow Plumer (b. 1857 - d. 1932)
Commander of British Expeditionary Forces in France
and Flanders
1915 - 1919 Sir Douglas
Haig (b. 1831 - d. 1928)
Commanders of the British Army on the Rhine
1919 Sir
Herbert Charles Onslow Plumer (s.a.)
22 Apr 1919 - 1920 Sir William Robert
Robertson (b. 1860 - d. 1933)
3 Mar 1920 - 1922 Sir Thomas Lethbridge
Napier (b. 1865 - d. 1925)
Morland
8 Mar 1922 - 1924 Sir Alexander
John Godley (b. 1867 - d. 1957)
17 Jun 1924 - 1927 Sir John Philip
Du Cane (b. 1865 - d. 1947)
30 Apr 1927 - Dec 1929 Sir William Thwaites
(b. 1868 - d. 1947)
British Commissioners to the Inter-Allied
Rhineland Commission
1920 Sir Harold
Arthur Stuart (b.
1860 - d. 1923)
1920 - 1921 Arnold Robertson
(acting)
1921 - 20 Feb 1928 Victor Alexander
Sereld Hay, (b. 1876 - d. 1928)
Baron
Kilmarnock (from 8 Jul 1927)
Earl of
Erroll
1928 - 1929 William Seeds
Commanders of the French Rhine Army (Armée du
Rhin)
(from 1919, also commanders-in-chief of the
Allied Armies in Germany)
1918 - 1919 Charles Marie
Emmanuel Mangin (b. 1866 - d. 1925)
Oct 1919 - 1924 Jean Marie Joseph
Degoutte (b. 1866 - d. 1938)
1924 - 30 Jun 1930 Louis Adolphe
Guillaumat (b. 1863 - d. 1940)
French Commissioner to the Inter-Allied
Rhineland Commission
1920 - 30 Jun 1930 Paul
Tirard (s.a.)
'Rhineland Republics'
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![[Rhineland
Republic flag 1919, variant 1923-1924]](de-rhine.gif)
![[Rhineland
Republic flag 1923-24, Variant 1919]](de_cisrh.gif)
(failed French attempt to back a separatist Rhineland state
as a buffer between Germany and France).
21 Oct 1923 - 27 Feb 1924 Rhineland Republic proclaimed as a confederation of three
states: North (Lower Rhine), South (Upper & Middle Rhine)
and Rhur, with its capital at Cologne; supported by French
and Belgian occupation forces.
12 Nov 1923 - 17 Feb 1924 Palatinate Republic federated with the Rhenanian Republic proclaimed
at Speyer.
Chairman of the Government of the Rhenish Republic
1 Jun 1919 - 1919
Johannes Adam Dorten
(b. 1880 - d. 1963)
Plenipotentiaries of the Government of the Rhenish
Republic
22 Oct 1923 - 27 Feb 1924 Johannes Adam
Dorten (s.a.)
+ Josef
Friedrich Matthes (b. 1886 - d.
1943)
(prime
minister)
Autonomous Palatinate
![[Autonomous Palatinate
1923-24]](de-pal923.gif)
Chairmen of the Palatinate Republic
12 Nov 1923 - 9 Jan 1924 Franz-Josef
Heinz-Orbis (b. 1884 - d. 1924)
9 Jan 1924 - 17 Feb 1924 ....
French Départements in Germany 1797-1814
2 Oct 1794
French invasion of the Rhineland begins (Aachen on 6 Oct
1794,
Cologne
26 Oct 1794, Bonn 8 Nov 1794).
Nov 1794
French create central administration (Pays d'entre
Meuse et Rhin).
18 Oct 1797
Treaty of Campo Formio cedes de facto Rhineland
territories
to
France.
4 Nov 1797
A French commissioner is appointed to supervise and
organize
the
territories into départements (not yet considered
to be
part
of France); Roer, Sarre, Mont Tonnerre, Rhin-et-Moselle.
9 Feb 1801
By the Treaty of Lunéville the Rhineland is de jure
annexed
to
France.
30 Jun 1802
Rhine départements become regular départements
of France.
23 Sep 1802
Unified administration terminated.
1813 - 1815
Allied administration; territories later restored to
Prussia,
Bavaria,
Oldenburg, etc.
