German States before 1918 F-M

Note: The list below is only complete for those polities that survived beyond 1806. Within 

the Holy Roman Empire, there existed countless minor states (ecclesiastical states, imperial

cities, imperial villages, lordships, counties, baronies, principalities, etc.), which

are nearly impossible to list with even partial accuracy. A major reorganization was

brought about by the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803, when more than 100 polities were

abolished. Polities listed prior to 1806 are a sample of the major or most well known

polities of the Holy Roman Empire and the Confederation of the Rhine. After 1806, all the

polities that survived the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna are listed.

  The Golden Bull 25 Dec 1356 codified the procedure for electing the king and specified the (then) seven princes, called electors (Kurfürsten), who would carry out the election, thus confirming then current practice. These princes nominally derived their electoral status from the high court offices (Erzämter) they held. The first-named three electors were the holders of the office of archchancellor of the Holy Roman Empire, i.e., the archbishops of Mayence (Mainz), Treves (Trier), and Cologne (Köln). These archbishops were of course major territorial lords, although in the period covered by this record their territorial holdings no longer included the cities from which they derived the names of their sees (Erzstifte).

   For the sake of providing a division between eras, after the republican revolutions 

of Nov 1918, which overthrew the last German monarchies, remaining states are listed under

German states since 1918; these include the states (länder) and former provinces of Germany. The provinces of Prussia are listed in a separate section following the entry for Prussia (Prussian provinces). Statistical data is given only for those polities that survived until 1866.

Ecclesiastical titles: Äbt/Äbtissin = Abbot/Abbess; Bischof = bishop; Erzbischof = Archbishop; Fürstabte = Prince-Abbot; Fürstabtissin = Princess-Abbess; Fürstbischof = Prince-bishop

Maps showing some of the major territorial changes: Historical Map of Germany in 1660;

Historical map of Germany in 1789; Historical map of Germany in 1803; Map of Germany in 1812;

Map of German Confederation 1815; Map of German Empire 1871

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Fagnolle (Ligne): see under Belgium

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Feldkirch: see Vorarlberg under Austrian Lands to 1918

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Flanders (Flandre): see under France provinces to 1791

Frankfurt (Frankfurt am Main)

