Romania
 

Feb 1859 - Dec 1861   Dec 1861 - 30 Jun 1866   30 Jun 1866 - 8 Jan 1948   30 Mar 1867 - 8 Mar 1872 Royal Flag   8 Mar 1872 - 30 Dec 1947 Royal Flag   8 Jan 1948 - 13 Apr 1948   13 Apr 1948 - 24 Sep 1952   24 Sep 1952 - 21 Aug 1965   21 Aug 1965 - 27 Dec 1989   Adopted 27 Dec 1989   Map of Romania Hear National Anthem "Deşteaptă-te, Române!"   (Wake up, Romanian!) Adopted 24 Mar 1990 Former National Anthem "Trei Culori" (Three Colours) (29 Oct 1977-24 Mar 1990)  Constitution (8 Dec 1991) Former National Anthem "Trăiască Regele" (Long Live the King) (1866-30 Dec 1947) Former National Anthem "Zdrobite Cătuşe” (Broken Handcuffs) (4 Jan 1948-23 Aug 1953) Former National Anthem  "Te slăvim, Românie" (We praise you, Romania)  (23 Aug 1953-29 Oct 1977) Former Constitutions (1866, 1923, 1938, 1948, 1952, 1965) Capital: Bucharest (Bucureşti) (Jassy [Iaşi] 1859-1862, in exile 1916-1918) Currency: Romanian Leu (RON); 1952-2005 Romanian Leu (ROL); 1947-1952 Romanian New Leu  (RON); 1941-1944 Romanian INFINEX Leu (ROI); 1944-1945 Romanian Red Army Leu (ROR); 1867-1947 Romanian Silver Leu (ROS) National Holiday: 1 Dec (1918)  Ziua Marii Uniri (Great Union Day) (of Romania and Transylvania) Population: 21,302,893 (2019) 16,126,000 (1941) 5,140,000 (1889) GDP: $483.4 billion (2017) Exports: $64.58 billion (2017) Imports: $78.12 billion (2017) Ethnic groups: Romanian 83.4%, Hungarian 6.1%, Roma (Gypsy) 3.1%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.2%, other 0.7%, unspecified 6.1% (2011) Total Active Armed Forces: 73,350 (2010) U.S. Forces: 133 (2023) Merchant marine: 112 ships (2018) Religions: Eastern Orthodox (including all sub-denominations)  81.9%, Protestant (various denominations including Reformed and Pentecostal) 6.4%, Roman Catholic 4.3%, other (includes Muslim) 0.9%, none or atheist 0.2%, unspecified 6.3% (2011) International Organizations/Treaties: AG, AIIB (nonregional), ANT, APM, BIS, BSEC, BTWC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CERN, CFE, CPLP (associate observer), CTBT, CWC, DC, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ENMOD, ESA, ESCR, EU, Euratom, Eutelsat, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAIA (observer), LU, MIGA, Moon (signatory), NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS (observer), OECD (candidate), OIF, OPCW, OS, OSCE, OST, PAM, PCA, SECP, SELEC, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WA, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC Romania Index Chronology 1541                       Moldavia and Wallachia vassals of Ottoman Empire. 23 Dec 1861                United Rumanian Principalities (Principatele Unite                              Române)(in usage by Ottoman suzerain 23 Dec 1861 -                              13 Jul 1878: United Principalities of Moldavia                              and Romanian Lands [Principatele Unite ale                              Moldovei și Țarii Romanești]), (in diplomatic                              usage by Ottoman suzerain 23 Dec 1861 - 13 Jul                              1878: United Principalities of Moldavia and                              Romanian Lands). 12 Jul 1866                Rumania (România)(Wallachia and Moldavia formally                              unified). 21 May 1877                Independence from Ottoman Empire declared. 13 Jul 1878                Independence recognized internationally. 26 Mar 1881                Kingdom of Rumania (Regatul României).  2 Sep 1916 - 11 Nov 1918  Occupation of Rumania by the Central Powers                             (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Ottoman                              Empire); Dobruja occupied Oct 1916, Bucharest on                              6 Dec 1916, Central Powers reach the lower                              Danube and the Siret Rivers in Jan 1917 and are                              then in occupation of two-thirds the country.    9 Apr 1918                Bessarabia (see Moldova) incorporated into                              Rumania; (autonomous to 10 Dec 1918; annexation                              internationally recognized from 20 Oct 1920).  7 May 1918 - 11 Nov 1918  Treaty of Bucharest with Central Powers forces                              Rumania to return Southern Dobruja and to cede                              southern part of Northern Dobruja to Bulgaria,                              while the rest of Dobruja remained under the                              joint control of the Central Powers; control of                              the passes of the Carpathian Mountains was ceded                              to Austria-Hungary. 31 Dec 1918                Bukovina and incorporated into Rumania. 11 Jan 1919                Transylvania incorporated into Rumania. 27 Jun 1940                Bukovina and Bessarabia annexed by Soviet Union;                              7 Sep 1940 Southern Dobruja restored to Bulgaria 30 Aug 1940                Under German pressure the major part of                               Transylvania is retroceded to Hungary. 25 Jul 1941 - 24 Aug 1944  Rumania annexes Bessarabia, Bukovina from the                              Soviet Union and occupies Transnistria. 31 Aug 1944 - 10 Feb 1947  Allied (Soviet) occupation. 15 Sep 1947                Retroceded part of Transylvania is de jure                               returned to Rumania (de facto since 11 Mar 1945). 30 Dec 1947                Rumanian People's Republic (Republica Populară                              Română). 21 Aug 1965                Socialist Republic of Rumania (Republica                              Socialistă România). Feb 1966                   English spelling officially changed to Romania. 29 Dec 1989                Romania (România).  1 Jan 2007                Part of European Union. Romania (since 1862) Wallachia (1324-1861) Moldavia (c.1347-1861) Transylvania (c.950-1919,  1940-1945)  Allied Occupation (1944-1947)   Hungarian Autonomous Region (1952-1968) Banat (1698-1779,  1918-1919) --------------------- Lugoj zone (1919)  Dobruja (1552-1919) Historic Maps of Romania Orthodox Church of Romania (until 1925, of Hungaro-Wallachia) Romanian Greek- Catholic Church Note: The country was usually known in English as "Rumania" until the spelling was officially changed to "Romania" in Feb 1966. Calendar Note: Dates before 1861 are given according to Old Style (Julian) calendar, and after according to New Style (Gregorian) calendar - except for Transylvania, which had already switched in 1587. New Style was formally adopted in Romania effective 4 Mar 1920/18 Mar 1920.

Wallachia (Walachia)
 

c.1593	Feb - Jun 1821 Rebellion Flag	24 Jun 1834 - c.1840
24 Jun 1834 - 19 May 1861 Merchant Flag	c.1840 - c.1859	14 Jun 1848 - 25 Sep 1848 Rebel National Flag
Feb 1859 - Dec 1861

Map of Wallachia	Capital: Bucureşti (Bucharest) (Cîmpulung c.1310-c.1330; Argeş c.1330-1418; Tîrgovişte 1418-1659)	Constitution Regulamentul Organic (1 Jul 1831)	Unofficial Anthem "Hora Unirii" (Hora of the Union) (1859-1862)
Population: 2,400,921 (1859) 2,032,362 (1832)	Military Force: 5,000 (1852, excluding irregulars)	Religions: Orthodox 97%, Jewish 2%, other 1% (1823)	Ethnic groups: Romanian 92%, Gypsy 5%, Jewish 2%, other 1% (1823)

680 - af.900               Part of Bulgaria.
af.900 - 1091              Part of Pecheneg khanate.
1091 - 1...                Part of Cumania (Cuman-Kipchak rule).
1... - 12..                Part of Bulgaria.
Mar 1241 - 1243            Mongol occupation of much of Wallachia.
12.. - 1324                Part of Hungary.
c.1324                     Principality of Hungaro-Wallachia consolidated (Ungrovlahia;
                             in Romanian commonly called Ţara Românească, and even 
                             more colloquially Muntenia), under Hungarian suzerainty
                             to Nov 1330.
1369 - 1394                Hungarian vassal.
Oct 1394 - 23 Sep 1403     Ottoman vassal.
Mar 1427 -  2 Sep 1442     Ottoman vassal.
1462 - 1476                Ottoman vassal.
1541                       Part of Ottoman Empire.
20 May 1595 - Dec 1596     Dependency of Transylvania.
Dec 1610 - 12 Mar 1611     Occupied by Transylvania.
 5 Dec 1769 - Sep 1774     Occupied by Russia (Russians withdraw May 1770 - Oct 1771).
 4 Nov 1789 -  4 Sep 1791  Occupied by Austria.
27 Dec 1806 -  2 Oct 1812  Occupied by Russia.
16 Mar 1821 - 16 May 182l  Rebellion against the Phanariote rulers, rebels take the capital.
16 May 1821 - 24 Sep 1822  Direct Ottoman rule. 
30 Jun 1828 - 2. Jul 1834  Occupied by Russia.
14 Sep 1829                Autonomy confirmed by Treaty of Adrianople between Ottoman
                             Empire and Russia. Wallachia receives back three small Ottoman
                             territories, north of the Danube (Brăila, Giurgiu and Turnu).
Sep 1848 - Apr 1851        Russian and Ottoman troops enter Wallachia.
13 Nov 1853 - 19 Jul 1854  Occupied by Russia (troops present already from Jul 1853).   
19 Aug 1854 -  5 Oct 1854  Occupied by Austria (de facto to 25 Mar 1856).
19 Aug 1858                Autonomy renewed by international (Paris) convention.
23 Dec 1861                Merger with Moldavia into the United Rumanian 
                             Principalities (fully effected 22 Jan/3 Feb 1862).