Commanders of the Army of the Sambre and Meuse
(northern zone)
2 Jul 1794 - 20 Dec 1794 Jean
Baptiste Jourdan (1st time) (b. 1762 - d. 1833)
21 Dec 1794 - 28 Feb 1795 Jacques Maurice
Hatry (b. 1742 - d. 1802)
1 Mar 1795 - 21 Jan 1796 Jean Baptiste
Jourdan (2nd time) (s.a.)
22 Jan 1796 - 28 Feb 1796 Jean Baptiste
Kléber (1st time) (b. 1753 - d. 1800)
29 Feb 1796 - 30 Jul 1796 Jean Baptiste
Jourdan (3rd time) (s.a.)
31 Jul 1796 - 7 Aug 1796 Jean Baptiste
Kléber (2nd time) (s.a.)
8 Aug 1796 - 23 Sep 1796 Jean Baptiste
Jourdan (4th time) (s.a.)
23 Sep 1796 - 23 Jan 1797 Pierre Riel de
Beurnonville (b. 1752 - d. 1821)
-
together with -
14 Dec 1796 - 23 Jan 1797 Jean Baptiste
Kléber (3rd time) (s.a.)
26 Feb 1797 - 18 Sep 1797 Louis Lazare
Hoche (b. 1768 - d. 1797)
Commander of the Army of the Rhine
(southern zone)
14 Jan 1794 - 10 Apr 1795 Claude Ignace
François Michaud (b. 1751 - d. 1835)
Commander of the Army of the Moselle
2 Jul 1794 - 9 Feb 1795 Jean Victor
Moreau (b. 1763 - d. 1813)
Commanders of the Army of the Rhine
and Moselle
20 Apr 1795 - 4 Mar 1796 Jean Charles
Pichegru (b. 1761 - d. 1804)
21 Apr 1796 - 9 Sep 1797 Jean Victor
Moreau (s.a.)
10 Sep 1797 - Sep 1797 Louis
Lazare Hoche (s.a.)
Sep 1797 - 7 Oct 1797 ....
Commander of the Army of Germany
7 Oct 1797 - 12 Dec 1797 Charles
Pierre Francois Augereau (b. 1757 - d. 1816)
French Government Commissioners
4 Nov 1797 - 179.
François Joseph Rudler
(b. 1757 - d. 1837)
179. - 1799
Joseph Lakanal
(b. 1762 - d. 1845)
1799 - 1800
Henri Shée
(b. 1739 - d. 1820)
22 Sep 1800 - 1801
Jean-Baptiste Moisë Jollivet (b. 1753 -
d. 1818)
20 Dec 1801 - 22 Sep 1802 André Jeanbon,
dit Jeanbon Saint- (b. 1749 - d. 1813)
André
Bouches-de-l'Elbe
13 Dec 1810
French département of Bouches-de-l'Elbe formed from
free
cities of Hamburg and Lübeck and parts of Holstein.
1814 End
of French rule.
Prefects
13 Dec 1810 - Mar 1813 Patrice
Charles Ghislain de (b. 1770 - d.
1827)
Coninck
15 Mar 1813 - 1814
Achille Stanislas Émile Le (b.
1781 - d. 1864)
Tonnelier,
baron de Breteuil
Bouches-du-Weser
13 Dec 1810
French département of Bouches-du-Weser formed from
free
city of Bremen, duchy of Oldenburg, county of
Hoya
and part of Hanover.
1814 End
of French rule.
Prefect
13 Dec 1810 - 1814
Charles Philippe Alexandre (b.
1776 - d. 1814)
d'Arberg
Ems-Oriental
Jul 1807
Principality of East Frisa (Ostfriesland), Barony of Kniphausen
(Knyphausen)
and Häuptlingschaft Jever ceded to France
by
Prussia and Russia respectively.
11 Nov 1807
Incorporated into Kingdom of Holland
as département
of
Oost-Friesland (East Friesland).
1 Jan 1811
Incorporated into France as département
of Ems-Oriental
(Eastern
Ems).
Governors-general
24 Nov 1806 - 6 Feb 1807 Henri Damas
Bonhomme (b. 1747 - d. 1826)
6 Feb 1807 - 11 Nov 1807 ....
Landdrost
11 Nov 1807 - 5 Feb 1808 ....
5 Feb 1808 - 22 Dec 1808 Godert
Alexander Gerard Philip (b. 1778 - d. 1848)
van
der Capellen
22 Dec 1808 - 25 Feb 1811 Willem Queysen
(arrived 1 Jan 1809)(b. 1754 - d. 1817)
Prefect
25 Feb 1811 - 8 Nov 1813 Sébastien
Louis Joseph Jannesson (b. 1779 - d. 1864)
(arrived
1 Mar 1811)
Ems-Supérieur
1 Jan 1811
French département of Ems-Supérieur formed from bishopric
of Minden
(Prefecture Osnabrück).