c.1400 - 25 Sep 1806

25 Sep 1806 - 19 Oct 1813

5 Mar 1833 - 8 Oct 1866

22 Feb 794                 Frankfurt mentioned for the first time "super fluvium Moin in loco
                             nuncupante Franconofurd" ("on the River Main in a place called
                             Frankfurt") is mentioned for the first time in a document which
                             Charlemagne gave the monastery of Saint Emmeram. In Jun 794 the
                             Synod of Frankfurt is held.
1074                       A royal customs office is mentioned for the first time in Frankfurt
                             (Latin: Vadum Francorum; old high German: Frankonovurd; later
                             spellings Frankenfort, Franckfort, and Franckfurth. The suffix am
                             Main has been used regularly since the 14th cent.)
1150                       Frankfurter Messe ('Frankfurt Trade Fair') was first mentioned.
1219                       The inhabitants of Frankfurt were first mentioned as citizens in a
                             document.
1220                       The office of the Burgvogt (castellan) abolished.
1245                       Frankfurt becomes an Imperial City (Reichsstadt Frankfurt).
13 Jul 1254 - 1257         Frankfurt a member of the Rhenish League of Cities (Rheinischen
                             Städtebundes).
1311                       Establishment of a mayor's office (Bürgermeisteramtes). Since then,
                             the 42 councillors elected two councillors as mayors for one year
                             each, the Ältere Bürgermeister and his representative the Jüngere
                             Bürgermeister.
10 Jan 1356                The city's status as an electoral city for the Holy Roman Emperors
                             is established in the Golden Bull of 1356.
May 1372                   Frankfurt acquires the imperial bailiff's office (Erwerb des
                             Reichsschultheissenamt) and the royal forest (königlichen
                             Forst) for 8,800 guilders (by purchasing these rights, the city
                             gained greater autonomy and control over its own administration
                             and territory)(Freie und Reichsstadt Frankfurt). From 1372 the
                             Stadtschultheiss chaired the Court of Appeal and the Council
                             meetings, replacing the Reichsschultheiss. 
20 Mar 1381 - 1389         Frankfurt a member of the Second Rhenish League of Cities.
28 Nov 1562                Imperial election and coronation (on 25 Jul 1564) of the Holy Roman
                             Emperor Maximilian II took place at Frankfurt, a precedent
                             followed until the end of the Holy Roman Empire.
1742 - 1745                Frankfurt becomes a royal residence for a short time under Emperor
                             Karl VII.
 2 Jan 1759 - 25 Feb 1763  Occupied by France during the Seven Years' War.
23 Oct 1792 -  2 Dec 1792  Occupied by France.
 9 Jun 1796 - 16 Jul 1796  Occupied by Austria.
16 Jul 1796 -  8 Sep 1796  Occupied by France.
28 Mar 1801 - 20 May 1801  Occupied by Denmark.
18 Jan 1806 - 30 Oct 1813  Occupied by France.
19 Sep 1806                Frankfurt is incorporated into the Prince-Primate's territorial
                             possessions (the ecclesiastic Principality of Regensburg) as
                             the Principality of Frankfurt (Fürstentum Frankfurt/Principauté
                             de Francforte).
16 Feb 1810                Grand Duchy of Frankfurt (Grossherzogtum Frankfurt/Grand-Duché de
                             Francforte)(composed of the Prince-Primate's remaining territorial
                             possessions of Aschaffenburg, Frankfurt, Fulda and Hanau. From
                             1 Jan 1811 it is divided into the départements of Aschaffenbourg,
                             Francfort, Fulde, and Hanau).
28 Oct 1813                Grand Duke Carl Theodor, who was at the time in Konstanz, abdicates
                             in favor Eugène Napoléon de France, prince de Venise (b. 1781 -
                             d. 1824), who does not take office.
30 Oct 1813 - 20 Jun 1815  Occupied by the Allies (Austrians).
 6 Nov 1813 - 20 Jun 1815  General Government of the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt and the
                             Principality of Isenburg (General-Gouvernement des 
                             Grossherzogthums Frankfurt und des Fürstenthums Isenburg)(for the
                             former Grand Duchy of Frankfurt, Principality of Isenburg, and
                             Niedergrafschaft Katzenelnbogen).
14 Dec 1813                Free City of Frankfurt (Freie Stadt Frankfurt).
 8 Jun 1815 - 24 Aug 1866  Frankfurt is seat of the Federal Assembly (Bundestag) of the German
                             Confederation.
18 May 1848 - 31 May 1849  The first German National Assembly meets in Frankfurt's Paulskirche.
16 Jul 1866                Occupied by Prussia.
 8 Oct 1866                Annexation by Prussia (as part of Hesse-Nassau province).

Note: Before 1806 the highest authorities were (1) the Stadtschultheiss (a fossil of the royal supervision of the city), senior member of the Rat (Council); (2) the senior mayor (Älterer Bürgermeister), elected annually, who presides in the Rat. The mayor's term begins on a date between Easter and Pentecost, and varies from year to year.