Voivodes and Lords¹
c.1310 - 1352              Basarab I "cel Mare"              (b. 127. - d. 1352)
1352 - 16 Nov 1364         Nicolae Alexandru                 (b. 129. - d. 1364)
17 Nov 1364 - 1376?        Vladislav I "Vlaicu Vodă"         (b. 132. - d. 1376?)            
1376? - 1385               Radu (I) "Negru"                  (b. 132. - d. 1385)
1385 - 23 Sep 1386         Dan I                             (b. 135. - d. 1386)   
24 Sep 1386 - 31 Jan 1418  Mircea I "cel Bătrân"             (b. 135. - d. 1418)
1395 - Jan 1397            Vlad I "Uzurpatorul"              (b. 137. - d. 1397)
                             (pretender in dissidence)
 1 Feb 1418 - Apr? 1420    Mihai I                           (b. 138. - d. 1420)
Apr? 1420 - Sep? 1422      Radu II "Praznaglava" (1st time)  (b. 138. - d. 1428?)
Sep? 1422 - Mar? 1431      Dan II                            (b. 138. - d. 1431)
1426 - Mar 1427            Radu II "Praznaglava" (2nd time)  (s.a.)
                             (pretender in dissidence)
Mar? 1431 - Dec 1436       Alexandru I Aldea                 (b. 139. - d. 1436?)
Dec 1436 - Dec 1447        Vlad II "Dracul"                  (b. 139. - d. 1447)
Sep 1442 - 1444            Basarab II                        (b. 140. - d. c.1456)
                             (pretender in dissidence)
Dec 1447 - Jun? 1456       Vladislav II                      (b. 142. - d. 1456)
Oct 1448 - Nov 1448        Vlad III "Ţepeş", "Draculea"      (b. 1431 - d. 1477)
                             (1st time)(pretender in dissidence)
Jun? 1456 - Jul? 1462      Vlad III "Ţepeş" (2nd time)       (s.a.)
Jul? 1462 - 23 Nov 1473    Radu III "cel Frumos"             (b. 1438? - d. 1475)
24 Nov 1473 - 23 Dec 1473  Basarab III "Laiotă cel Bătrân"   (b. 142. - d. 1480)
                             (1st time)
23 Dec 1473 - 1474         Radu III "cel Frumos" (1st time)  (b. c.1437 - d. 1475)
1474 - 20 Oct 1474         Basarab III "Laiotă cel Bătrân"   (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
Sep 1474 - Oct 1474        Radu III "cel Frumos" (2nd time)  (s.a.)
                             (pretender)
20 Oct 1474 - Dec? 1474    Basarab IV "cel Tânăr"            (b. 143. - d. af.1482)         
Dec? 1474 - Apr? 1475      Radu III "cel Frumos" (3rd time)  (s.a.)
Apr? 1475 - Oct 1476       Basarab III "Laiotă cel Bătrân"   (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
Oct 1476 - Jan 1477        Vlad III "Ţepeş" (3rd time)       (s.a.)
Jan 1477 - Nov? 1477       Basarab III "Laiotă cel Bătrân"   (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
Nov? 1477 - Apr? 1482      Basarab IV "cel Tânăr"            (b. 143. - d. 1482)
Jun 1480 - Oct 1480        Mircea II                         (b. 143. - d. 1480?)
                             (pretender in dissidence)
Apr? 1482 - Sep 1495       Vlad IV "Călugărul"               (b. 142. - d. 1495)
                             (pretender in dissidence Apr 1481) 
1492 - Apr 1508            Radu IV "cel Mare"                (b. 1467? - d. 1508)                                         (co-ruler to Sep 1495)
Apr 1508 - Oct 1509        Mihnea "cel Rău"                  (b. 1462? - d. 1510)
Oct 1509 - Jan 1510        Mircea III "Miloş"                (b. 148. - d. 1521)
Jan 1510 - 23 Jan 1512     Vlad V "cel Tânăr"                (b. 1494 - d. 1512)
23 Jan 1512 - 15 Sep 1521  Neagoe Basarab V                  (b. 146. - d. 1521)
16 Sep 1521 - Jan 1522     Teodosie                          (b. 1505 - d. 1522)
Oct 1521                   Vlad VI "Călugărul"               (b. 150. - d. 1521)
                             (pretender in dissidence) 
Jan 1522 - Apr 1523        Radu V "de la Afumaţi" (1st time) (b. 148. - d. 1529)
Apr 1523 - Oct 1523        Vladislav III                     (b. 146. - d. 1525)
Oct 1523 - Jan 1524        Radu VI Bădica                    (b. 149. - d. 1524)
Jan 1524 - Mar 1524        Radu V "de la Afumaţi" (2nd time) (s.a.)
Mar 1524 - Aug 1524        Vladislav III (1st time)          (b. 146. - d. 1525)
Aug 1524 -  2 Jan 1529     Radu V "de la Afumaţi" (3rd time) (s.a.)
Apr 1525 - Aug 1525        Vladislav III (2nd time)          (s.a.)
                             (pretender) 
 3 Jan 1529 - Feb 1529     Basarab VI                        (b. 149. - d. 1529?)
Feb 1529 - Mar 1529        Neagoe (acting)  
Mar 1529 - c.4 Jun 1530    Moise                             (b. 1508 - d. 1530)
c.4 Jun 1530 - Oct 1532    Vlad VII "Înecatul"               (b. 150. - d. 1532)
Oct 1532 - Jun 1535        Vlad VIII Vintilă                 (b. 148. - d. 1535)
Jun 1535 - Feb 1545        Radu VII Paisie                   (b. 148. - d. 1545)
                             (= Petru de la Argeş)
Mar 1536 - Apr 1536        Barbu Neagoe (usurper)            (b. 14.. - d. 1565)
May 1539 - Jul 1539        Şerban din Izvorani (usurper)     (d. 1543)
May 1544                   Laiotă Basarab                    (d. 1544)
                             (pretender in dissidence) 
Feb 1545 - 15 Nov 1552     Mircea III "Ciobanul" (1st time)  (b. 149. - d. 1559)
15 Nov 1552 - May 1553     Radu VIII Ilie "Haidăul"          (b. 151. - d. 1558)
May 1553 - Mar 1554        Mircea III "Ciobanul" (2nd time)  (s.a.)
Mar 1554 - 24 Dec 1557     Pătraşcu "cel Bun"                (b. 152. - d. 1557)
24 Dec 1557 - 25 Jan 1558  Socol (acting)  
25 Jan 1558 - 25 Sep 1559  Mircea IV "Ciobanul" (3rd time)   (s.a.)  
26 Sep 1559 - 31 May 1568  Petru I "cel Tânăr"               (b. 1547 - d. 1568)
                             (acting to 24 Oct 1559)
31 May 1568 - Jun 1568     Chiajna (acting)                  (b. c.1525 - d. 1588)
Jun 1568 - 27 Sep 1577     Alexandru II                      (b. 1529 - d. 1577)
21 Apr 1574 - c.3 May 1574 Vintilă (pretender in dissidence) (b. 154. - d. 1574)
 4? May 1574 - Jul 1583    Mihnea II "Turcitul" (1st time)   (b. 1565 - d. 1601)
                             (co-ruler to 27 Sep 1577)
Jul 1583 - 29 Aug 1583     Borcea (acting)  
29 Aug 1583 -  6 Apr 1585  Petru II "Cercel"                 (b. 1545 - d. 1590)
 6 Apr 1585 - 20 May 1585  Paraschiv (acting)
20 May 1585 - May 1591     Mihnea II "Turcitul" (2nd time)   (s.a.)
May 1591 - Oct 1592        Ştefan I "Surdul"                 (b. 155. - d. 1595)
Oct 1592 -  8 Sep 1593     Alexandru III "cel Rău"           (b. 156. - d. 1597)
 8 Sep 1593 - c.7 Oct 1593 Stroe Buzescu (acting)     
c.7 Oct 1593 - Oct 1600    Mihai II "Viteazul"               (b. 1558 - d. 1601)
Nov 1599 - 12 Sep 1600     Nicolae Pătraşcu -Co-ruler        (b. 1584 - d. 1627)
Oct 1600 - 24 Jun 1601     Simion Moghilă (1st time)         (b. 156. - d. 1607)
24 Jun 1601 - Sep 1601     .... (acting) 
Sep 1601 - Mar 1602        Radu X Mihnea (1st time)          (b. c.1585 - d. 1626)
Nov 1601 - Jul 1602        Simion Moghilă (2nd time)         (s.a.)
                             (in opposition to Mar 1602)
Jul 1602 - Dec 1610        Radu Şerban (1st time)            (b. 155. - d. 1620)
Dec 1610 - 12 Mar 1611     Transylvanian occupation
12 Mar 1611 - May 1611     Radu X Mihnea (2nd time)          (s.a.)
May 1611 - 19 Sep 1611     Radu Şerban (2nd time)            (s.a.)
19 Sep 1611 - 24 Jul 1616  Radu X Mihnea (3rd time)          (s.a.)
24 Jul 1616 - Sep 1616     .... (acting)
Sep 1616 - 27 May 1618     Alexandru IV Iliaş (1st time)     (b. 15.. - d. af.1633)
27 May 1618 - 14 Aug 1618  Lupu Mehedinţeanu (acting)  
                             (Princely Lieutenant)  
14 Aug 1618 - Aug 1620     Gavril Moghilă                    (b. 15.. - d. 1635)
Aug 1620 - Aug 1623        Radu X Mihnea (4th time)          (s.a.)
Aug 1623 - Nov 1627        Alexandru V "Coconul"             (b. 1610 - d. 1632)
Nov 1627 - 28 Jan 1628     Lepădat (acting)
28 Jan 1628 - Oct 1629     Alexandru IV Iliaş (2nd time)     (s.a.)
Oct 1629 - Aug 1632        Leon Tomşa                        
Aug 1632 - 20 Sep 1632     Radu Iliaş        
20 Sep 1632 -  9 Apr 1654  Matei Basarab                     (b. 1580 - d. 1654)
1654 - 23 Feb 1658         Constantin Şerban Basarab "Cârnul"(b. 158. - d. 1685)
                             (1st time)
23 Feb 1658 - Dec 1659     Mihnea III Radu                   (b. 161. - d. 1660)
Dec 1659 -  1 Sep 1660     Gheorghe Ghica (Gíka)             (b. 1600 - d. 1664)
 1 May 1660 - 21 May 1660  Constantin Şerban Basarab "Cârnul"(s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(pretender in dissidence)
 6 Dec 1660 - 20 Nov 1664  Grigore Ghica (Gíka)(1st time)    (b. 1628 - d. 1675)
20 Nov 1664 - 12 Feb 1665  .... (acting)
12 Feb 1665 - Mar 1669     Radu Leon                         (b. 16.. - d. 1670)
Mar 1669 -  9 Apr 1669     .... (acting)
 9 Apr 1669 - 13 Jan 1672  Antonie din Popeşti       
13 Jan 1672 - 20 Mar 1672  Radu Creţulescu (acting)
20 Mar 1672 - Nov 1673     Grigore Ghica (2nd time)          (s.a.)   
 6 Dec 1673 - Nov 1678     Gheorghe Duca (Doúkas)            (b. 16.. - d. 1685)
Nov 1678 -  6 Jan 1679     Badea Băleanu
                           + Hrizea Karydi
                           (acting)
 6 Jan 1679 - 29 Oct 1688  Şerban Constantin Kantakozino     (b. 1640 - d. 1688)
                             (Kantakouzịnós) 
30 Oct 1688 - 24 Mar 1714  Constantin Brâncoveanu            (b. 1654 - d. 1714)
25 Mar 1714 -  9 Jan 1716  Ştefan Constantin Kantakozino     (b. 166. - d. 1716)   
 9 Jan 1716 - 30 Jan 1716  .... (acting)
30 Jan 1716 - 14 Nov 1716  Nicolae Alexandru Mavrocordat     (b. 1670 - d. 1730) 
                             (1st time)
14 Nov 1716 - Dec 1716     .... (acting)
Dec 1716 - 12 Feb 1719     Ioan Alexandru Mavrocordat        (b. 1684 - d. 1719)
12 Feb 1719 - 26 Apr 1719  .... (acting)
26 Apr 1719 - 23 Aug 1730  Nicolae Alexandru Mavrocordat     (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
23 Aug 1730 -  6 Oct 1730  Constantin Nicolae Mavrocordat    (b. 1711 - d. 1769)
                             (1st time)
Oct 1730 - Oct 1731        Mihai Ioan Racoviţă (1st time)    (b. 16.. - d. 1744)
Oct 1731 - May 1733        Constantin Nicolae Mavrocordat    (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
May 1733 - Nov 1735        Grigore Matei Ghica (1st time)    (b. 1690 - d. 1752)
Nov 1735 - Sep 1741        Constantin Nicolae Mavrocordat    (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
Sep 1741 - Jul 1744        Mihai Ioan Racoviţă (2nd time)    (s.a.)
Jul 1744 - Apr 1748        Constanti Nicolae Mavrocordat     (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
Apr 1748 - 23 Aug 1752     Grigore Matei Ghica (2nd time)    (s.a.)
23 Aug 1752 - Sep 1752     .... (acting)
 1 Oct 1752 - Jul 1753     Matei Grigore Ghica               (b. 1715 - d. 1761)   
Jul 1753 - Mar 1756        Constantin Mihail Racoviţă        (b. 170. - d. 1764)
                             (1st time)
Mar 1756 - 15 Apr 1756     .... (acting)
15 Apr 1756 - Sep 1758     Constantin Nicolae Mavrocordat    (s.a.)
                             (5th time)
Sep 1758 - Jun 1761        Scarlat Grigore Ghica (1st time)  (b. 1715 - d. 1766)
Jun 1761 - Mar 1763        Constantin Nicolae Mavrocordat    (s.a.)
                             (6th time)
Mar 1763 - 23 Apr 1763     .... (acting)
23 Apr 1763 - 26 Jan 1764  Constantin Mihail Racoviţă        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
26 Jan 1764 - 1764         .... (acting)
1764 -  1 Sep 1765         Ştefan Mihail Racoviţă       
 1 Sep 1765 -  2 Dec 1766  Scarlat Grigore Ghica (2nd time)  (s.a.)
Dec 1766 - Nov 1768        Alexandru Scarlat Ghica   
Nov 1768 -  5 Dec 1769     Grigore Alexandru Ghica           (b. 1724 - d. 1777)
 5 Dec 1769 - 1770         Graf Pyotr Aleksandrovich         (b. 1725 - d. 1796)
                             Rumyantsev
                            (Russian military commander) 
1770                       Aleksandr Gavrilovich Zamyatin    (d. 1772)
                            (Russian president of Divan of Wallachia)
May 1770 - Oct 1771        Emanuel "Manole" Giani-Ruset      (b. 1715 - d. 1794)
18 Nov 1771 - Sep 1774     Andrey Ivanovich Meder            (d. 1792) 
                            (Russian president of Divan of Wallachia)
Sep 1774 -  3 Feb 1775     .... (acting)
 3 Feb 1775 - 14 Feb 1782  Alexandru Ioan Ipsilanti          (b. c.1726 - d. 1807)
                             (Ypsilántis) (1st time)
14 Feb 1782 - 18 Mar 1782  .... (acting)               
18 Mar 1782 - 27 Aug 1783  Nicolae Caragea (Karadžě)         (b. 1737 - d. 1784)  
27 Aug 1783 - 17 May 1786  Mihai Constantin Suţu (1st time)  (b. 1730 - d. 1803)
17 May 1786 -  4 Nov 1789  Nicolae Petru Mavrogheni          (b. 1738 - d. 1790)   
1788 - 1790                Franz Maria Freiherr von Thugut   (b. 1736 - d. 1818)
                           (Austrian administrator-general
                             of Moldavia and Wallachia) 
 4 Nov 1789 -  4 Sep 1791  Friedrich Josias Prinz von
                             Sachsen-Coburg-Saalfeld         (b. 1737 - d. 1815)
                           (Austrian military administrator) 
 4 Sep 1791 - 15 Jan 1793  Mihai Constantin Suţu (2nd time)  (s.a.)
15 Jan 1793 - Mar 1793     .... (acting)                 
Mar 1793 - 21 Aug 1796     Alexandru Constantin Moruzi       (b. c.1750 - d. 1816)
                             (1st time)  
21 Aug 1796 - Sep 1796     .... (acting)                            
Sep 1796 - 24 Nov 1797     Alexandru Ioan Ipsilanti          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) 
24 Nov 1797 - Dec 1797     .... (acting)                   
Dec 1797 - 18 Feb 1799     Constantin Hangerli               (b. c.1760 - d. 1799)  
18 Feb 1799 - 14 Mar 1799  .... (acting)                    
14 Mar 1799 - Oct 1801     Alexandru Constantin Moruzi       (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)  
Oct 1801 - 20 Jun 1802     Mihai Constantin Suţu (3rd time)  (s.a.)
29 Jun 1802 - 25 Aug 1802  Alexandru "Draco" Nicolae Suţu    (b. 1758 - d. 1821)
                             (1st time) (acting; title: kaymakam [caimacam])  
25 Aug 1802 - 14 Oct 1802  .... (acting)        
14 Oct 1802 - 16 Aug 1806  Constantin Ipsilanti (1st time)   (b. 1760 - d. 1816)
16 Aug 1806 -  1 Oct 1806  .... (acting)                    
 1 Oct 1806 - 10 Oct 1806  Alexandru "Draco" Nicolae Suţu    (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
11 Oct 1806 - 15 Dec 1806  .... (acting)                       
15 Dec 1806 - Aug 1807     Constantin Ipsilanti (2nd time)   (s.a.)
                             (from Dec 1806, under Russian occupation)
Russian Vice-presidents of Divan of Wallachia (subject to presidents in Moldavia)
27 Dec 1806 - Sep 1807     Mikhail Andreyevich Miloradovich  (b. 1771 - d. 1825)
                            (Russian military commander)
Sep 1807 -  9 Aug 1809     Knyaz' Aleksandr Aleksandrovich   (b. 1732 - d. 1809)
                             Prozorovskiy
Mar 1808 - Aug 1809        Mikhail Andreyevich Miloradovich  (s.a.)
                             (acting for Prozorovskiy)
Mar 1809 - 1811            Grigoriy Grigoryevich Engel'gardt (b. 1759 - d. 1833)
                             (Gotthard von Engelhardt)
bf.Jun 1811 - Nov 1811     Ivan Ivanovich Shtetter           (b. 17.. - d. 1812)
Nov 1811 - 1812            Khristofor Markovich Komneno      (b. 1744 - d. 1815)
1812                       Sergey Yakovlevich Repninskiy     (b. 1775 - d. 1818)
Jun 1812 - Sep 1812        Pavel Vasilyevich Chichagov       (b. 1767 - d. 1849)
                            (Russian governor-general of Moldova and Wallachia)
Voivodes and Lords¹
 2 Oct 1812 - 12 Dec 1812  .... (acting)                      
12 Dec 1812 - 29 Sep 1818  Ioan Gheorghe Caragea (Karadžě)   (b. 1745 - d. 1845)
30 Sep 1818 - 17 Jan 1819  .... (acting)                   
17 Jan 1819 - 19 Jan 1821  Alexandru "Draco" Nicolae Suţu    (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
15 Sep 1820 - 16 Mar 1821  .... (acting)                     
Feb 1821 - Jun 1821        Scarlat Alexandru Callimachi      (b. 1773 - d. 1821)
                             (did not take the office)
16 Mar 1821 - 15 May 1821  Tudor Constantin Vladimirescu     (b. c.1780 - d. 1821)
                             (Conducator [Leader], in rebellion)
16 May 1821 - 24 Sep 1822  Ştefan Vogoridi                   (b. 1774 - d. 1859)
                             (= Stojko Conkov Stojkov)  
                             (Ottoman governor; title: kaymakam [caimacam])   
24 Sep 1822 - 30 Jun 1828  Grigore Dimitrie Ghica            (b. 1755 - d. 1834)
Russian Vice-presidents of Divan of Wallachia (subject to presidents in Moldavia)
1828 - 1829                Semyon Osipovich Gotovskiy        (b. 1778 - d. af.1835)
Mar 1829 - Apr 1830        Aleksandr Karlovich Boshnyak      (b. 1786 - d. 1831)
c.Jul 1830                 ... Ditrikh
c.Mar 1831                 Matvey Yakovlevich Minchaki       (b. 1769 - d. 1852)
183. - Jul 1834            Fyodor Yakovlevich Mirkovich      (b. 1789 - d. 1866)
Voivodes and Lords¹
2. Jul 1834 -  1 Jan 1843  Alexandru Dimitrie Ghica (Ghika)  (b. 1795 - d. 1862)
 1 Jan 1843 - 13 Jun 1848  Gheorghe Dimitrie Bibescu         (b. 1804 - d. 1873)
14 Jun 1848 - 28 Jun 1848  Mitropolit Neofit II (1st time)   (b. 1777 - d. 1850)
                             (president of the provisional government)
28 Jun 1848 - 29 Jun 1848  Princely Lieutenancy
                           - Teodor Constantin Văcărescu,    (b. 1775 - d. 1853)
                               diş Furtună
                           - Emanoil Grigore Băleanu         (b. 1793 - d. 1862)  Lib
29 Jun 1848 - 28 Jul 1848  Mitropolit Neofit II (2nd time)   (s.a.)
                             (president of the interim government)
28 Jul 1848 - 13 Sep 1848  Princely Lieutenancy
                           - Nicolae Constantin Golescu      (b. 1810 - d. 1878)  Lib  
                           - Ioan Ilie Eliade Rădulescu      (b. 1801 - d. 1872)  Lib   
                           - Christian Tell                  (b. 1808 - d. 1884)  Mil   
13 Sep 1848 - 16 Jun 1849  Constantin Iordache Cantacuzino   (b. 1791? - d. 1877)
                             (Princely Lieutenant)
16 Jun 1849 - 17 Oct 1853  Barbu Dimitrie Bibescu-Ştirbeĭ    (b. 1799 - d. 1869)
                             (1st time)
16 Oct 1853 - 13 Nov 1853  Gheorghe Filipescu   
                             (president of Extraordinary Administrative Council)
Russian Commissioner Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, and President
of Administrative Councils (Divans) of Moldavia and Wallachia (in Bucharest)
13 Nov 1853 - 19 Jul 1854  Baron Aleksandr Ivanovich Budberg (b. 1798 - d. 1876)  Mil
                             (Alexander Freiherr von Budberg, gen. Bonninghausen)  
Voivodes and Lords
19 Jul 1854 - 23 Sep 1854  Constantin Iordache Cantacuzino   (s.a.)
                             (president of Extraordinary Administrative Council)
19 Aug 1854 - 25 Mar 1856  Johann Baptist Alexius Graf       (b. 1794 - d. 1880)
                             Coronini-Cronberg         
                            (Austrian Military Governor)
19 Aug 1854 - 25 Mar 1856  Eduard Freiherr von Bach          (b. 1815 - d. 1884)
                            (Austrian Civil Commissioner)
23 Sep 1854 - 25 Jun 1856  Barbu Dimitrie Bibescu-Ştirbeĭ    (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
25 Jun 1856 - 16 Jul 1856  Emanoil Grigore Băleanu           (s.a.)               NP
                             (president of Extraordinary Administrative Council)
16 Jul 1856 - 18 Oct 1858  Alexandru Dimitrie Ghica (Ghika)  (s.a.)
                             (Princely Lieutenant)    
18 Oct 1858 - 24 Jan 1859  Princely Lieutenancy
                           - Emanoil Grigore Băleanu         (s.a.)               NP   
                           - Ioan Mihail Manu                (b. 1803 - d. 1874)   
                           - Ioan Alexandru Filipescu        (b. 1811 - d. 1863)  Mod   
24 Jan 1859 - 22 Jan 1862  Alexandru Ioan I Cuza             (b. 1820 - d. 1873)   

Presidents of the Council of Ministers (Prime ministers)
25 Jan 1859 - 27 Mar 1859  Ioan Alexandru Filipescu          (s.a.)               Mod
27 Mar 1859 -  6 Sep 1859  Constantin Alexandru Creţulescu   (b. 1809 - d. 1884)  Mod   
                             (Kretzulescu)
 6 Sep 1859 - 11 Oct 1859  Nicolae Alexandru Creţulescu      (b. 1812 - d. 1900)  Mod 
                             (Kretzulescu)
11 Oct 1859 - 28 May 1860  Ion Dimitrie Ghica (Ghika)        (b. 1817 - d. 1897)  Lib   
28 May 1860 - 13 Jul 1860  Nicolae Constantin Golescu        (s.a.)               Rad   
13 Jul 1860 - 17 Apr 1861  Emanoil Costache Ioan Epureanu    (b. 1824 - d. 1880)  Lib   
 4 Feb 1861 - 1861         Gheorghe Costa-Foru (Costaforu)   (b. 1820 - d. 1876)  Con 
                             (acting for Epureanu)
17 Apr 1861 - 30 Apr 1861  Vacant
30 Apr 1861 - 12 May 1861  Barbu Ştefan Catargiu (Catargi)   (b. 1807 - d. 1862)  Con   
12 May 1861 - 11 Jul 1861  Ştefan Dinicu Golescu             (b. 1809 - d. 1874)  Rad   
19 Jun 1861 - 1861         Vasile Iordache Mălinescu         (b. 1817 - d. 1866)  Lib?    
                             (acting for Golescu)
11 Jul 1861 - 19 Jul 1861  Constantin Barbu Bălcescu (acting)(b. 1813 - d. 1902)   
19 Jul 1861 - 22 Jan 1862  Dimitrie Grigore principe Ghica   (b. 1816 - d. 1897)  Con   

Party abbreviations: Con = Conservative; Lib = Liberal; Mod = Moderate; NP = Partida Nationala (National Party, liberal, 1856-1859); Rad = Radical

Noble and Ecclesiastical Titles: Freiherr = Baron; Graf = Count; Fürst, Knyaz', Principe, Prinz = Prince; Mitropolit = Metropolitan.