Oct 1813
End of French rule.
Prefect
13 Jan 1811 - Oct 1813 Karl Ludwig
Joseph von Keverberg (b. 1768 - d. 1841)
Lippe
27 Apr 1811
French département of Lippe formed from parts
of
Bouche-l'Yssel, Ems-Occidental and Yssel-Supérieur.
Nov 1813
End of French rule.
Prefect
13 Jun 1811 - Nov 1813 Jean Charles
Annet Victorin de (b. 1768 - d. 1833)
Lasteyrie
du Saillant
Mont-Tonnerre
9 Mar 1801
French département of Mont-Tonnerre (German: Donnersberg)
formed
from southern parts of electorate of Mainz and parts
of
bishoprics of Speyer and Worms and of Palatinate and
duchy
of Zweibrücken.
1814 End
of French rule.
Prefects
9 Mar 1801 - 1801
Henri Shée
(b. 1739 - d. 1820)
1801 - 20 Dec 1801
Jean-Baptiste Moïse Jollivet (b. 1753 -
d. 1818)
20 Dec 1801 - 10 Dec 1813 André Jeanbon,
dit Jeanbon Saint- (b. 1749 - d. 1813)
André
(from 9 Jan 1810, André
Jeanbon,
baron de Saint-André)
Rhin-et-Moselle
9 Mar 1801
French département of Rhin-et-Moselle (Rhine and Moselle)
formed
from parts of electorates of Trier and Cologne.
1814 End
of French rule.
Prefects
9 Mar 1801 - 1803
Philippe Boucqueau de Villeraie (b.
1773 - d. 1834)
1803 - 1805
François Louis René Mouchard (b. 1757 -
d. 1814)
de
Chaban
1 Feb 1805 - 3 May 1806 Alexandre
Théodore Victor (b. 1760 - d. 1829)
de
Lameth
15 Jun 1806 - 1810
Paul Adrien François Marie de (b. 1769 - d.
1814)
Lezay-Marnésia
7 Aug 1810 - 1813 Jean Marie
Thérèse Doazan (b. 1774 - d. 1839)
Roer
9 Mar 1801
French département of Roer formed from duchies of
Jülich,
Guelders,
and Kleve, principality of Meurs, parts of
electorate
of Cologne, and free cities of Cologne and Aachen.
1814 End
of French rule.
Prefects
9 Mar 1801 - 4 Mar 1802 Nicolas
Sébastien Simon (b. 1749 - d.
1802)
9 Jul 1802 - 1804
Alexandre Edme Méchin
(b. 1772 - d. 1849)
15 Sep 1804 - 1806
Jean Charles Joseph Laumond (b.
1753 - d. 1825)
3 May 1806 - 19 Feb 1809 Alexandre
Théodore Victor (b. 1760 - d.
1829)
de
Lameth
31 Mar 1809 - 1814
Jean Charles François de
(b. 1772 - d. 1848)
Ladoucette
(from 3 May 1809, Jean
Charles
François, chevalier de
Ladoucette
[from 31 Dec 1809, Jean
Charles
François, baron de Ladoucette])
Sarre
9 Mar 1801
French département of Sarre formed from parts of electorate
of
Trier and duchy of Zweibrücken.
1814 End
of French rule.
Prefects
22 Jun 1800 - 1803 Joseph
Bexon d'Ormschwiller
22 Apr 1803 - 1810
Maximilien Xavier Képler
(b. 1758 - d. 1837)
(from
16 Sep 1808, Maximilien Xavier,
chevalier
Képler [from 14 Feb 1810,
Maximilien
Xavier, baron Képler])
7 Aug 1810 - 1813
Alexandre François de Bruneteau (b. 1769 - d.
1853)
de
Sainte Suzanne (from 19 Jan
1812,
Alexandre François de
Bruneteau,
baron de Sainte Suzanne)
New Swabia (Neuschwabenland)
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- 19 Jan - 6 Feb 1939 Antarctic area 20°E to 10°W is explored by a German expedition
- led by Alfred Ritscher and is named New Swabia (Neuschwabenland),
- Germany does not formally claim the area.
©2000 Ben Cahoon