Stadtschultheissen
1696 - 19 Apr 1716         Johann Erasmus Seiffart von         (b. 1634 - d. 1716)
                             Klettenberg und Wildeck auf Rhoda
1716 - 21 Apr 1721         Johann Georg von Holzhausen         (b. 1643 - d. 1721)
1721 - 10 Jun 1741         Johann Heinrich Werlin              (b. 1663 - d. 1741)
1741 -  9 Aug 1747         Johann Christoph Ochs von           (b. 1674 - d. 1747)
                             Ochsenstein
1747 -  6 Feb 1771         Johann Wolfgang Textor              (b. 1693 - d. 1771)
1771 - 13 Mar 1777         Johann Isaac Moors                  (b. 1707 - d. 1777)
1777 - 21 Mar 1788         Johann Martin Ruppel                (b. 1722 - d. 1788)
22 Mar 1788 - 27 Feb 1802  Johann Friedrich Maximilian von     (b. 1736 - d. 1802)
                             Stalburg
27 Feb 1802 - 27 Sep 1806  Wilhelm Carl Ludwig Moors           (b. 1749 - d. 1806)
27 Sep 1806 - 31 Dec 1806  Friedrich Carl Schweitzer (acting)  (b. 1749 - d. 1808)
 1 Jan 1807 -  1 Jan 1811  Friedrich Maximilian Freiherr von   (b. 1753 - d. 1824)
                             Günderrode
Senior Mayors (Älterer Bürgermeister)
1699 - 1700                Philipp Nicolaus Lersner            (b. 1640 - d. 1702)
1700 - 1701                Heinrich von Barckhausen (1st time) (b. 1653 - d. 1727)
1701 - 1702                Johann Adolph Stephan von           (b. 1647 - d. 1712) 
                             Cronstätten II (1st time)
1702 - 1703                Dominicus von Heyden (1st time)     (b. 1644 - d. 1710)
1703 - 1704                Nicolaus Augustus Ruland            (b. 1650 - d. 1710)
1704 - 1705                Johann Arnold Mohr von Mohrenhelm   (b. 1637 - d. 1712)
1705 - 1706                Johann Adolph von Glauburg I        (b. 1638 - d. 1718)
                             (2nd time)
1706 - 1707                Heinrich von Barckhausen (2nd time) (s.a.)
1707 - 1708                Johann Adolph Stephan von           (s.a.)
                             Cronstätten II (2nd time)
1708 - 1709                Dominicus von Heyden (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1709 - 1710                Philipp Jacob Fleckhammer von       (b. 1644 - d. 1727)
                             Aystetten
1710 - 1711                Johann Georg von Holzhausen         (s.a.)
                             (1st time)
1711 - 1712                Johann Philipp Orth II (1st time)   (b. 1658 - d. 1733)
1712 - 1713                Johann Adolph von Glauburg I        (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
1713 - 1714                Heirich von Barckhausen (3rd time)  (s.a.)
1714 - 1715                Johann Georg von Holzhausen         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1715 - 1716                Johann Philipp Orth II (2nd time)   (s.a.)
1716 - 1717                Johann Martin von den Birghden      (b. 1644 - d. 1720)
1717 - 1718                Johann Heinrich Werlin              (b. 1663 - d. 1741)
1718 - 1719                Johann Philipp von Kellner I        (b. 1615 - d. 1719)
1719 - 1720                Konrad Hieronymus Eberhard gen.     (b. 1653 - d. 1744)
                             Schwind (1st time)
1720 - 1721                Ludwig Adolph von Syvertes          (b. 1656 - d. 1721)
1721 - 1722                Johann Christoph von Stetten        (b. 1653 - d. 1724)
1722 - 1723                Bartholomäus Barckhausen            (b. 1658 - d. 1727)
1723 - 1724                Georg Friedrich Faust von           (b. 1654 - d. 1724)
                             Aschaffenburg
1724 - 1725                Johann Hieronymus von Glauburg      (b. 1654 - d. 1727)
1725 - 1726                Johann Christoph Ochs von           (s.a.)
                             Ochsenstein (1st time)
1726                       Johann Adolph von Glauburg II       (b. 1673 - d. 1752)
                             (acting)
1726 - 1727                Konrad Hieronymus Eberhard gen.     (s.a.)
                             Schwind (2nd time)
1727 - 1728                Achilles August von Lersner         (b. 1662 - d. 1732)
                             (1st time)
1728 -  1 Sep 1728         Johann Daniel Fleischbein von       (b. 1666 - d. 1728)
                             Kleeberg
1728                       Johann Adolph von Glauburg III      (b. 1691 - d. 1741)
                             (acting)
1728 - 1729                Achilles August von Lersner         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1729 - 1730                Johann Christoph Ochs von           (s.a.)
                             Ochsenstein (2nd time)
1730 - 1731                Achilles August von Lersner         (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