 ¹usual translation of the title: Din Mila lui Dumnezeu, Voievoda si Domn a toată Ţara Ungrovlahiei ("by the grace of God, Voivode and Lord of all the Hungaro-Wallachian Land").

Calendar Note: dates before 1861 are given according to Old Style (Julian) calendar, and after according to New Style (Gregorian) calendar..

c.803 - af.900             Part of Bulgaria.
af.900 - 10..              Part of Pechenegs (Paçinaq) rule.
10.. - 1241                Cuman-Kipchak rule.
Mar 1241 - 13..            Mongol occupation.
c.1347                     Principality of Moldavia (Țara Moldovei) founded.
26 Sep 1387 - 1394         Polish vassal.
 9 Jun 1456 - 1471         Ottoman vassal.
1394 - 1402                Hungarian vassal.
1402 - 1456                Polish vassal.
1456 - 1473                Ottoman vassal.
12 Jul 1475 - 1479         Hungarian vassal.
1479/80 - 1485             Ottoman vassal.
15 Sep 1485 - 1489         Polish vassal.
14 Jul 1484                Ottoman Empire annexes Kiliya, and on 4 Aug 1484 Akkerman
                             (modern Belgorod-Dnestrovskiy), followed by two more
                             Moldavian territories along the Dniester - Bender in 1538
                             and Khotyn in 1712.
1489                       Ottoman vassal.
1541 - 1861                Part of Ottoman Empire
22 May 1600 - Sep 1600     Administered by Wallachia.
14 Sep 1739 - Oct 1739     Occupied by Russia.
26 Sep 1769 - 28 Sep 1774  Occupied by Russia.
 7 May 1775                Bukovina ceded to Austria by Ottoman Empire.
Oct 1788 - May 1792        Occupied by Russia (to 1790, jointly with Austria).
23 Nov 1806 - Nov 1812     Occupied by Russia.
 5 Jul 1812                Eastern half of Moldavia (Bessarabia) is ceded by Ottoman
                             Empire to Russia in Treaty of Bucharest (signed 28 May 1812),
                             the cession included the four Ottoman directly held territories.
 6 Mar 1821 - 15 Jun 182l  Rebellion against the Phanariote rulers, rebels take the capital.
15 Jun 182l - 12 Oct 1822  Direct Ottoman rule. 
25 Apr 1828 - 15 Jul 1834  Occupied by Russia.
14 Sep 1829                Autonomy confirmed by Treaty of Adrianople between Ottoman
                             Empire and Russia.
Jul 1848 - Apr 1851        Russian and Ottoman troops enter Moldavia.
21 Nov 1853 -  2 Sep 1854  Occupied by Russia (troops already present from Jul 1853).
Sep 1854 - 25 Mar 1856     Occupied by Austria.
30 Mar 1856 -  8 Oct 1878  Russia returns three districts in southern Bessarabia
                             (Bolgrad, Cahul and Ismail) to Moldavia.
19 Aug 1858                Autonomy renewed by international {Paris) convention.
23 Dec 1861                Merger with Wallachia into the United Rumanian 
                             Principalities (fully effected 22 Jan/3 Feb 1862).