1731 - 1732                Johann Carl von Kaib (1st time)     (b. 1684 - d. 1760)
1732 - 1733                Johann Jacob von Bertram (1st time) (b. 1684 - d. 1742)
1733 - 1734                Johann Hieronymus von Holzhausen    (b. 1674 - d. 1736)
1734 - 1735                Johann Jacob von Bertram (2nd time) (s.a.)
1735 - 1736                Johann Philipp von Syvertes         (b. 1686 - d. 1743)
                             (1st time)
1736 - 1737                Johann Carl von Kaib (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1737 - 1738                Johann Philipp von Kellner II       (b. 1682 - d. 1744)
1738 - 1739                Johann Wolfgang Textor (1st time)   (s.a.)
1739 - 1740                Johann Carl von Kaib (3rd time)     (s.a.)
1740 - 1741                Johann Philipp von Syvertes         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1741                       Johann Christoph Ochs von           (s.a.)
                             Ochsenstein (3rd time)
1741                       Remigius Seyffart von Klettenberg   (b. 1693 - d. 1766)
                             und Wildeck (1st time)(acting)
1741 - 1742                Johann Wolfgang Textor (2nd time)   (s.a.)
1742 - 1743                Johann Carl von Kaib (4th time)     (s.a.)
1743 - 1744                Johann Wolfgang Textor (3rd time)   (s.a.)
1744 - 1745                Johann Georg Schweitzer Edler von   (b. 1682 - d. 1770)
                             Wiederhold (1st time)
1745 - 1746                Johann Carl von Fichard (1st time)  (b. 1695 - d. 1771)
1746 - 1747                Friedrich Maximilian von            (b. 1684 - d. 1761)
                             Günderrode (1st time)
1747 - 1748                Friedrich Maximilian von Lersner I  (b. 1697 - d. 1753)
                             (1st time)
1748 - 1749                Johann Georg Schweitzer Edler von   (s.a.)
                             Wiederhold (2nd time)
1749 - 1750                Friedrich Maximilian von            (s.a.)
                             Günderrode (2nd time)
1750 - 1751                Johann Carl von Fichard (2nd time)  (s.a.)
1751 - 1752                Friedrich Maximilian von Lersner I  (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1752 - 1753                Johann Georg Schweitzer Edler von   (s.a.)
                             Wiederhold (3rd time)
1753 - 1754                Johann Carl von Fichard (3rd time)  (s.a.)
1754 - 1755                Remigius Seyffart von Klettenberg   (s.a.)
                             und Wildeck (2nd time)
1755 - 1756                Johann Carl von Fichard (4th time)  (s.a.)
1756 - 1757                Friedrich Wilhelm von Völcker       (b. 1692 - d. 1761)
1757 - 1758                Erasmus Carl Schlösser (1st time)   (b. 1696 - d. 1773)
1758 - 1759                Philipp Jakob von Stalburg          (b. 1708 - d. 1760)
1759 - 1760                Remigius Seyffart von Klettenberg   (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
1760 - 1761                Johann Carl von Fichard (5th time)  (s.a.)
1761 - 1762                Johann Maximilian von Holzhausen    (b. 1708 - d. 1768)
1762 - 1763                Johann Friedrich Armand von         (b. 1687 - d. 1769)
                             Uffenbach
1763 - 1764                Johann Isaac Moors (1st time)       (s.a.)
1764 - 1765                Erasmus Carl Schlösser (2nd time)   (s.a.)
1765 - 1766                Hieronymus Maximilian von Glauburg  (b. 1715 - d. 1786)
                             (1st time)
1766 - 1767                Johann Carl von Fichard (6th time)  (s.a.)
1767 - 1768                Friedrich Maximilian Baur von       (b. 1707 - d. 1771)
                             Eysseneck
1768 - 1769                Johann Philipp von Heyden (1st time)(b. 1712 - d. 1778)
1769 - 1770                Johann Isaac Moors (2nd time)       (s.a.)
1770 - 1771                Hieronymus Maximilian von Glauburg  (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1771 - 1772                Johann Daniel von Olenschlager      (b. 1711 - d. 1778)
1772 - 1773                Johann Philipp von Heyden (2nd time)(s.a.)
1773 - 1774                Hieronymus Maximilian von Glauburg  (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
1774 - 1775                Friedrich Adolph von Glauburg       (b. 1722 - d. 1789)
                             (1st time)
1775 - 1776                Johann Philipp von Heyden (3rd time)(s.a.)
1776 - 1777                Hieronymus Maximilian von Glauburg  (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
1777 - 1778                Johann Friedrich von Wiesenhütten   (b. 1724 - d. 1793)
                             (1st time)