Voivodes¹
c.1347 - c.1354            Dragoş                            (b. 13.. - d. c.1354)
c.1354 - c.1363            Sas                               (b. 13.. - d. c.1363)       
c.1363 - 1367              Bogdan I "Întemeietorul"          (b. 13.. - d. 1367)
1367 - 1368                Petru I                           (b. 13.. - d. 1368)
1368 - 1375                Laţcu                             (b. 13.. - d. 1375)            
1375 - Dec 1391            Petru II "Muşat"                  (b. 13.. - d. 1391)
Dec 1391 - Dec 1394        Roman I "Muşat"                   (b. 134. - d. 1394)           
Dec 1394 - 1399            Ştefan I                          (b. 136. - d. 1399)
1399 - 1400                Iuga "Ologul" (= Gheorghe I)      (b. 136. - d. 1400?)
23 Apr 1399 - 1400         Alexandru "cel Bun"               (b. 137. - d. 1432)      
                             (pretender in dissidence) 
1400 -  1 Jan 1432         Alexandru "cel Bun"               (s.a.)  
 2 Aug 1414 -  2 Nov 1433  Iliaş I (1st time)                (b. 1409 - d. 1448)
                             (co-ruler to 1 Jan 1432)
Sep 1433 -  4 Aug 1435     Ştefan II (1st time)              (b. 1411 - d. 1447)
 4 Aug 1435 - Aug 1442     Iliaş I (2nd time)                (s.a.)
18 Aug 1438 - 24 Feb 1442  Roman II -Co-ruler (1st time)     (b. 1427 - d. 1448)
Mar 1436 - 13 Jul 1447     Ştefan II (2nd time)              (s.a.)
Apr 1443 - 1445            Petru III -Co-ruler (1st time)    (b. 1422 - d. 1448)
13 Jul 1447 - Aug 1447     Roman II (2nd time)               (s.a.)
Aug 1447 - Jan? 1448       Petru III (2nd time)              (s.a.)
Jan? 1448 - Mar 1448       Roman II (3rd time)               (s.a.)
Mar 1448 - Oct 1448        Petru III (3rd time)              (s.a.)
Oct 1448 - Dec 1448        Csupor de Monoszló (Ciubăr Vodă)
                             (acting)
Dec 1448 - 12 Oct 1449     Alexandru II (Alexăndrel)         (b. 1438 - d. 1455)
                             (1st time)
12 Oct 1449 - 15 Oct 1451  Bogdan II                         (b. 141. - d. 1451)
11 Feb 1450 - 15 Oct 1451  Ştefan "cel Mare" -Co-ruler       (b. 1433 - d. 1504)
                             (1st time)
15 Oct 1451 - Feb 1452     Petru IV Aron (1st time)          (b. 141. - d. 1470)
Feb 1452 - 22 Aug 1454     Alexandru II (2nd time)           (s.a.)
22 Aug 1454 - Jan? 1455    Petru IV Aron (2nd time)          (s.a.)
Jan? 1455 - 25 Mar 1455    Alexandru II (2nd time)           (s.a.)
25 Mar 1455 - 12 Apr 1457  Petru IV Aron (3d time)           (s.a.)  
12 Apr 1457 -  2 Jul 1504  Ştefan III "cel Mare" (2nd time)  (s.a.)
24 Sep 1498 - 22 Apr 1517  Bogdan III "cel Chior"            (b. 1479 - d. 1517)
                             (co-ruler to 30 Jun 1504)  
22 Apr 1517 - 14 Jan 1527  Ştefan IV (Ştefăniţă)             (b. 1507 - d. 1527)
14 Jan 1527 - 20 Jan 1527  .... (acting)
20 Jan 1527 - 14 Sep 1538  Petru V Rareş (1st time)          (b. 1487 - d. 1546)
14 Sep 1538 - 21 Sep 1538  .... (acting)
21 Sep 1538 - 20 Dec 1540  Ştefan V "Lăcustă"                (b. 1508 - d. 1540)
21 Dec 1540 - 16 Feb 1541  Alexandru III Cornea              (b. 148. - d. 1541)   
16 Feb 1541 - 10 Mar 1541  .... (acting)
10 Mar 1541 -  3 Sep 1546  Petru V Rareş (2nd time)          (s.a.)  
 3 Sep 1546 - 30 May 1551  Iliaş II Rareş                    (b. 152. - d. 1555)
 1 May 1551 - 11 Jun 1551  Ştefan Rareş -Regent              (b. 1531 - d. 1552)
 1 May 1551 - 11 Jun 1551  Elena (Elena Ecaterina)(f) -Regent       
11 Jun 1551 -  1 Sep 1552  Ştefan VI Rareş                   (s.a.)
 1 Sep 1552 - 12 Sep 1552  Ioan (I) Joldea         
12 Sep 1552 - 18 Nov 1561  Alexandru IV Lăpuşneanu (1st time)(b. 150. - d. 1568)
18 Nov 1561 -  9 Nov 1563  Ioan II "Despot Vodă" (usurper)   (b. 1523 - d. 1563)
                             (= Iákovos Irakleídis)
 9 Aug 1563 - Feb 1564     Ştefan VII Tomşa                  (b. 15.. - d. 1564)
                             (pretender in dissidence to 9 Nov 1563)
Feb 1564 -  9 Mar 1568     Alexandru IV Lăpuşneanu (2nd time)(s.a.)
 9 Mar 1568 - Feb 1572     Bogdan IV Lăpuşneanu              (b. 1554 - d. 1577)
 9 Mar 1568 - 12 Nov 1570  Ruxandra (f) -Regent              (b. 1538 - d. 1570)
Feb 1572 - 11 Jun 1574     Ioan III "cel Viteaz"             (b. c.1520 - d. 1574)
11 Jun 1574 - 24 Jul 1574  .... (acting)
24 Jul 1574 -  2 Dec 1579  Petru VI "Şchiopul" (1st time)    (b. 1534 - d. 1594)
18 Nov 1577 - 31 Dec 1577  Ioan IV "Potcoavă"                (b. c.1540 - d. 1578)
                             (pretender in dissidence) 
 9 Feb 1578 - 13 Mar 1578  Alexandru V "Potcoavă"            (b. 154. - d. 1578)
                             (pretender in dissidence) 
 2 Dec 1579 - Dec 1579     .... (acting) 
Dec 1579 - Sep 1582        Iancu "Sasul"                     (b. 152. - d. 1582)
Sep 1582 - 17 Oct 1582     .... (acting)
17 Oct 1582 - 19 Aug 1591  Petru VI "Şchiopul" (2nd time)    (s.a.)
 2 Feb 1590 - 19 Aug 1591  Ştefan -Co-ruler                  (b. 157. - d. 1602)
19 Aug 1591 - Dec 1591     .... (acting)
Dec 1591 - Jun 1592        Aron "cel Cumplit" (1st time)     (b. 155. - d. 1595)
Jun 1592 -  8 Oct 1592     Nestor Ureche (acting)       
Jul 1592 -  4 Oct 1592     Petru VII "Cazacul"               (b. 154. - d. 1592)
                             (pretender in dissidence) 
 8 Oct 1592 - 25 Jun 1595  Aron "cel Cumplit" (1st time)     (s.a.)
Apr 1595 - 27 Aug 1595     Ştefan VIII Răzvan (usurper)      (b. 15.. - d. 1595)
27 Aug 1595 - 22 May 1600  Ieremia Moghilă (1st time)        (b. 155. - d. 1606)
22 May 1600 - Sep 1600     administered by Wallachia
14 Jun 1600 - Jul 1600     Princely Lieutenants
                           - Udrea Băleanu          
                           - Andronic Cantacuzino  
                           - Sava    
                           - Negrea
Jul 1600 - Sep 1600        Princely Lieutenants
                           - Marcu Cercel
                           - Preda Buzescu
Sep 1600 - 30 Jun 1606     Ieremia Moghilă (2nd time)        (s.a.)     
30 Jun 1606 - 14 Sep 1607  Simion Moghilă                    (b. 156. - d. 1607)  
14 Sep 1607 -  6 Dec 1607  Mihail Moghilă                    (b. 158. - d. 1608)
 6 Dec 1607 - 18 Dec 1611  Constantin Moghilă                (b. c.1594 - d. 1612)
                             (pretender in dissidence Oct - 15 Nov 1607)  
18 Dec 1611 - 20 Dec 1611  .... (acting)
20 Dec 1611 - 20 Nov 1615  Ştefan Tomşa (1st time)
21 Nov 1615 - 24 Jul 1616  Alexandru Moghilă
24 Jul 1616 - 10 Feb 1619  Radu Mihnea (1st time)            (b. c.1585 - d. 1626)
11 Feb 1619 - 10 Sep 1620  Gasparo Gratiani                  (b. c.1575 - d. 1620)
                             (= Gaspar Gratiani, duca di Naxos)
10 Sep 1620 - 15 Oct 1621  Alexandru Iliaş (1st time)        (b. 15.. - d. af.1633)
15 Oct 1621 - Aug 1623     Ştefan Tomşa (2nd time)
Aug 1623 - Sep 1623        Ghianghea (1st time)(acting) 
Sep 1623 - 13 Jan 1626     Radu Mihnea (2nd time)            (s.a.)
13 Jan 1626 - 20 Jan 1626  Ştefan Dumitraşcu (acting)
20 Jan 1626 - 30 Aug 1629  Miron Barnovschi Moghilă          (b. 158. - d. 1633)
                             (1st time)
30 Aug 1629 - May 1630     Alexandru V "Coconul"             (b. 1610 - d. 1632)
May 1630 - Jun 1630        .... (acting)
Jun 1630 - Dec 1631        Moise Moghilă (1st time)          (b. 1596 - d. 1661)
Dec 1631 - Apr 1633        Alexandru Iliaş (2nd time)        (s.a.)
Apr 1633 - 22 Jun 1633     Miron Barnovschi Moghilă          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
22 Jun 1633 - Aug 1633     Ghianghea (2nd time)(acting)
Aug 1633 - Mar 1634        Moise Moghilă (2nd time)          (s.a.)
Mar 1634 - 27 Apr 1634     Ghianghea (3rd time)(acting)
27 Apr 1634 -  3 Apr 1653  Vasile Nicolae Lupu (1st time)    (b. 1595 - d. 1661)
 3 Apr 1653 - 28 Apr 1653  Gheorghe Ştefan Dumitraşcu        (b. 16.. - d. 1668)
                             (1st time)
28 Apr 1653 -  8 Jul 1653  Vasile Nicolae Lupu (2nd time)    (s.a.)
 8 Jul 1653 -  3 Mar 1658  Gheorghe Ştefan Dumitraşcu        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
Mar 1658 -  2 Nov 1659     Gheorghe Ghica (Gíka)             (b. 1600 - d. 1664)
 2 Nov 1659 - 21 Nov 1659  Constantin Şerban Basarab         (b. 158. - d. 1661)
                             (1st time)
21 Nov 1659 - 17 Jan 1661  Ştefăniţă (Stefan) Lupu (1st time)(b. 1643 - d. 1661)
17 Jan 1661 - 16 Feb 1661  Constantin Şerban Basarab         (b. 158. - d. 1661)
                             (2nd time)
16 Feb 1661 - 19 Sep 1661  Ştefăniţă Lupu (2nd time)         (s.a.)
19 Sep 1661 - 1661         .... (acting)               
1661 - 11 Sep 1665         Eustraţie Dabijea                 (b. 16.. - d. 1665)
11 Sep 1665 - Nov 1665     .... (acting)             
Nov 1665 - 24 May 1666     Gheorghe Duca (Doúkas)(1st time)  (b. 16.. - d. 1685)
24 May 1666 -  8 Nov 1668  Iliaş Alexandru       
 8 Dec 1668 - 10 Aug 1672  Gheorghe Duca (2nd time)          (s.a.)
10 Aug 1672 - 23 Nov 1673  Ştefan Toader Petriceicu          (b. 16.. - d. 1690)
                             (1st time)
23 Nov 1673 - Dec 1675     Dumitraşcu Cantacuzino (1st time) (b. 1648 - d. 1685)
                             (Kantakouzinós)
Dec 1675 -  6 Dec 1678     Antonie Lascaris Ruset            (b. c.1615 - d. 1685)
                             (= Antonio Rosetti) 
 6 Dec 1678 - 25 Dec 1683  Gheorghe Duca (3rd time)          (s.a.) 
25 Dec 1683 - 29 Mar 1684  Ştefan Toader Petriceicu          (s.a.)   
                             (2nd time)
29 Mar 1684 - Jun 1685     Dumitraşcu Cantacuzino (2nd time) (s.a.)
Jun 1685 -  5 Jul 1685     Ioan Racoviţă (acting)  
 5 Jul 1685 - 17 Mar 1693  Constantin Toader Cantemir        (b. 1612 - d. 1693)
17 Mar 1693 - 19 Mar 1693  .... (acting)  
19 Mar 1693 - Apr 1693     Dumitraşcu Constantin Cantemir    (b. 1673 - d. 1723)
Apr 1693 - 24 Jun 1693     Constantin Gheorghe Duca
Dec 1695 - Jan 1696        Princely Lieutenants
                           - Tudosie Dubău 
                           - Bogdan   
                           - Iordache Ruset 
Jan 1696 - 14 Sep 1700     Antioh Cantemir (1st time)        (b. 166. - d. 1726)
14 Sep 1700 - 15 Jun 1703  Constantin Gheorghe Duca
15 Jun 1703 - 20 Nov 1703  Ioan Buhuş (1st time)(acting)
20 Nov 1703 - 12 Feb 1705  Mihai Ioan Racoviţă (1st time)    (b. 167. - d. 1744) 
12 Feb 1705 - 21 May 1705  Lupu Bogdan (acting)
21 May 1705 - Jul 1707     Antioh Cantemir (2nd time)        (s.a.)
Jul 1707 - 13 Nov 1707     Princely Lieutenants
                           - Iordache Ruset  
                           - Ion Neculce 
                           - Ilie Cantacuzino
                           - Ilie Catargiu 
13 Nov 1707 - 17 Oct 1709  Mihai Ioan Racoviţă (2nd time)    (s.a.)
17 Oct 1709 - 25 Jan 1710  Ioan Buhuş (2nd time)(acting)
25 Jan 1710 - 23 Nov 1710  Nicolae Alexandru Mavrocordat     (b. 1680 - d. 1730)
                             (1st time)
23 Nov 1710 - 10 Dec 1710  Iordache Ruset (acting)  
10 Dec 1710 - 11 Jul 1711  Dimitrie Cantemir                 (b. 1673 - d. 1723)             
11 Jul 1711 -  9 Sep 1711  Princely Lieutenants
                           - .... (11 Jul - 1 Aug 1711)
                           - Lupu Gavril Costachi   
                              (1 Aug - 9 Sep 1711)     
                           - Maxut (1 Aug - 9 Sep 1711)  
                           - Antioh Jora
                              (1 Aug - 9 Sep 1711)     
                           - Gheorghe Apostol  
                              (10 Sep - 26 Sep 1711)
                           - Ioan Alexandru Mavrocordat      (b. 1684 - d. 1719)
                              (26 Sep - 8 Nov 1711)
 8 Nov 1711 - Jan 1716     Nicolae Alexandru Mavrocordat     (b. 1680 - d. 1730)
Jan 1716 - 12 Feb 1716     .... (acting)
12 Feb 1716 - Oct 1726     Mihai Ioan Racoviţă (3rd time)    (s.a.)  
Oct 1726 - 18 Dec 1726     Constantin Costache   
                           + Sandu Sturdza
                           (acting)
18 Dec 1726 - 13 Apr 1733  Grigore Matei Ghica (1st time)    (b. 1690 - d. 1752)
13 Apr 1733 -  7 May 1733  .... (acting)               
 7 May 1733 - Nov 1735     Constantin Nicolae Mavrocordat    (b. 1711 - d. 1769)
                             (1st time)
Nov 1735 - 13 Sep 1741     Grigore Matei Ghica (2nd time)    (s.a.)
14 Sep 1739 - Oct 1739     Burkhard Christoph Graf von       (b. 1683 - d. 1767)
                             Münnich
                             (Graf Khristofor Antonovich Minikh)
                             (Russian military commander)
13 Sep 1741 -  1 Oct 1741  .... (acting)    
 1 Oct 1741 - 20 Jul 1743  Constantin Nicolae Mavrocordat    (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
20 Jul 1743 - May 1747     Ioan Nicolae Mavrocordat          (b. 1712 - d. 1747)
May 1747 - 10 Jul 1747     .... (acting)
10 Jul 1747 - Apr 1748     Grigore Matei Ghica (3rd time)    (s.a.)     
Apr 1748 - Sep 1749        Constantin Nicolae Mavrocordat    (s.a.)
                             (3rd time) 
Sep 1749 - Dec 1749        Iordache Stavarache (acting)       
Dec 1749 - Jul 1753        Constantin Mihail Racoviţă        (b. 170. - d. 1764)
                             (1st time)
Jul 1753 - Mar 1756        Matei Grigore Ghica               (b. 1715 - d. 1761)
Mar 1756 - Mar 1757        Constantin Mihail Racoviţă        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
Mar 1757 - Mar 1757        Dumitraşcu Sturdza (acting)
Mar 1757 - Aug 1758        Scarlat Grigore Ghica             (b. 171. - d. 1766)
Aug 1758 - Aug 1758        Vidale (acting)  
Aug 1758 - Jun 1761        Ioan Theodor Callimachi (Calimah) (b. 1700 - d. 1762)
Jun 1761 - Mar 1764        Grigore Ioan Callimachi (Calimah) (b. 1723 - d. 1769)
                             (1st time)
Mar 1764 - Mar 1767        Grigore Alexandru Ghica (1st time)(b. 1724 - d. 1777)
Mar 1767 - Jun 1769        Grigore Ioan Callimachi (2nd time)(b. 1723 - d. 1769)
18 Jun 1769 - 26 Sep 1769  Constantin Nicloae Mavrocordat    (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
26 Sep 1769 - Jan 1770     Knyaz' Aleksandr Aleksandrovich   (b. 1733 - d. 1809)
                             Prozorovskiy      
                            (Russian military commander)
Jan 1770 - Oct 1770        Semyon Pavlovich Chernoyevich     (d. 1772)
                            (Russian president of Divan of Moldavia)
Oct 1770 - Feb 1771        Andrey Ivanovich Meder ?          (d. 1792)
                            (Russian president of Divan of Moldavia)
Feb 1771 - 28 Sep 1774     Aleksandr Vasilyevich Rimskiy-    (b. 1729 - d. 1781)
                             Korsakov
                            (Russian president of Divan of Moldavia)
28 Sep 1774 -  1 Oct 1777  Grigore Alexandru Ghica (2nd time)(s.a.)
 1 Oct 1777 - 24 Nov 1777  .... (acting)         
24 Nov 1777 - Jun 1782     Constantin Dimitrie Moruzi        (b. 1730 - d. 1787)
Jun 1782 - 20 Jan 1785     Alexandru Constantin Mavrocordat  (b. 1742 - d. 1812) 
                             "Deli-bei"
20 Jan 1785 - Feb 1785     .... (acting)               
Feb 1785 - 1786            Alexandru Ioan Mavrocordat        (b. 1754 - d. 1819) 
                             "Firaris"
1786 - 15 Jan 1787         .... (acting)               
15 Jan 1787 -  8 Apr 1788  Alexandru Ioan Ipsilanti          (b. c.1726 - d. 1807)
 8 Apr 1788 -  7 Jul 1788  .... (acting)              
 7 Jul 1788 - Mar 1789     Emanuel "Manole" Giani-Ruset      (b. 1715 - d. 1794)
                            (from Oct 1788, under Russian-Austrian occupation)
Oct 1788 - 1789            Graf Aleksandr Vasiliyevich       (b. 1729 - d. 1800)
                             Suvorov (Russian military
                             commander in northern region)
                           - together with -
Oct 1788 - 14 Oct 1790     Friedrich Josias Prinz von
                             Sachsen-Coburg-Saalfeld         (b. 1737 - d. 1815)
                           (Austrian military administrator)
                           (in southern region)
bf.Sep 1789 - af.1790      Ivan Lavrentyevich Selunskiy   
                            (Russian president of Divan of Moldavia)
bf.Jun 1791 - 1792         Sergey Lazarevich Lashkarev       (b. 1739 - d. 1814)
                            (Russian president of Divan of Moldavia)
May 1789 -  6 Oct 1789     Franz Leopold Freiherr von        (b. 1746 - d.  1789)
                             Metzburg
                           (Austrian civil administrator)
1789 - 1790                Josef Graf von Brigido            (b. 1733 - d. 1817)
                           (Austrian civil administrator)
May 1792 -  4 Jan 1793     Alexandru Constantin Moruzi       (b. c.1750 - d. 1816)
                             (1st time)
 4 Jan 1793 - 22 May 1795  Mihai Constantin Suţu             (b. 1730 - d. 1803)
22 May 1795 - Apr 1799     Alexandru Ioan Callimachi         (b. 1737 - d. 1821)
Apr 1799 - Jul 1801        Constantin Alexandru Ipsilanti    (b. 1760 - d. 1816)
Jul 1801 - Sep 1802        Alexandru Nicolae Suţu            (b. 1758 - d. 1821)
Sep 1802 - 28 Oct 1802     Iordache Conta                    (b. 1740 - d. 1826)
                             (acting; title: kaymakam [caimacam])                             
28 Oct 1802 - Aug 1806     Alexandru Constantin Moruzi       (b. c.1750 - d. 1816)
Aug 1806 - 14 Oct 1806     .... (acting)               
14 Oct 1806 - Oct 1806     Scarlat Alexandru Callimachi      (b. 1773 - d. 1821)
                             (1st time)      
Oct 1806 - Mar 1807        Alexandru Constantin Moruzi       (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)(did not take the office)
Mar 1807 - Aug 1807        Alexandru Hangerli                (b. 1768 - d. 1854)
                             (did not take the office)
Russian Presidents of Divans of Moldavia and Wallachia
23 Nov 1806 - 1807         Ivan Ivanovich Mikhel'son         (b. 1740 - d. 1807)
                             (Johann von Michelsohnen)
                             (Russian military commander)
Jun 1807 - Dec 1807        Sergey Lazarevich Lashkarev       (s.a.)
Feb 1808 - Feb 1810        Sergey Sergeyevich Kushnikov      (b. 1765 - d. 1839)
May 1810 - Nov 1812        Vasiliy Ivanovich Krasno-         (b. 1752 - d. 1820)
                             Milashevich
Voivodes and Lords
Nov 1812 - 20 Jun 1819     Scarlat Alexandru Callimachi      (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
20 Jun 1819 - 29 Mar 1821  Mihail Grigore Suţu               (b. 1784 - d. 1864)
29 Mar 1821 - 15 Jun 1821  Metropolit Veniamin Costache      (b. 1768 - d. 1846)
                             (acting; title: kaymakam [caimacam])
29 Jun 1821 - 12 Oct 1822  Ştefan Vogoridi                   (b. 1774 - d. 1859)
                             (= Stojko Conkov Stojkov)
                             (Ottoman governor; title: kaymakam [caimacam])
12 Oct 1822 - 25 Apr 1828  Ioan Alexandru Sturdza (Sturza)   (b. 1761 - d. 1842)   
Russian Presidents of Divans of Moldavia and Wallachia
Apr 1828 -  2 Feb 1829     Graf Fyodor Petrovich Palen       (b. 1780 - d. 1863)
                             (Friedrich Alexander Graf von der Pahlen)
 2 Feb 1829 - 14 Sep 1829  Pyotr Fyodorovich Zheltukhin      (b. 1777 - d. 1829)
24 Nov 1829 - Jul 1834     Pavel Dmitriyevich Kiselev        (b. 1788 - d. 1872)
Voivodes and Lords
15 Jul 1834 - 22 Jun 1849  Mihai Grigore Sturdza (Sturza)    (b. 1794 - d. 1884)   
22 Jun 1849 - 18 Oct 1853  Grigorie Alexandru Ghica (Ghika)  (b. 1807 - d. 1857)
                             (1st time)
18 Oct 1853 - 21 Nov 1853  Constantin Sandu Sturdza (1st time)
                             (president of Extraordinary Administrative Council)
Russian Vice Presidents of the Administrative Council (Divan) of Moldavia
(subject to the president in Wallachia)
21 Nov 1853 - 1853         Knyaz' Mikhail Aleksandrovich     (b. 1802 - d. 1883)
                             Urusov 
1853 -  2 Sep 1854         Graf Karl Ivanovich Osten-Saken   (b. 1787 - d. 1855)
                             (Karl Graf von der Osten, gen. Sacken)
Voivodes and Lords
 2 Sep 1854 -  7 Oct 1854  Constantin Sandu Sturdza (2nd time)
                            (president of Extraordinary Administrative Council)
Sep 1854 - 25 Mar 1856     Johann Baptist Alexius Graf       (b. 1794 - d. 1880)
                             Coronini-Cronberg          
                           (Austrian Military Governor)
Sep 1854 - 25 Mar 1856     Eduard Freiherr von Bach          (b. 1815 - d. 1884)
                           (Austrian Civil Commissioner)
Voivodes
 7 Oct 1854 -  3 Jul 1856  Grigorie Alexandru Ghica (Ghika)  (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)   
 3 Jul 1856 - 11 Jul 1856  Ştefan Constantin Catargiu        (b. 1789 - d. 1866)
                             (president of Extraordinary Administrative Council)
11 Jul 1856 - 17 Feb 1857  Teodor Nicolae Balş               (b. 1805 - d. 1857)
                             (Princely Lieutenant)
15 Feb 1857 - 23 Feb 1857  Nicolae Ioan Cantacuzino          (b. 1790 - d. 1857)
                             (president of Extraordinary Administrative Council)
23 Feb 1857 - 19 Oct 1858  Nicolae Ştefan Conachi-Vogoridi   (b. 1820 - d. 1863)
                             "Bĕizade"
                             (Princely Lieutenant)
19 Oct 1858 -  5 Jan 1859  Princely Lieutenancy
                           - Ştefan Constantin Catargiu      (s.a.) 
                               (to 20 Dec 1858)
                           - Vasile Constantin Sturdza       (b. 1810 - d. 1870)
                           - Anastasie Panaiotache Panu      (b. 1810 - d. 1867)
                           - Ioan Alexandru Cantacuzino-     (b. 1829 - d. 1897)
                              Paşcanu (from 22 Dec 1858)
 5 Jan 1859 - 22 Jan 1862  Alexandru Ioan I Cuza             (b. 1820 - d. 1873)

Presidents of the Council of Ministers (Prime ministers)
17 Jan 1859 -  8 Mar 1859  Vasile Constantin Sturdza         (s.a.)             
 8 Mar 1859 - 27 Apr 1859  Ion Dimitrie Ghica (Ghika)        (b. 1817 - d. 1897)  Lib  
27 Apr 1859 - 30 Apr 1860  Emanoil Costache Ioan Epureanu    (b. 1824 - d. 1880)  Lib  
30 Apr 1860 - 17 Jan 1861  Mihail Ilie Kogălniceanu          (b. 1817 - d. 1891)  Lib
                             (Cogalniceanu)  
17 Jan 1861 - 23 Sep 1861  Anastasie Panaiotache Panu        (b. 1810 - d. 1867)  
23 Sep 1861 -  5 Oct 1861  Vacant                  
 5 Oct 1861 - 22 Jan 1862  Alexandru Constantin Moruzi       (b. 1805 - d. 1873) 
                             (Murusi)
14 Jan 1862 - 22 Jan 1862  Ioan Nicolae Cantacuzino-         (b. c.1820 - d. 18..) 
                             Măgureanu (acting for Moruzi)

Party abbreviation: Lib = Liberal

Noble and Ecclesiastical Titles: Freiherr = Baron; Graf = Count; Fürst, Knyaz', Principe, Prinz = Prince.