1779 - 1780                Friedrich Adolph von Glauburg       (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1780 - 1781                Johann Daniel Fleischbein von       (b. 1715 - d. 1787)
                             Kleeberg II
1781 - 1782                Johann Friedrich von Wiesenhütten   (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1782 - 1783                Friedrich Adolph von Glauburg       (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
1783 - 1784                Johann Christoph von Adlerflycht    (b. 1729 - d. 1786)
                             (1st time)
1784 - 1785                Johann Friedrich von Wiesenhütten   (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
1785 - 1786                Johann Christoph von Adlerflycht    (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1786 - 1787                Friedrich Adolph von Glauburg       (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
1787 - 1788                Johann Friedrich Maximilian von     (s.a.)
                             Stalburg
1788 - 1789                Friedrich Adolph von Glauburg       (s.a.)
                             (5th time)
1789 - 1790                Friedrich Maximilian von Lersner II (b. 1735 - d. 1804)
                             (1st time)
1790 - 1791                Johann Christoph von Lauterbach     (b. 1734 - d. 1798)
                             (1st time)
1791 - 1792                Adolph Carl von Humbracht (1st time)(b. 1753 - d. 1837)
1792 - 1793                Johann Christoph von Lauterbach     (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1793 - 1794                Johann Nicolaus Olenschlager von    (b. 1751 - d. 1820)
                             Olenstein (1st time)
1794 - 1795                Adolph Carl von Humbracht (2nd time)(s.a.)
1795 - 1796                Johann Nicolaus Olenschlager von    (s.a.)
                             Olenstein (2nd time)
1796 - 1797                Johann Christoph von Lauterbach     (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
1797 - 1798                Adolph Carl von Humbracht (3rd time)(s.a.)
1798 - 1799                Friedrich Maximilian von Lersner II (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1799 - 1800                Adolph Carl von Humbracht (4th time)(s.a.)
1800 - 1801                Anton Ulrich Carl von Holzhausen    (b. 1754 - d. 1832)
                             (1st time)
1801 - 1802                Adolph Carl von Humbracht (5th time)(s.a.)
1802 - 1803                Johann Nicolaus Olenschlager von    (s.a.)
                             Olenstein (3rd time)
1803 - 1804                Johann Friedrich von Riese          (b. 1745 - d. 1809)
1804 - 1805                Johann Nicolaus Olenschlager von    (s.a.)
                             Olenstein (4th time)
1805 - 1806                Friedrich August Wiesenhüter        (b. 1759 - d. 1823)
1806 - 19 Sep 1806         Anton Ulrich Carl von Holzhausen    (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
27 Sep 1806 - Dec 1806     Friedrich Karl Schweisser           (b. 1749 - d. 1808)
Erster Bürgermeister (First Mayor)
Jan 1807 - 31 Dec 1810     Adolf Karl von Humbracht            (s.a.)
Maire (Mayor)
 1 Jan 1811 -  2 Nov 1813  Jakob Guiollett                     (b. 1746 - d. 1815)
Commissioner of Frankfurt
19 Sep 1806 - 25 Sep 1806  Franz Joseph Martin Freiherr von    (b. 1748 - d. 1816) 
                             Albini
Prince (title Fürst von Frankfurt)
25 Sep 1806 - 16 Feb 1810  Carl Theodor Anton Maria Freiherr   (b. 1744 - d. 1817)
                             von und zu Dalberg, Reichserzkanzler
                             und Kurfürst, Fürst-Primas,
                             Erzbischof und Fürst von Regensburg 
Grand Duke (title Grossherzog von Frankfurt)
16 Feb 1810 - 28 Oct 1813  Carl Theodor Anton Maria Freiherr   (b. 1744 - d. 1817)
                             von und zu Dalberg, Reichserzkanzler
                             und Kurfürst, Fürst-Primas,
                             Erzbischof und Fürst von Regensburg
30 Sep 1813 -  6 Nov 1813  Conference of ministers
                           - Franz Joseph Martin Freiherr von  (s.a.)
                               Albini
                           - Joseph Karl Theodor Freiherr      (b. 1761 - d. 1833)
                               von Eberstein
                           - Karl Christian Ernst Graf von     (b. 1767 - d. 1849)
                               Bentzel-Sternau
Governors-general of the General Government of the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt
 6 Nov 1813 - 31 Dec 1813  Philipp Prinz zu Hessen-Homburg     (b. 1779 - d. 1846)
31 Dec 1813 - 20 Jun 1815  Heinrich XIII Fürst von Reuss-      (b. 1747 - d. 1817)
                             Greiz          