 ¹usual translation of the title: Din Mila lui Dumnezeu, Voievod si Domn al Ţării Moldovei ("by the grace of God, Voivode and Lord of the Moldavian Land").

c.376 – 454                Ruled by the Huns.
454 – 567                  Part of the kingdom of the Gepids (Gepidia).
567 – c.827                Part of the Avar khanate.
c.827 - 895                Part of Bulgaria.
895                        Magyar (Hungarians) migrations into the area begin. 
1070 - 1170                Transylvania progressively attached to the Hungarian kingdom. 
1176                       First governor with the style voivode - vajda (in Hungarian) or
                             voyvoda (in Latin) recorded; this later style becomes standard. 
1176 - 1526                A political structure emerges in which the vajda, appointed  
                             by the Hungarian king, becomes progressively autonomous 
                             and an increasingly powerful diet is formed in which the 
                             "three nations" - Magyars, Széklers, and Saxons - are 
                             represented; the Magyars (Hungarians) include most of the
                             nobility; the Széklers, although ethnically related to the
                             Magyars, are of debated origins; the Saxons are the descendants
                             of the German settlers; the Romanian (mostly peasant) population
                             had no political participation.
1211 - Aug 1225            German Teutonic Order (Deutscher Orden) is asked to colonize and
                             Christianize the area by the Hungarian kings, their colony is
                             based in Kronstadt (modern Braşov). The German name for
                             Transylvania - Siebenbürgen ("seven fortresses") is derived
                             from the Saxons' seven cities in the region.
Apr 1241 - 1243            Mongol army invades, then withdraws. 
29 Feb 1528 - 26 Jan 1699  Transylvania under suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire.
24 Feb 1538                Hungarian civil war terminated by the Treaty of Nagyvárad
                             (or Grosswardein), both parties (Habsburg Archduke Ferdinand I
                             and former voivode of Transylvania János Szápolyai or Zápolyai) 
                             are recognized and both keep the title "king of Hungary" and
                             their current territories (Szápolyai in eastern and Ferdinand in
                             western or royal Hungary), the potential Szápolyai heir becomes
                             a "duke" only (peace ratified 10 Jun 1538).
22 Jul 1540                János Zsigmond Szápolyai (or Zápolyai), inherits his father's
                             claim to the crown of Hungary (in contention with Ferdinand I of
                             Austria). Contrary to 1538 agreement János is subsequently
                             elected king of Hungary as János II, with his mother Izabela as
                             regent, however he remains uncrowned.
29 Aug 1541                Ottoman rule in Buda (Ofen) by submission. Danube/Tisza becomes an
                             Ottoman province, the Ottoman intervention reduces the Habsburg
                             sphere and the area beyond Tisza River remains under Transylvania
                             rule under János II (in opposition to Ferdinand).
29 Dec 1541                Hungary to be reunited under Habsburg dynasty, agreement is voided
                             on 20 Dec 1542 by the Diet of Transylvania.
19 Jul 1551 - 22 Oct 1556  Earlier agreements for reunification with royal Hungary implemented
16 Aug 1570                János Zsigmond Szápolyai, keeps the of title king-elect of Hungary
                             for life, but his successors are to be styled "Princes of
                             Transylvania" (Erdélyi Fejedelem) by the Treaty of Speyer.
23 Dec 1597 - 20 Aug 1598  Abdication and Austrian administration (effected 10 Jun 1598). 
 1 Nov 1599 - 20 Sep 1600  Occupied by Wallachia (Gyulafehérvár/Alba Iulia occupied).
20 Sep 1600                Austria occupies Gyulafehérvár/Alba Iulia.
29 Jun 1602                Abdication and Austrian administration (effected 26 Jul 1602).
Apr 1661                   Diet of Transylvania renounces Ottoman suzerainty.
 9 May 1688                Prince and Diet recognize Austrian/Hungarian suzerainty by Treaty
                             of Hermannstadt.
16 Oct 1690                Emperor Leopold decrees the Diploma Leopoldinum, which affiliated
                             the Transylvanian territory with the Habsburg monarchy.
26 Jan 1699                By Treaty of Karlowitz, the Principality of Transylvania remains
                             nominally independent, but is subjected to the direct rule of
                             Austrian governors ending Ottoman suzerainty over Transylvania.
29 Apr 1711                Treaty of Szatmár between Emperor Karl VI, the Hungarian estates
                             and the Kuruc rebels recognizing Habsburg suzerainty and formally
                             ending Rákóczi's War of Independence, which began 15 Jun 1703.
30 Mar 1722                Diet accepts the pragmatic sanction and Transylvania formally
                             becomes hereditary principality under the house of Habsburg
                             (from 29 Nov 1780, Habsburg-Lothringen).
 2 Nov 1765                Maria Theresia, queen of Hungary, princess of Transylvania,
                             transforms Transylvania into a Grand Principality
                             (Grossfürstentum Siebenbürgen/Erdélyi Nagyfejedelemség).
30 May 1848                Transylvania unified with Hungary (emperor-king sanctions the
                             union on 10 Jun 1848, however it is ultimately not implemented).
18 Oct 1848 - 11 Mar 1849  Austrian military administration.
11 Mar 1849 - 21 Jul 1849  Hungarian occupation of Hermannstadt.
21 Jul 1849 - 26 Aug 1849  Russian occupation of Hermannstadt.
17 Aug 1849                Crownland of Transylvania (Kronland Siebenbürgen/Erdély
                             koronatartomány) under Austrian administration.
1851                       Transylvania Military Frontier (created in 1764) dis-established
                             (see Military Frontier under Croatia).
10 Mar 1867                Hungarian personal union with Austria fully restored by Hungarian
                             constitution of 17 Feb 1867, the Emperor-King preserving the
                             style of Grand Prince of Transylvania.
 6 Dec 1868                Formal unification with Hungary, effective 1 May 1869 (separate
                             royal commission abolished in 1872).
27 Aug 1916 - 13 Oct 1916  Rumanian occupation of eastern Transylvania (including Fogaras/
                             Făgăraş, Csíkszereda/Szeklerburg and Kronstadt/Brassó). 
31 Oct 1918                Central Romanian National Council established at Arad.
13 Nov 1918                Kingdom of Hungary enters into dissolution.
 1 Dec 1918                Transylvania declares independence.
11 Jan 1919                Transylvania incorporated into Rumania (autonomous to 4 Apr 1920).
 4 Jun 1920                Formally ceded to Romania by Hungary in the Treaty of Trianon.
30 Aug 1940                Under German pressure a major part of Transylvania is
                             retroceded to Hungary.
21 Sep 1944 -  9 Apr 1945  Soviet occupation of northern Transylvania (German and Hungarian
                             forces fully expelled 25 Oct 1944).
15 Sep 1947                Retroceded part of Transylvania is de jure returned to Rumania
                             (de facto since 11 Mar 1945).
24 Sep 1952 - 16 Feb 1968  Autonomous Hungarian Region, in part of Transylvania (within
                             the Rumanian People's Republic)(see below).  

Voivodes (vajda)
c.1176 – c.1196            Leustachius
                             (= Leusták Rátót)
1199 – 1200                Legforus (= Szegfor)               (d. af.1200)
1200 – 1201                Eth (= Écs)                        (d. af.1215)
1201 – 1202                Gyula Kán (= Iula)(1st time)       (d. 1237)
1202 – 1206                Benedek (= Benedict) (1st time)    (d. af.1221)
1206 – 1208                Smaragd (= Smaragdus)              (d. af.1223)
1208 – 1209                Benedek (2nd time)                 (s.a.)
1209 – 1212                Mihály Kacsics                     (d. af.1228)
1212 – 1213                Berthold Graf von Andechs-Meran,   (b. c.1180 – d. 1251)
                             Erzbischof von Kalocsa
1213 – 1214                Miklós
1214 – 1215                Gyula Kán (2nd time)               (s.a.)
1215 – 1216                Simon                              (d. af.1228)
1217 – 1218                Ipoch Bogátradvány (= Hippolyt)    (d. af.1222)
1219 – 1221                Neuka (= Nevke, Leuka)             (d. af.1221)
1221 – 122.                Pál Péter
1226 – 1229                Béla
1229 – 1231                Gyula Rátót                        (d. 1239)
1231 – 1234                Dénes Tomaj (= Dionysius)
1234 – 1235                Andor Szerafin                     (d. 1241)
1235 – 31 Mar 1241         Pósa Csáki (= Pousa)               (d. 1241)
Apr 1241 – 1243            Sayban –Mongol governor
1243 – 1252                Lörinc (= Laurentius)              (d. 1265/66)
1258 – 1261                Ernye Ákos                         (b. c.1225 - d. 1275)
1261                       Csák Hahót                         (d. af.1269)
May 1263 – 1264            László Kán (= Ladislaus)(1st time) (d. 12878)
1264 – Jun 1270            Miklós Gut-Keled
Jun 1270 – Aug 1272        Máté Csák (= Matthäus Csák)        (b. c.1235 - d. 1283/84)
                             (1st time)
Sep 1272 – May 1273        Miklós Geregye (1st time)          (d. af.1279)
May 1273 – Jun 1273        János Kőszegi
Jun 1273 – Sep 1274        Miklós Geregye (2nd time)          (s.a.)
Sep 1274 – Jul 1275        Máté Csák (2nd time)               (s.a.)
Jul 1275 – Dec 1275        László Kán (2nd time)              (s.a.)
Dec 1275 – Aug 1276        Ugrin Csák (= Ugrinus)             (d. 1311)
Aug 1276 – Oct 1277        Máté Csák (3rd time)               (s.a.)
Nov 1277 – 1278            Miklós Pok (1st time)              (b. c.1245 - d. 1319)
1278 – Mar 1279            Finta Alba                         (d. 1287)
Mar 1279 – 1280            István Tekus    
1280 – 1281                Miklós Pok (2nd time)              (s.a.)
1281 – 1283                Lóránd Borsa (1st time)            (d. 1301)
                             (= Roland Borşa)
1283 – Jan 1284            Apor Péc                           (d. 1307)
Jan 1284 – Jun 1285        Lóránd Borsa (2nd time)            (s.a.)
Jun 1285 – 1287            ....
1287 - 1288                Mojs (Moyus Ákos)                  (d. af.1299)
Jun 1288 – Jul 1293        Lóránd Borsa (3rd time)            (s.a.)
Jul 1293 – Jun 1296        ....
Jun 1296 – Aug 1315        László Kán                         (d. 1315)
Aug 1315 – Jun 1318        Miklós Meggyesi                    (d. 1319)
Jun 1318 – Nov 1321        Dózsa Debreceni                    (b. 1291 - d. 1322)
                             (= Dosa von Debrecen)
Apr 1322 – Aug 1342        Tamás Szécsény                     (b. c.1285 – d. 1354)
Nov 1342 – Jun 1344        Miklós Sirokai                     (d. 1355/58)
                             (= Nikolaus von Siroka)   
Jul 1344 – 1350            István I Lackfi                    (b. c.1310 - d. 1359)
1350 – Feb 1351            István (= Stefan von Ungarn)
Feb 1351 – 1351            Tamás Gönyüi (= Tomas Cór)
1351 – Mar 1356            Miklós Kont                        (d. 1367)
Apr 1356 – Oct 1359        András Lackfi
Nov 1359 – Jan 1367        Dénes Lackfi
Mar 1367 – Jan 1368        Miklós Lackfi
Feb 1368 – Sep 1372        Imre Lackfi
Feb 1373 – Apr 1376        István II Lackfi                   (b. 1340 - d. 1397)
Jun 1376 – Dec 1391        László Losonczi                    (d. 1392)
Mar 1392 – Sep 1393        Imre Bebek (= Emeric Bebek)        (d. 1395)
Oct 1393 – Sep 1395        Ferenc Szécsényi                   (d. 1408)
Oct 1395 – Apr 1401        Stibor Stiboriczi (1st time)       (b. c.1348 – d. 1414)
                             (= Stibor de Stiboricz)
Apr 1401 – May 1403        Miklós Csáky (1st time)            (d. 1426)
May 1403 – Oct 1403        Miklós Marcali                     (d. 1413)
Oct 1403 – Dec 1409        Janós Tamasi
Dec 1409 – Feb 1410        Jakab Szántai Lack
Feb 1410 – Feb 1414        Stibor Stiboriczi (2nd time)       (s.a.)
1414 - Oct 1414            Vacant
Oct 1414 – 1426            Miklós Csáky (2nd time)            (s.a.)
1426 – 1435                László Csáky
1435 – Jan 1438            Péter Lévai Cseh
Jan 1438 – 1440            Dezsö Losonczi
                             (= Desiderius Losonczi)
1440 – Mar 1441            László Jakcs
Mar 1441 – Jun 1446        Janós Hunyadi (1st time)           (b. 1407 – d. 1456)
                             (= Iancu de Hunedoara)(in Szörény)
Jun 1446 – May 1449        Imre Bebek                         (d. 1449)
Jun 1447 - Apr 1448        Miklós Újlaki (1st time)           (b. 1410 – d. 1477)
                             (= Nikola Iločki)
Apr 1447 – May 1449        Janós Hunyadi (2nd time)           (s.a.)
May 1449 – 1458            Miklós Újlaki (2nd time)           (s.a.)
May 1449 – 1460            János Rozgonyi                     (d. 1471)
1458 – Apr 1460            Sebestyén Rozgonyi (1st time)      (d. 1461)
                             (= Sebastian de Rozgony)
1460 – Apr 1460            László Kanizsai                    (d. 1477/78)
Apr 1460 – Apr 1461        Mihai Szilágyi (acting)
Apr 1461 – Sep 1461        Sebestyén Rozgonyi (2nd time)      (s.a.)
1462 – 1465                Miklós Újlaki (3rd time)           (s.a.)
                           + Janós Pongrácz (1st time)        (d. 1476)
1465 – Oct 1467            Janós gróf Szentgyörgyi            (d. 1492)
1465 – 1467                Zsigmond Szentgyörgyi              (d. 1493)
1465 – 1468                Berthold Elderbach (Ellerbach)     (d. 1470/71)
1468 – 1472                Janós Pongrácz (2nd time)          (s.a.)
                           + Miklós Csupor
Nov 1472 – Jan 1475        Balázs Magyar                      (d. 1490)
                             (= Blasius Magyar)
Feb 1475 – 1476            Janós Pongrácz (3rd time)          (s.a.)
1476 – Mar 1479            Péter Geréb
Jul 1479 – Jan 1493        István Báthory                     (b. 1430 – d. 1493)
Jan 1493 – 1495            László Losonczi
Jan 1493 – 1499            Bertalan Drágffy                   (b. 1447 - d. 1501)
                             (= Bartholomaeus Drágfi)
1499 – 10 Nov 1510         Péter Szentgyörgyi   
10 Nov 1510 – 10 Nov 1526  János Szápolyai (Zápolyai)         (b. 1487 – d. 1540)
10 Nov 1526 – 1529         Péter Perényi                      (b. 1502 – d. 1548)
1529 – 1534                István Báthory                     (b. 1477 – d. 1534)
1530 – 1531                Bálint Török (acting)              (b. 1502 – d. 1551)
1531 – 1534                Jeromos Laszky (acting)            (b. 1496 – d. 1541)
                             (= Hieronymus Laski)
1534 – Aug 1534            Imre Cibak (or Imre Balassa)
Aug 1534 – 29 Aug 1540     István Majláth (Maylád)            (d. 1595)
Kings-Elect (of Hungary)
22 Jul 1540 - 13 Sep 1540  Izabela (Ysabella)(f) -Regent      (b. 1519 - d. 1559)      
                             (1st time)
13 Sep 1540 - 21 Jul 1551  János II (1st time)                (b. 1540 - d. 1571)
                             (= János Zsigmond Szápolyai [Zápolyai])
13 Sep 1540 - 21 Jul 1551  Izabela (f) -Regent (2nd time)     (s.a.)
Captains-general
29 Aug 1540 - Oct 1540     Imre Balassa gyarmathi             (b. 149. - d. 1550)
29 Aug 1540- 20 Jul 1541   István Majláth (Maylád)            (b. 1502 - d. 1550)
Royal Governor
20 Jan 1542 - 21 Jul 1551  György, püspök Nagyváradi          (b. 1482 - d. 1551) 
Austrian Governor-general
21 Jul 1551 - Mar 1553     Giovanni Battista Castaldo         (b. 1493 - d. 1563)
Voivodes
1552 - 26 May 1553         András Bathóry ecsedi              (b. 148. - d. 1563)
26 May 1553 - Sep 1556     Ferencz Kendi szentiváni           (b. 150. - d. 1558)
26 May 1553 - 26 Nov 1556  István báró Dobó ruszkai           (b. 1502? - d. 1572)    
King-Elect (of Hungary)
22 Oct 1556 - 14 Mar 1571  János II (2nd time)                (s.a.)
22 Oct 1556 - 15 Sep 1559  Izabela (f) -Regent (3rd time)     (s.a.)
14 Mar 1571 - 25 May 1571  .... (acting)  
Prince¹
25 May 1571 - 12 Dec 1586  István Báthory somlyói             (b. 1533 - d. 1586)
                             (from 16 Feb 1576, King of Poland Stefan)
1574 - 1575                Gáspár Békés kornyátai             (b. 1520 - d. 1580)
                             (in dissidence)
Voivodes
28 Jan 1576 - 27 May 1581  Kristóf Báthory somlyói            (b. 1530 - d. 1581)    
27 May 1581 -  8 Dec 1588  Zsigmond Báthory somlyói           (b. 1572 - d. 1613)
 1 May 1585 -  8 Dec 1588  János Giczy (Géczy)                (b. 15.. - d. 1589) 
                             (acting for absent Zsigmond Báthory)
Prince¹
 8 Dec 1588 - 10 Apr 1598  Zsigmond Báthory somlyói (1st time)(s.a.)
Austrian governor
10 Apr 1598 - 20 Aug 1598  Maximilian (III) Erzherzog von     (b. 1558 - d. 1618)
                             Österreich
10 Apr 1598 - 20 Aug 1598  Maria Christina Erzherzogin von    (b. 1574 - d. 1621)
                             Österreich (f) -Regent
10 Apr 1598 - 15 Aug 1598  Royal Commissioners
                           - Miklós Istvánffy baranyavári és  (b. 1538 - d. 1615)
                               kiasszonyfalvi                
                           - István Szuhai, püspök Váci       (b. 1551 - d. 1608)
                               (= Štefan Szuhay)
                           - Bartholomeus Pezzen von          (b. 155. - d. 1605)
                               Ulrichskirchen
Princes¹
20 Aug 1598 - 28 Mar 1599  Zsigmond Báthory somlyói (2nd time)(s.a.)
28 Mar 1599 - 31 Oct 1599  András bíboros Báthory somlyói     (b. 1563 - d. 1599)
Austrian Governor
 1 Nov 1599 - 20 Sep 1600  Mihail voevoda                     (b. 1558 - d. 1601)
                             (= Mihai "Viteazul", Mihály Vitéz)
Supreme Commissioner
20 Sep 1600 -  3 Apr 1601  Giorgio Basta Graf zu Hust (Huzt)  (b. 1550 - d. 1607)
Prince¹
 3 Apr 1601 - 26 Jul 1602  Zsigmond Báthory somlyói (3rd time)(s.a.)
 9 May 1603 - 17 Jul 1603  Mózes Székely seménfalvai          (b. 1550? - d. 1603)
                             (= Moyses Zekely) (in dissidence)
Austrian Captain-general (from 1603, Governor and captain-general)
26 Jul 1602 - 21 Feb 1605  Giorgio Basta Graf zu Hust         (s.a.)
 7 Apr 1604 - 1604         Tommaso conte di Capreoli(Capriolo)(b. 1575 - d. 1608)   
                             (acting for absent Hust)
Jun 1604 - 21 Feb 1605     Commissioners
                           - Johann Paul Krauss von Kraussenegg
                               zu Vesendorf (to ... 1604)     (b. 15.. - d. 1617)
                           - Georg Hoffmann                   (b. 157. - d. 16..)
                           - Carl Im-Hoff auf Malmspach       (b. 1555 - d. 1619)
                           - Albrecht Huett (from Aug 1604)   (b. 1537 - d. 1607)
                           - Johann Rhener (from ... 1604)    (b. 15.. - d. 1625)
                           (acting for absent Hust)
Princes¹   
21 Feb 1605 - 29 Dec 1606  István Bocskai bocskói-kismarjai   (b. 1557 - d. 1606)
14 Sep 1605 -  7 Mar 1608  Zsigmond báró Rákóczi felsövadászi (b. 1544 - d. 1608)
                             (acting to 8 Feb 1607)
1606 - 1607                Bálint Drugeth homonnai            (b. 1577 - d. 1609)
                             (in dissidence)
 7 Mar 1608 - 22 Oct 1613  Gábor Báthory somlyói              (b. 1589 - d. 1613)
23 Oct 1613 - 15 Nov 1629  Gábor Bethlen iktári               (b. 1580 - d. 1629)
16 Nov 1629 - 28 Sep 1630  Catharina Bethlen (f) -Regent      (b. 1602 - d. 1649)
                             (= Katharina von Brandenburg)
28 Sep 1630 - 26 Nov 1630  István Bethlen iktári              (b. 1584 - d. 1648)
26 Nov 1630 - 11 Oct 1648  György báró Rákóczi felsövadászi   (b. 1593 - d. 1648)
11 Oct 1648 -  2 Nov 1657  György II báró Rákóczi (Rákóczy)   (b. 1621 - d. 1660)
                             felsövadászi (1st time)
17 Jan 1657 -  2 Nov 1657  Ferenc Rhédey kisrédei             (b. 1610 - d. 1667)
                           + István Serédi (Serédy) (to 1657) (b. 16.. - d. 1657) 
                           + Ákos Barcsay nagybarcsai         (b. 1619 - d. 1661)
                           (acting)
 2 Nov 1657 - 14 Jan 1658  Ferenc Rhédey kisrédei             (s.a.)
14 Jan 1658 - 11 Oct 1658  György II báró Rákóczi             (s.a.)
                             felsövadászi (2nd time)
16 Jun 1658 - 11 Oct 1658  Ákos Barcsay nagybarcsai           (s.a.)
                           + István Petki (Petky) királyhalmi (b. c.1601 - d. 1667)
                           + Michael Hermann                  (b. 1602 - d. 1660)
                           (acting)
11 Oct 1658 - 31 Dec 1660  Ákos Barcsay nagybarcsai           (s.a.)
                             (= Achatius Barcsai)
24 Sep 1659 -  7 Jun 1660  György II báró Rákóczi             (s.a.)
                             felsövadászi (3rd time)
                             (in dissidence)
 1 Jan 1661 - 23 Jan 1662  János Kemény gyerö-monostori       (b. 1607 - d. 1662)
14 Sep 1661 - 15 Apr 1690  Mihály Apafi apa-nagyfalvai        (b. 1632 - d. 1690)
                             (in dissidence to 23 Jan 1662)
15 Apr 1690 -  1 Jun 1696  Mihály II Apafi apa-nagyfalvai     (b. 1676 - d. 1713)
 8 Jun 1690 - 25 Oct 1690  Imre gróf Thököly késmárkai        (b. 1657 - d. 1705)
                             (in dissidence)
 8 Jul 1704 - 14 Nov 1711  Ferenc II Lipót Rákóczi de         (b. 1676 - d. 1735)
                             felsövadászi (in dissidence)
Governors
 9 Apr 1692 - 15 Nov 1707  György gróf Bánffy losonczi        (b. 1661 - d. 1707)
15 Nov 1707 - 1709         .... (acting) 
1709 -  2 May 1710         István Haller hallerköi            (b. 164. - d. 1710)
                             (president of the diet)
1710 -  1 Jul 1713         István báró Wesselényi hadadi      (b. 1674 - d. 1734)
                             (1st time)(president of the diet)
 1 Jul 1713 - 15 Dec 1731  Zsigmond gróf Kornis gönczruszkai  (b. 1677 - d. 1731)
15 Dec 1731 - Jul 1732     István báró Wesselényi hadadi      (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(president of the diet)
Jul 1732 -  2 Dec 1734     Franz Anton Paul Graf Wallis       (b. 1678 - d. 1737)
                             (president of the government)
 2 Dec 1734 - 18 Oct 1755  János gróf Haller hallerköi        (b. 169. - d. 1755)
18 Oct 1755 - Dec 1755     .... (acting) 
18 Oct 1755 - 1757         Franz Wenzel Graf Wallis (acting)  (b. 1696 - d. 1774)
1757 - 27 Aug 1758         .... (acting)
27 Aug 1758 - 17 May 1762  László gróf Kemény magyar-         (b. 1709 - d. 1774)
                             gyerőmonostori
                             (president of the government)
17 May 1762 - 18 May 1764  Adolf Nicolaus Freiherr von Buccow (b. 1712 - d. 1764)
                             (president of the government)
18 May 1764 -  7 Aug 1764  .... (acting) 
 7 Aug 1764 -  4 Feb 1768  András gróf Hadik futaki           (b. 1710 - d. 1790)
                             (president of the government)
 4 Feb 1768 - 27 Mar 1768  .... (acting) 
27 Mar 1768 - 28 Sep 1770  Carl Claudius Graf von O'Donell    (b. 1715 - d. 1771)
                             (president of the government)
28 Sep 1770 - 13 Jan 1771  .... (acting) 
 1 May 1771 -  6 Jul 1774  Joseph Maria Graf Auersperg        (b. 1723 - d. 1806)
Aug 1774 -  9 Jan 1787     Samuel Brekner Freiherr von        (b. 1721 - d. 1803)
                             Brukenthal 
                             (president of the government to 12 Nov 1777)
 9 Jan 1787 - 21 May 1787  .... (acting)
21 May 1787 -  5 Jul 1822  György gróf Bánffy losonczi        (b. 1747 - d. 1822)
 5 Jul 1822 - Nov 1834     János báró Jósika branyicskai      (b. 1778 - d. 1843)
                             (president of the government to 25 Nov 1822)
Nov 1834 - 15 Aug 1840     János gróf Kornis gönczruszkai     (b. 1781 - d. 1840)
                             (president of the government to 30 Sep 1837)
15 Aug 1840 - 30 Mar 1842  Ádám gróf Rhédey kis-rhédei        (b. 1768 - d. 1849)
                             (president of the government)
30 Mar 1842 - 18 Oct 1848  József gróf Teleki széki           (b. 1790 - d. 1855)
14 Nov 1848 - 22 Dec 1848  Imre gróf Mikó hidvégi (1st time)  (b. 1805 - d. 1876)
                             (president of the government)
Austrian Commanding general in Transylvania
18 Oct 1848 - 11 Mar 1849  Anton Freiherr von Puchner         (b. 1779 - d. 1852)
Hungarian Commander (of the Transylvanian Army)
11 Mar 1849 - 21 Jul 1849  Józef Zachariasz Bem               (b. 1794 - d. 1850)
Russian Commander (of the 5th Infantry Corps)
21 Jul 1849 - 26 Aug 1849  Aleksandr Nikolayevich Graf Liders (b. 1790 - d. 1874)
                             (Lüders)
Austrian Civil and Military Governors
26 Aug 1849 - 18 Apr 1851  Ludwig Freiherr von Wohlgemuth     (b. 1788 - d. 1851)
24 Feb 1851 - 25 May 1851  József báró Kalliány kallyáni      (b. 1786 - d. 1859)
                            (acting [for Wohlgemuth to 18 Apr 1851])
25 May 1851 - 25 Jun 1858  Karl Borromäus Fürst zu            (b. 1802 - d. 1858)
                             Schwarzenberg
 6 Apr 1858 - 20 Sep 1858  Heinrich Freiherr von Lebzeltern   (b. 1810 - d. 1889)
                            (acting [for Schwarzenberg to 25 Jun 1858])
Governors
20 Sep 1858 - 23 May 1861  Friedrich Prinz zu Liechtenstein   (b. 1807 - d. 1885)
Dec 1860 -  7 Dec 1861     Imre gróf Mikó hidvégi (2nd time)  (s.a.)
                             (president of the government)
 7 Dec 1861 -  7 May 1867  Ludwig Graf Folliot de Crenneville (b. 1813 - d. 1876)
                             (president of the government)
15 Mar 1867 -  7 May 1867  Gusztáv Groisz (Gustav Groiss)     (b. 1811 - d. 1874)
                             (vice president of government acting for Graf Folliot)
Royal Commissioner
 7 May 1867 - 30 Sep 1872  Emanuel gróf Péchy pécsujfalusi    (b. 1813 - d. 1889)
30 Sep 1872 - 31 Oct 1918  direct rule by Hungary
President of the Central Romanian National Council (at Arad)
31 Oct 1918 -  1 Dec 1918  Ştefan Cicio-Pop                   (b. 1865 - d. 1934)  PNR 
President of the National Government of the Romanian Nation
 1 Dec 1918 -  2 Dec 1918  Gheorghe Pop de Băseşti            (b. 1835 - d. 1919)  PNR
President of the Directing Council 
 2 Dec 1918 - 11 Jan 1919  Iuliu Maniu                        (b. 1873 - d. 1953)  PNR
                             (continues to 4 Apr 1920)
Hungarian Government Commissioners for Northern Transylvania
12 Apr 1944 - Sep 1944     Béla Ricsóy-Uhlarik                (b. 1895 - d. 1985)
Sep 1944 - Oct 1944        Béla gróf Bethlen                  (b. 1888 - d. 1979)
Romanian Commissioner
Oct 1944 - 12 Nov 1944     Ionel Pop                          (b. 1889 - d. 1985)  PNT
Soviet Military Commander of the 2nd Ukrainian Front
21 Sep 1944 -  9 Apr 1945  Rodion Yakovlevich Malinovskiy     (b. 1898 - d. 1967)  Mil
Chairmen of the Executive Committee for Northern Transylvania
Feb 1945 - 1945            Teofil T. Vescan                   (b. 1913 - d. 1963)
                           + Lajos Jordáky                    (b. 1913 - d. 1974) 

Romanian Military Commanders in Eastern Transylvania
28 Aug 1916 - 11 Oct 1916  Ioan Culcer                        (b. 1853 - d. 1928)
28 Aug 1916 -  8 Oct 1916  Alexandru Averescu                 (b. 1859 - d. 1938)
28 Aug 1916 - 13 Oct 1916  Constantin Prezan                  (b. 1861 - d. 1943)

 ¹full style 1571 - 1711: Dei gratia Princeps Transylvaniae, Partium Regni Hungariae Dominus, et Siculorum Comes ("By the grace of God, Prince of Transylvania, Ruler of a part of the Kingdom of Hungary and Count of the Szeklers").

Noble and Ecclesiastical Titles: Báró, Freiherr = Baron; Bíboros = Cardinal; Erzbischof = Archbishop; Erzherzog/Erzherzogin = Archduke/Archduchess; Gróf, Graf, Conte = Count; Fürst, Prinz = Prince; Püspök = Bishop.

Party abbreviations: PNR = Partidul Naţional Român din Transilvania şi Banat (Romanian National Party in Transylvania and Banat, liberal, Romanian autonomist, merger of Partidul Naţional al Românilor din Banat şi Ungaria [National Party of Romanians in Banat and Hungary] and Partidul Naţional al Românilor din Transilvania [National Party of Romanians in Transylvania], 1881-1926, from 1919 named Partidul Naţional Român [Romanian National Party], merged into PNT); PNT = Partidul Naţional Ţărănesc (National Peasants' Party, conservative, merger of PT and PNR, 1926-38, 1944-48)

Hungarian Autonomous Region

23 Dec 1861                United Rumanian Principalities (Principatele Unite Române)
                             (in usage by Ottoman suzerain 23 Dec 1861 - 13 Jul 1878:
                             United Principalities of Moldavia and Romanian Lands
                             [Principatele Unite ale Moldovei și Țarii Romanești]).
12 Jul 1866                Rumania (România).
21 May 1877                Independence from Ottoman Empire proclaimed.
13 Jul 1878                Independence recognized internationally.
26 Mar 1881                Kingdom of Rumania (Regatul României).
 2 Sep 1916 - 29 Nov 1918  Occupation of Rumania (in Bucharest from 22 Dec 1916), by the
                             Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and
                             Ottoman Empire).
31 Aug 1944 - 15 Sep 1947  Allied (Soviet) occupation.
30 Dec 1947                Rumanian People's Republic (Republica Populară Română).
21 Aug 1965                Socialist Republic of Rumania (Republica Socialistă România).
Feb 1966                   English spelling officially changed to Romania.
29 Dec 1989                Romania (România).

General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR)
(21 Feb 1948 - 19 Jul 1965, Romanian Workers' Party [PMR])
Oct 1945 - 20 Apr 1954     Gheorghe Tănase Gheorghiu-Dej      (b. 1901 - d. 1965)
First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Romanian Workers' Party
20 Apr 1954 -  2 Oct 1955  Gheorghe Apostol                   (b. 1913 - d. 2010)
 2 Oct 1955 - 19 Mar 1965  Gheorghe Tănase Gheorghiu-Dej      (s.a.)
19 Mar 1965 - 22 Mar 1965  Secretaries
                           - Nicolae Andrută Ceauşescu        (b. 1918 - d. 1989)
                           - János Fazekas                    (b. 1926 - d. 2004)
                           - Vladimir Gheorghiu 
                           (acting)
22 Mar 1965 - 24 Jul 1965  Nicolae Andruţă Ceauşescu          (s.a.)
General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party
24 Jul 1965 - 22 Dec 1989  Nicolae Andruţă Ceauşescu          (s.a.)

Princes¹
23 Dec 1861 - 23 Feb 1866  Alexandru Ioan I                   (b. 1820 - d. 1873)
23 Feb 1866 - 22 May 1866  Princely Lieutenancy
                           - Nicolae Constantin Golescu       (b. 1810 - d. 1878)  Lib
                           - Lascăr Constantin Catargiu       (b. 1823 - d. 1899)  Con
                           - Nicolae Constantin Haralambie    (b. 1831 - d. 1908)  Mil
                              (Haralamb)
22 May 1866 - 26 Mar 1881  Carol I                            (b. 1839 - d. 1914) 
Kings¹
26 Mar 1881 - 10 Oct 1914  Carol I                            (s.a.)
11 Oct 1914 - 20 Jul 1927  Ferdinand I                        (b. 1865 - d. 1927)
                             (in refuge at Iaşi 6 Dec 1916 - 10 Dec 1918) 
20 Jul 1927 -  8 Jun 1930  Mihai I (Michael I)(1st time)      (b. 1921 - d. 2017)
20 Jul 1927 -  8 Jun 1930  Regency
                           - principe Nicolae de România      (b. 1903 - d. 1978)  Non-party
                           - patriarh Miron Cristea           (b. 1868 - d. 1939)  Non-party
                           - Gheorghe Vasile Buzdugan         (b. 1867 - d. 1929)  Non-party 
                              (to 7 Oct 1929)
                           - Constantin Constantin Sărăţeanu  (b. 1882 - d. 1935)  Non-party
                              (from 9 Oct 1929)
 8 Jun 1930 -  6 Sep 1940  Carol II                           (b. 1893 - d. 1953)
 6 Sep 1940 - 30 Dec 1947  Mihai I (2nd time)                 (s.a.)
Presidents of the Provisional Presidium of the Romanian People's Republic
30 Dec 1947                Petru Adam Groza (acting)          (b. 1884 - d. 1958)  FP
                             (president of the council of ministers)
30 Dec 1947 -  9 Jan 1948  Constantin Ion Parhon              (b. 1874 - d. 1969)  PCR
                           + Mihail Alexandru Sadoveanu       (b. 1880 - d. 1961)  BPD
                           + Ştefan Voitec                    (b. 1900 - d. 1984)  PCR
                           + Gheorghe Constantin Stere        (b. 1893 - d. 1970) 
                           + Ion Niculi                       (b. 1887 - d. 1979)  PCR
                           (acting)
 9 Jan 1948 - 13 Apr 1948  Constantin Ion Parhon              (s.a.)              PCR;1948 PMR
Presidents of the Presidium of the Grand National Assembly
13 Apr 1948 -  2 Jun 1952  Constantin Ion Parhon              (s.a.)               PMR
 2 Jun 1952 -  7 Jan 1958  Petru Adam Groza                   (s.a.)               FP
 7 Jan 1958 - 11 Jan 1958  Mihail Alexandru Sadoveanu         (s.a.)               PMR
                           + Anton Moisescu                   (b. 1913 - d. 2002)  PMR
                           (acting)
11 Jan 1958 - 21 Mar 1961  Ion Gheorghe Iosif Maurer          (b. 1902 - d. 2000)  PMR
Presidents of the State Council
21 Mar 1961 - 19 Mar 1965  Gheorghe Tănase Gheorghiu-Dej      (s.a.)               PMR
19 Mar 1965 - 24 Mar 1965  Ion Gheorghe Iosif Maurer          (s.a.)               PMR
                           + Ştefan Voitec                    (s.a.)               PMR
                           + Avram Bunaciu                    (b. 1909 - d. 1983)  PMR
                           (acting)
24 Mar 1965 -  9 Dec 1967  Chivu Stoica                       (b. 1908 - d. 1975) PMR;1965 PCR
 9 Dec 1967 - 28 Mar 1974  Nicolae Andruţă Ceauşescu          (s.a.)               PCR
Presidents
28 Mar 1974 - 22 Dec 1989  Nicolae Andruţă Ceauşescu          (s.a.)               PCR
22 Dec 1989 - 26 Dec 1989  Council of the National Salvation Front²
26 Dec 1989 - 29 Nov 1996  Ion Alexandru Iliescu (1st time)   (b. 1930)         FSN;1992 FSDN;
                            (president of the Council of the National Salvation    1996 PDSR
                             Front to 13 Feb 1990; then president of the
                             Provisional Council of National Unity to 21 Jun 1990)
29 Nov 1996 - 20 Dec 2000  Emil Ion Constantinescu            (b. 1939)            PNT-CD 
20 Dec 2000 - 20 Dec 2004  Ion Alexandru Iliescu (2nd time)   (s.a.)             PDSR;2001 PSD
20 Dec 2004 - 21 Dec 2014  Traian Dumitru Băsescu             (b. 1951)            PD;2004 
                             (suspended 20 Apr - 23 May 2007                       Non-party
                             and 9 Jul - 27 Aug 2012)
20 Apr 2007 - 23 May 2007  Nicolae Văcăroiu                   (b. 1943)            PSD
                             (acting for suspended Basescu)
10 Jul 2012 - 27 Aug 2012  George Crin Laurenţiu Antonescu    (b. 1959)            PNL
                             (acting for suspended Basescu)
21 Dec 2014 -              Klaus Werner Johannis              (b. 1959)            Non-party

Presidents of the Council of Ministers (Prime ministers)
 3 Feb 1862 - 20 Jun 1862  Barbu Ştefan Catargiu              (b. 1807 - d. 1862)  Con
20 Jun 1862 -  6 Jul 1862  Apostol Arsachi (interim)          (b. 1789 - d. 1869)  Con
 6 Jul 1862 - 24 Oct 1863  Nicolae Alexandru Creţulescu       (b. 1812 - d. 1900)  Mod
                             (Kretzulescu)(1st time)  
24 Oct 1863 -  7 Feb 1865  Mihail Ilie Kogălniceanu           (b. 1817 - d. 1891)  Lib
 7 Feb 1865 - 26 Jun 1865  Constantin Andrei Bozianu          (b. 1815 - d. 1882)  Mod
26 Jun 1865 - 23 Feb 1866  Nicolae Alexandru Creţulescu       (s.a.)               Mod
                             (2nd time)
23 Feb 1866 - 23 May 1866  principe Ion Dimitrie Ghica        (b. 1817 - d. 1897)  Lib
                             (Ghika)(1st time)
23 May 1866 - 28 Jul 1866  Lascăr Constantin Catargiu         (s.a.)               Con
                             (1st time) 
28 Jul 1866 - 13 Mar 1867  principe Ion Dimitrie Ghica        (s.a.)               Lib
                             (2nd time)  
13 Mar 1867 - 29 Aug 1867  Constantin Alexandru Creţulescu    (b. 1809 - d. 1884)  Mod
                             (Kretzulescu)
29 Aug 1867 - 13 May 1868  Ştefan Dinicu Golescu              (b. 1809 - d. 1874)  Rad
13 May 1868 - 29 Nov 1868  Nicolae Constantin Golescu         (s.a.)               Rad
29 Nov 1868 - 14 Feb 1870  Prince Dimitrie Grigore Ghica      (b. 1816 - d. 1897)  Con
                             (Ghika)
14 Feb 1870 -  2 May 1870  Alexandru Iordache Golescu         (b. 1819 - d. 1881)  Mod 
 2 May 1870 - 30 Dec 1870  Emanoil Costache Epureanu          (b. 1824 - d. 1880)  PNL
                             (1st time) 
30 Dec 1870 - 24 Mar 1871  principe Ion Dimitrie Ghica        (s.a.)               Lib
                             (3rd time)   
24 Mar 1871 - 17 Apr 1876  Lascăr Constantin Catargiu         (s.a.)               Con
                             (2nd time)
17 Apr 1876 - 10 May 1876  Ion Emanoil Florescu (1st time)    (b. 1819 - d. 1893)  Con
10 May 1876 -  6 Aug 1876  Emanoil Costache Epureanu          (s.a.)               PNL
                             (2nd time) 
 6 Aug 1876 - 22 Apr 1881  Ion Constantin Brătianu (1st time) (b. 1821 - d. 1891)  PNL
22 Apr 1881 - 21 Jun 1881  Dimitrie Constantin Brătianu       (b. 1818 - d. 1892)  PNL
21 Jun 1881 -  3 Apr 1888  Ion Constantin Brătianu (2nd time) (s.a.)               PNL
 3 Apr 1888 - 10 Apr 1889  Teodor Gheorghe Rosetti            (b. 1837 - d. 1923)  PC
10 Apr 1889 - 16 Nov 1889  Lascăr Constantin Catargiu         (s.a.)               PC
                             (3rd time) 
16 Nov 1889 -  6 Mar 1891  Gheorghe Ioan Manu                 (b. 1833 - d. 1911)  PC
 6 Mar 1891 -  9 Dec 1891  Ion Emanoil Florescu (2nd time)    (s.a.)               PC
 9 Dec 1891 - 16 Oct 1895  Lascăr Constantin Catargiu         (s.a.)               PC
                             (4th time)
16 Oct 1895 -  3 Dec 1896  Dimitrie Alexandru Sturdza-        (b. 1833 - d. 1914)  PNL
                             Miclăuşanu (1st time)
 3 Dec 1896 - 12 Apr 1897  Petre Sebeşanu Aurelian            (b. 1833 - d. 1909)  PNL
12 Apr 1897 - 23 Apr 1899  Dimitrie Alexandru Sturdza-        (s.a.)               PNL
                             Miclăuşanu (2nd time)
23 Apr 1899 - 19 Jul 1900  principe Gheorghe Grigore          (b. 1832 - d. 1913)  PC
                             Cantacuzino (1st time)
19 Jul 1900 - 26 Feb 1901  Petre Petre Carp (1st time)        (b. 1837 - d. 1918)  PC
26 Feb 1901 -  4 Jan 1905  Dimitrie Alexandru Sturdza         (s.a.)               PNL
                             Miclăuşanu (3rd time)
 4 Jan 1905 - 24 Mar 1907  principe Gheorghe Grigore          (s.a.)               PC
                             Cantacuzino (2nd time)
24 Mar 1907 -  9 Jan 1909  Dimitrie Alexandru Sturdza-        (s.a.)               PNL
                             (4th time) 
 9 Jan 1909 - 11 Jan 1911  Ioan Ioan Constantin Brătianu      (b. 1864 - d. 1927)  PNL
                             (1st time)
11 Jan 1911 - 10 Apr 1912  Petre Petre Carp (2nd time)        (s.a.)               PC
10 Apr 1912 - 16 Jan 1914  Titu Liviu Ioan Maiorescu          (b. 1840 - d. 1917)  PC
16 Jan 1914 - 11 Feb 1918  Ioan Ioan Constantin Brătianu      (s.a.)               PNL
                             (2nd time)(from 6 Dec 1916, in refuge at Iaşi)
11 Feb 1918 - 19 Mar 1918  Alexandru Constantin Avarescu      (b. 1859 - d. 1938)  Mil
                             (1st time)(in refuge at Iaşi)
19 Mar 1918 -  5 Nov 1918  Alexandru Iancu Marghiloman        (b. 1854 - d. 1925)  PC
 5 Nov 1918 - 11 Dec 1918  Constantin Henri Coandă            (b. 1857 - d. 1932)  Mil
11 Dec 1918 -  9 Oct 1919  Ioan Ioan Constantin Brătianu      (s.a.)               PNL
                             (3rd time)
 9 Oct 1919 - 13 Dec 1919  Arthur Văitoianu                   (b. 1864 - d. 1957)  PNL 
13 Dec 1919 - 16 Mar 1920  Alexandru Dionisie Vaida-Voievod   (b. 1872 - d. 1950)  PNR
                             (1st time)
22 Jan 1920 - 16 Mar 1920  Ştefan Cicio Pop                   (b. 1865 - d. 1934)  PNR
                             (acting for Vaida-Voievod)
16 Mar 1920 - 17 Dec 1921  Alexandru Constantin Avarescu      (s.a.)               PP
                             (2nd time)
17 Dec 1921 - 19 Jan 1922  Dumitru Gheorghe Ionescu           (b. 1858 - d. 1922)  PCD
19 Jan 1922 - 30 Mar 1926  Ion Ioan Constantin Brătianu       (s.a.)               PNL
                             (4th time)
30 Mar 1926 -  5 Jun 1927  Alexandru Constantin Avarescu      (s.a.)               PP
                             (3rd time) 
 5 Jun 1927 - 21 Jun 1927  principe Barbu Alexandru Ştirbey   (b. 1873 - d. 1946)  Non-party
22 Jun 1927 - 24 Nov 1927  Ion Ioan Constantin Brătianu       (s.a.)               PNL
                             (5th time)
24 Nov 1927 - 11 Nov 1928  Vintilă Ion Constantin Brătianu    (b. 1867 - d. 1930)  PNL
11 Nov 1928 -  7 Jun 1930  Iuliu Ion Maniu (1st time)         (b. 1873 - d. 1953)  PNT
 7 Jun 1930 - 13 Jun 1930  Gheorghe Gheorghe Mironescu        (b. 1874 - d. 1949)  PNT
                             (1st time)  
13 Jun 1930 - 10 Oct 1930  Iuliu Ion Maniu (2nd time)         (s.a.)               PNT
                             (2nd time)
10 Oct 1930 - 18 Apr 1931  Gheorghe Gheorghe Mironescu        (s.a.)               PNT
18 Apr 1931 -  6 Jun 1932  Nicolae Nicu Iorga                 (b. 1871 - d. 1940)  PND
 6 Jun 1932 - 20 Oct 1932  Alexandru Dionisie Vaida-Voievod   (s.a.)               PNT
                             (2nd time)
20 Oct 1932 - 14 Jan 1933  Iuliu Ion  Maniu (3rd time)        (s.a.)               PNT
14 Jan 1933 - 14 Nov 1933  Alexandru Dionisie Vaida-Voievod   (s.a.)               PNT
                             (3rd time)
14 Nov 1933 - 29 Dec 1933  Ion Gheorghe Duca                  (b. 1879 - d. 1933)  PNL
30 Dec 1933 -  5 Jan 1934  Constantin Dumitru Angelescu       (b. 1869 - d. 1942)  PNL
 5 Jan 1934 - 28 Dec 1937  Gheorghe Tătărescu (1st time)      (b. 1886 - d. 1957)  PNL
28 Dec 1937 - 10 Feb 1938  Octavian Iosif Goga                (b. 1881 - d. 1938)  PNC
10 Feb 1938 -  6 Mar 1939  patriarh Miron Cristea             (s.a.)               Non-party
 6 Mar 1939 - 21 Sep 1939  Armand Mihail Călinescu            (b. 1893 - d. 1939)  FRN
21 Sep 1939 - 28 Sep 1939  Gheorghe Vasile Argeşeanu          (b. 1883 - d. 1940)  Mil
28 Sep 1939 - 24 Nov 1939  Constantin Ioan Argetoianu         (b. 1871 - d. 1952)  FRN
24 Nov 1939 -  4 Jul 1940  Gheorghe Tătărescu (2nd time)      (s.a.)               FRN;1940 PN
 4 Jul 1940 -  4 Sep 1940  Ion Petre Gigurtu                  (b. 1886 - d. 1959)  PN
 4 Sep 1940 - 23 Aug 1944  Ion Victor Antonescu               (b. 1882 - d. 1946)  Mil
                             (from 14 Sep 1940 styled Conducător al Statului
                             [Leader of the State])
23 Aug 1944 -  6 Dec 1944  Constantin Sănătescu               (b. 1885 - d. 1947)  Mil
26 Aug 1944 - 12 Apr 1945  Horia Sima                         (b. 1907 - d. 1993)  GF
                            (in dissidence; prime minister of the national 
                             government, in Vienna [from Feb 1945, Altaussee] exile)
 6 Dec 1944 -  6 Mar 1945  Nicolae Radu Rădescu               (b. 1874 - d. 1953)  Mil
 6 Mar 1945 -  2 Jun 1952  Petru Adam Groza                   (s.a.)               FP
 2 Jun 1952 -  3 Oct 1955  Gheorghe Tănase Gheorghiu-Dej      (s.a.)               PMR
 3 Oct 1955 - 21 Mar 1961  Chivu Stoica                       (s.a.)               PMR
21 Mar 1961 - 28 Mar 1974  Ion Gheorghe Iosif Maurer          (s.a.)              PMR;1965 PCR
Prime ministers
28 Mar 1974 - 29 Mar 1979  Manea Mănescu                      (b. 1916 - d. 2009)  PCR 
29 Mar 1979 - 21 May 1982  Ilie Verdeţ                        (b. 1925 - d. 2001)  PCR
21 May 1982 - 22 Dec 1989  Constantin Dăscălescu              (b. 1923 - d. 2003)  PCR
22 Dec 1989 - 26 Dec 1989  Vacant
26 Dec 1989 -  1 Oct 1991  Petre Valter Roman                 (b. 1946)            FSN
 1 Oct 1991 - 20 Nov 1992  Theodor Dumitru Stolojan           (b. 1943)            PNL
20 Nov 1992 - 12 Dec 1996  Nicolae Văcăroiu                   (s.a.)       Non-party;1993 PDSR
12 Dec 1996 - 30 Mar 1998  Victor Ciorbea                     (b. 1954)            PNT-CD 
30 Mar 1998 - 17 Apr 1998  Gavril Dejeu (interim)             (b. 1932)            PNT-CD 
17 Apr 1998 - 13 Dec 1999  Radu Vasile                        (b. 1942 - d. 2013)  PNT-CD 
13 Dec 1999 - 22 Dec 1999  Alexandru Athanasiu (interim)      (b. 1955)            PSDR
22 Dec 1999 - 28 Dec 2000  Constantin Mugurel Isărescu        (b. 1949)            Non-party
28 Dec 2000 - 21 Dec 2004  Adrian Marian Năstase              (b. 1950)          PDSR;2001 PSD
21 Dec 2004 - 29 Dec 2004  Eugen Bejinariu (interim)          (b. 1959)            PSD
29 Dec 2004 - 22 Dec 2008  Călin Constantin Anton Popescu-    (b. 1952)            PNL
                             Tăriceanu
22 Dec 2008 -  6 Feb 2012  Emil Boc                           (b. 1966)            PDL
 6 Feb 2012 -  9 Feb 2012  Cătălin Marian Predoiu (1st time)  (b. 1968)            PNL
                             (interim)
 9 Feb 2012 -  7 May 2012  Mihai Răzvan Ştefan Ungureanu      (b. 1968)            Non-party
 7 May 2012 -  5 Nov 2015  Victor-Viorel Ponta                (b. 1972)            PSD
23 Jun 2015 -  9 Jul 2015  Gabriel Oprea (1st time)           (b. 1961)            UNPR
                             (acting for Ponta)
29 Jul 2015 - 10 Aug 2015  Gabriel Oprea (2nd time)           (s.a.)               UNPR
                             (acting for Ponta)
 5 Nov 2015 - 17 Nov 2015  Sorin Mihai Cîmpeanu (interim)     (b. 1968)            Non-party
17 Nov 2015 -  4 Jan 2017  Dacian Julien Cioloş               (b. 1969)            Non-party
 4 Jan 2017 - 29 Jun 2017  Sorin Mihai Grindeanu              (b. 1973)            PSD
29 Jun 2017 - 16 Jan 2018  Mihai Tudose                       (b. 1967)            PSD
16 Jan 2018 - 29 Jan 2018  Mihai Viorel Fifor (interim)       (b. 1970)            PSD
29 Jan 2018 -  4 Nov 2019  Vasilica Viorica Dăncilă (f)       (b. 1963)            PSD
 4 Nov 2019 -  7 Dec 2020  Ludovic Orban                      (b. 1963)            PNL
 7 Dec 2020 - 23 Dec 2020  Nicolae Ionel Ciucă (1st time)     (b. 1967)            PNL
                             (interim)
23 Dec 2020 - 24 Nov 2021  Florin Vasile Cîțu                 (b. 1972)            PNL
24 Nov 2021 - 12 Jun 2023  Nicolae Ionel Ciucă (2nd time)     (s.a.)               PNL
12 Jun 2023 - 15 Jun 2023  Cătălin Marian Predoiu (2nd time)  (s.a.)               PNL
                             (interim)
15 Jun 2023 -              Ion-Marcel Ciolacu                 (b. 1967)            PSD
 

Allied (Soviet) Occupation

Central Powers Occupation

German Commander of Army Group Mackensen (from 22 May 1918, Commander-in-chief
of the Army of Occupation in Rumania (from 22 Dec 1916 in Bucharest)
29 Aug 1916 - 11 Nov 1918  Anton Ludwig Friedrich August von  (b. 1849 - d. 1945)  Mil
                             Mackensen
Governor of the Military Administration in Rumania
(joint condominium of the Central Powers)
22 Dec 1916 - 22 May 1918  Erich Theodor Franz Tülff von      (b. 1854 - d. 1934)  Mil
                             Tschepe und Weidenbach (Germany)

Secretary-general of Home Affairs
(subordinated to Central Powers military administration in Rumania)
 6 Dec 1916 -  7 May 1918  Nicolae Lupu Costache              (b. 1888 - d. 19..)  Non-party

Noble and Ecclesiastical Titles: Graf = count; Patriarh = patriarch; Prin, Principe, Fürst = prince; Rege = king.

 ¹The full style of the rulers:
(a) 3 Feb 1862 - 12 Jul 1866 (New Style): Cu mila lui Dumnezeu şi voinţa naţională Domn [or Domnitor] Principatelor-Unite-Române ("with the God's help and by the Will of the Nation, Lord [or Ruler] of the United Romanian Principalities");
(b) 12 Jul 1866 - 26 Mar 1881 (New Style): Din graţia lui Dumnezeu şi prin voinţa naţională, Domn al Românilor ("by the Grace of God and by the Will of the Nation, Lord of the Romanians") note: in this style, the word "Domn" (Lord) is often replaced by "Domnitor" (Ruler) or by "Principe" (Prince); and the words "al Românilor" (of the Romanians) are sometimes replaced by "al României" (of Romania). There was no obvious rule to these substitutions; they occur, i.e., on coins, state seals;
(c) 26 Mar 1881 - 30 Dec 1947: Prin graţia lui Dumnezeu şi voinţa naţională, Rege al României ("by the Grace of the God and by the Will of the Nation, King of Romania") note: in this style, the words "al României" {of Romania} are sometimes replaced by "al Românilor" (of the Romanians).

 ²members of the Council of the National Salvation Front (Consiliul Frontului Salvării Naţionale) 22 Dec - 26 Dec 1989 were: Ion Iliescu (s.a.)(spokesman), Doina Cornea (f)(b. 1929 - d. 2018), Ana Blandiana (f)(b. 1942), Mircea Dinescu (b. 1950), László Tökés (b. 1952), Dumitru Mazilu (b. 1934), Dan Deşliu (b. 1927 - d. 1992), Aurel Dragoş Munteanu (b. 1942 - d. 2005), Corneliu Mănescu (b. 1916 - d. 2000), Alexandru Bîrlădeanu (b. 1911 - d. 1997), Silviu Brucan (b. 1916 - d. 2006), Petre Roman (s.a.), Ion Caramitru (b. 1942), Sergiu Nicolaescu (b. 1930 - d. 2013), Mihail Montanu (b. 1949), Mihai Ispas (b. 1965), Cazimir Ionescu (b. 1946), Gelu Voican-Voiculescu (b. 1941), Dan Marţian (b. 1935 - d. 2002), Vasile Neacşa, Cristina Ciontu (f)(b. 1966?), Marian Baciu, Bujor-Bogdan Teodoriu (b. 1953 - d. 2014), Eugenia Iorga (f)(b. 1954), Paul Negriţiu, Gheorghe Manole (b. 1949), Vladimir Ionescu, Adrian Sîrbu (b. 1955), Constantin Cîrjan (b. 1932 - d. 1993), Géza Domokos (b. 1928 - d. 2007), Magdalena Ionescu (f), Marian Mierlă (b. 1959?), Constantin Ivanovici (b. 1947), Vlad Ovidiu, Valeriu Bucurescu (b. 1944 - d. 2006), Ştefan Guşă (b. 1940 - d. 1994), Victor Atanasie Stănculescu (b. 1928 - d. 2016), Gheorghe Constantin Voinea (d. 1992), Mihai Lupoi (b. 1953 - d. 2012), and Emil Dumitrescu (b. 1935 - d. 2019).

Territorial Disputes: The ICJ ruled largely in favor of Romania its dispute submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Şerpilor (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary delimitation; Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea. 

Party abbreviations: PDL = Partidul Democrat Liberal (Democratic Liberal Party, center-right, merger of PD and Partidul Liberal Democrat [Liberal Democratic Party], est.2007); PNL = Partidul Naţional Liberal (National Liberal Party, liberal, center-right, 1875-1938, 1944-47, re-est.1990); PNT-CD = Partidul Naţional Ţărănesc Creştin Democrat (Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party, christian-democratic, PNT successor, est.1990); PSD = Partidul Social Democrat (Social Democrat Party, social-democratic, merger of PDSR and PSDR, est.16 Jan 2001); UNPR = Uniunea Naţională pentru Progresul României (National Union for the Progress of Romania, social-democratic, split from PSD, est.Mar 2010); Mil = Military; 
- Former parties: BPD = Blocul Partidelor Democrate (Democratic Parties Bloc, pro-communist electoral alliance of PCR, FP, PNL, PNT, PSDR, Uniunea Patrioţilor [Patriots Union], and Comitetul Democrat Evreiesc [Jewish Democratic Committee], 1946-1948); Con = Conservator (Conservative, 19th cent. conservatives); FP = Frontul Plugarilor (Ploughmen's Front left-wing agrarian, 1933-1953); FRN = Frontul Renaşterii Naţionale (National Renasisance Front, fascist, nationalist, only legal party, 15 Dec 1938-22 Jun 1940, replaced by PN); FDSN = Frontul Democrat al Salvării Naţionale (Democratic National Salvation Front, split from FSN, 7 Apr 1992-10 Jul 1993, then PSDR); FSN = Frontul Salvării Naţionale (National Salvation Front, split from PCR, 22 Dec 1989-31 Mar 1993, then PD); GF = Mişcarea Legionară sau Garda de Fier (Iron Guard Legionary Movement, fascist, banned Dec 1933, re-founded 1935 as Totul pentru Ţară [Everything for the Country], 1927-33, 1935-38, 14 Sep 1940-23 Jan 1941, in exile 1944-45); Lib = Liberal (19th cent. liberals); Mod = Moderat (Moderate, 19th cent. moderates); PC = Partidul Conservator (Conservative Party, conservative, 1880-1925); PCD = Partidul Conservator-Democrat (Conservative Democratic Party, split from PC, 1918-1922, merged with PNR); PCR = Partidul Comunist Român (Romanian Communist Party, communist, 1965-Dec 1989 only legal party, 1921-48 named Partidul Comunist din România [Communist Party of Rumania], 1948-65 named PMR, 1921-38, 1944-48 & 1965-12 Jan 1990); PD = Partidul Democrat (Democratic Party, social-democratic, former FSN, 1993-2007, merged into PDL); PDSR = Partidul Democraţiei Sociale din România (Party of Social Democracy in Romania, ex-communist, former FSDN, 10 Jul 1993-16 Jan 2001, merged into PSDR); PMR = Partidul Muncitoresc Român (Romanian Workers' Party, communist, state party, 21 Feb 1948-Jul 1965, previously and later named PCR); PN = Partidul Naţiunii (Party of the Nation, fascist, nationalist, former FRN, only legal party, 22 Jun 1940-14 Sep 1940, replaced by GF); PNR = Partidul Naţional Român (Rumanian National Party, liberal, until 1919 named Partidul Naţional Român din Transilvania şi Banat [Romanian National Party in Transylvania and Banat], 1881-1926, merged into PNT); PNT = Partidul Naţional Ţărănesc (National Peasants' Party, conservative, merger of PT and PNR, 1926-38, 1944-48); PP = Partidul Poporului (People's Party, populist, Alexandru Averescu personalist, 1918-1932); Rad = Radical (19th cent. radical liberals); PSDR = Partidul Social Democrat Român (Romanian Social Democratic Party, social-democratic, 1910-16, 1927-38, 1944-Feb 1948, merged with PMR, restored 1990-16 Jan 2001, merged into PSD)

9th cent.                  Part of Bulgaria.
10th cent.                 Part of Hungary.
1223                       Hungary establishes the Banat of Severin (Banate of Szörény),
                             approximately covering the Banat mountains and western Oltenia,
                             as a defensive zone.
22 Apr 1552                Part of Ottoman Empire (Eyâlet-i Temeşvar; later, pashalik
                             of Temeşvar).
12 Oct 1716 -  2 Nov 1716  Austrian occupation.
 2 Nov 1716 - 23 Apr 1779  Under Austrian civil administration.
26 Jan 1718                Banat of Temesvár (Temeschwar Banat).
 6 Jun 1778                Incorporated into Hungary (effective 1779), and divided into three
                             counties (Krassóer, Temeser, and Torontaler).
13 May 1848 - Dec 1849     Rebellion declares separation from Hungary, but not from Austria,
                             as Serbian Vojvodina (Srpsko Vojvodstvo/Serbische Woiwodina)
                             (see under Serbia).
 4 Mar 1849 - 18 Nov 1849  Voivodship of Serbia and Banate of Temesvár declared an Austrian
                             crownland (but not effected).
 1 Jan 1850                Separated from Hungary as part of Austrian crownland of Voivodship
                             of Serbia and Banate of Temesvár (Serbische Woiwodschaft und das
                             Temescher Banat/Vojvodstvo Srbije i Tamiški Banat), with the ruler
                             of Austria adopting the style Grosswoiwod der Woiwodschaft Serbien
                            ("Grand Voivode of the Voivodeship of Serbia")(by imperial patent
                             of 18 Nov 1849).
 1 Feb 1861                Autonomy abolished, re-incorporated into Hungary.
21 Dec 1867                Part of the "Hungarian" half of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
                             (i.e. of the "Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown"). 
 8 Aug 1873                Banat Military Frontier (Banat Krajina)(created in 1764) dis-
                             established (see Military Frontier under Croatia).
31 Oct 1918                Banat Republic (Bánáti Köztársaság/Banater Republik/Banatska
                             republika/Republica bănățeană), autonomy declared (recognized only
                             by Hungary), capital at Temesvár (Timişoara).
15 Nov 1918 - 26 Jul 1919  Serbian occupation of Temesvár (Timişoara)(as part of the Banat,
                             Bačka and Baranja province).
 3 Dec 1918 - 12 Aug 1919  Occupied by the Principal Allied and Associated Powers.
13 Jun 1919                Divsion of Banat of Temesvar agreed by Paris Peace Conference.
                             eastern Banat (Temesvár [Timişoara]) ceded to Romania; western
                             Banat (Bačka and Novi Sad) ceded to Serbia.
28 Jul 1919                Romanian administration of Timişoara begins.
 4 Jun 1920                Treaty of Trianon with Hungary formally cedes eastern Banat to
                             Romania and western Banat to Serbia (see Vojvodina), but
                             Hungary retains a small area around Ujszeged. 

Pashas of Temeşvar
1698 - 28 Feb 1699         Çelebi Yusuf Pasha
1699                       Sari Ahmed Pasha
1699 - 1701                Elci Ibrahim Pasha
1701 - 1702                Hagi Mustafa Pasha?  
                            (or Kandilci Huseyin or Ali Pasha?)
1702 - 1703                Yusuf Pasha
1703 - 1704                Hagi/Hazinedar Ibrahim Pasha
1704 - Feb 1706            Dellak Ali Pasha
 5 Jul 1706 - Oct 1708     Gümrükçü/Kiipti Ali Pasha
Oct 1708 - 1709            Firari Hasan Pasha
1709/10 - 1713             Sari Mustafa Pasha
15 Dec 1713 - 17 Oct 1716  Mustafa Pasha
Austrian Military commander
17 Oct 1716 -  2 Nov 1716  Franz Eugen Prinz von Savoyen-     (b. 1663 - d. 1736)
                             Carignan 
Military Presidents of the Land Administration of Banat
(Militärpräsidenten der Landesadministration des Temescher Banats)
1716 - 1733                Claudius Florimund Graf Mercy      (b. 1666 - d. 1734)
1719 - 1722                Franz Anton Paul Graf von Wallis   (b. 1678 - d. 1737)
                             Freiherr von Karighmain (Carighmain)
                             (1st time) (acting for Mercy)
1733 - 1734                Franz Anton Paul Graf von Wallis   (s.a.)
                             Freiherr von Karighmain
                             (2nd time) (acting)
Sep 1734 -  9 Jan 1738     Johann Andreas Graf von Hamilton   (b. 1679 - d. 1738)
 9 Jan 1738 - 18 Feb 1738  Johann Jakob Benedikt Freiherr     (b. 1705 - d. 1785)
                             von Neffzern (acting) 
18 Feb 1738 - Sep 1739     Wilhelm Reinhard Graf von Neipperg (b. 1684 - d. 1774)
                             -Neuperg
14 Sep 1739 - 12 Mar 1740  August Jakob Heinrich Freiherr von (b. 1690 - d. 1740)
                             Suckow (Succov)
1740 - 1757                Franz Anton Leopold Pontz Freiherr (b. 1692 - d. 1761)
                             von Engelshofen (interim to 1742)
1757 - 1758                Ferdinand Philipp Graf von Harsch  (b. 1704 - d. 1792)
1758 - 1759                Anton Graf von Puebla              (b. 1699 - d. 1766)
                             (= Antonio Colón de Portugal y Ortega,
                             Cabrera y Fernández, conde de la Puebla de Portugal)
1759 - 1769                Sigmund Friedrich Samuel Freiherr  (d. 1780)
                             von Lietzen
1769 - 1775                Maximilian Josef Freiherr Mitrowsky(b. 1709 - d. 1782)
                             von Mitrowitz und Nemischl
1775 - 1779                Johann Franz Anton Freiherr von    (b. 1713 - d. 1784)
                             Zedtwitz
Landeschef of the Voivodship of Serbia and Banate of Temesvár
18 Nov 1849 - 1851         Ferdinand Franz Xaver Johann       (b. 1798 - d. 1869)
                             Mayerhofer Ritter von Grünbühel
                             (from 12 Jan 1850, Freiherr
                              Mayerhofer von Grünbühel)
                             (provisional)
Grand Voivodes
 1 Jan 1850 - 31 Oct 1918  the rulers of Austria
Governors of the Voivodship of Serbia and Banate of Temesvár
1851 - 28 Jul 1859         Johann Baptist Alexius Graf        (b. 1794 - d. 1880)
                             Coronini von Cronberg 
                             (military and civil governor)
28 Jul 1859 - 29 Jan 1860  Joseph Freiherr von Sokcsevits     (b. 1811 - d. 1896)
                             (= Josip barun Šokčević)              
19 Jun 1860 - 1860         Karl August Leopold Graf von Bigot (b. 1805 - d. 1884)
                             de Saint-Quentin
1860 - 12 Feb 1861         Alexander Constantin Albert Graf   (b. 1813 - d. 1871)
                             Mensdorff-Pouilly
                            (imperial commissioner)
Commissioner-in-Chief of the Banat Republic
31 Oct 1918 - 17 Jan 1919  Otto Roth (= Ottó Róth)            (b. 1884 - d. 1956)  MSzDP
Commander of Serbian Forces (the 1st Army)
15 Nov 1918 - 24 Nov 1918  Živojin Mišić                      (b. 1855 - d. 1921)  Mil
Commander of Serbian Troops, Banat
28 May 1919 - 26 Jul 1919  Pantelija-Panta Grujić             (b. 1866 - d. 1958)  Mil
Prefect (Župan)
20 Feb 1919 - 23 Jul 1919  Martin Philippon                   (b. 1884 - d. 1967)
Commander of Allied Forces in Banat (commander 11th division d'infanterie)
23 Jul 1919 - 12 Aug 1919  Charles Louis Joseph de Tournadre  (b. 1860 - d. 1938)  Mil
                             (France)