Head of the Provisional Administration
14 Dec 1813 - 31 Dec 1813  Adolf Karl von Humbracht            (s.a.)
Chief of Civil Administration (Zivilgouverneur Frankfurt)
31 Dec 1813 - 20 Jun 1815  Johann Aloys Josef Reichsfreiherr   (b. 1754 - d. 1825)
                             von Hügel (Austria)                              
Senior Mayor (Älterer Bürgermeister)
31 Dec 1813 -  3 Sep 1816  Adolf Karl von Humbracht (6th time) (s.a.)
 3 Sep 1816 - 31 Dec 1817  Johann Wilhelm Metzler (1st time)   (b. 1755 - d. 1837)
 1 Jan 1818 - 31 Dec 1818  Georg Steitz                        (b. 1756 - d. 1819)
 1 Jan 1819 - 31 Dec 1819  Johann Wilhelm Metzler (2nd time)   (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1820 - 31 Dec 1820  Carl Wilhelm Freiherr von
                             Günderrode (1st time)             (b. 1765 - d. 1823)
 1 Jan 1821 - 31 Dec 1821  Johann Büchner                      (b. 1756 - d. 1834)
 1 Jan 1822 - 31 Dec 1822  Georg Friedrich von Guaita
                             (1st time)                        (b. 1772 - d. 1851)
 1 Jan 1823 - 31 Dec 1823  Johann Wilhelm Metzler (3rd time)   (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1824 - 31 Dec 1824  Georg Freidrich von Guaita
                             (2nd time)                        (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1825 - 31 Dec 1825  Johann Friedrich von Meyer
                             (1st time)                        (b. 1772 - d. 1849)
 1 Jan 1826 - 31 Dec 1826  Georg Friedrich von Guaita
                             (3rd time)                        (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1827 - 31 Dec 1827  Friedrich Wilhelm Philipp Freiherr
                             von Malapert gen. Neufville
                             (1st time)                        (b. 1784 - d. 1852)
 1 Jan 1828 - 31 Dec 1828  Ferdinand Maximilian Stark
                             (1st time)                        (b. 1778 - d. 1857)
 1 Jan 1829 - 31 Dec 1829  Johann Peter Hieronymus Hoch        (b. 1779 - d. 1831)
 1 Jan 1830 - 31 Dec 1830  Friedrich Wilhelm Philipp Freiherr
                             von Malapert gen. Neufville
                             (2nd time)                        (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1831 - 31 Dec 1831  Georg Friedrich von Guaita
                             (4th time)                        (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1832 - 31 Dec 1832  Johann Gerhard Christian Thomas
                             (1st time)                        (b. 1785 - d. 1838)
 1 Jan 1833 - 31 Dec 1833  Georg Friedrich von Guaita
                             (5th time)                        (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1834 - 31 Dec 1834  Ferdinand Maximilian Stark
                             (2nd time)                        (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1835 - 31 Dec 1835  Johann Gerhard Christian Thomas
                             (2nd time)                        (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1836 - 31 Dec 1836  Ferdinand Maximilian Stark
                             (3rd time)                        (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1837 - 31 Dec 1837  Georg Friedrich von Guaita
                             (6th time)                        (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1838 -  1 Nov 1838  Johann Gerhard Christian Thomas
                             (3rd time)                        (s.a.)
 1 Nov 1838 - 1838         Eduard Franz Souchay (acting)       (b. 1800 - d. 1872)
1838 - 31 Dec 1838         Georg Friedrich von Guaita
                             (7th time)                        (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1839 - 31 Dec 1839  Johann Friedrich von Meyer
                             (2nd time)                        (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1840 - 31 Dec 1840  Gottfried Scharff (1st time)        (b. 1782 - d. 1855)
 1 Jan 1841 - 31 Dec 1841  Friedrich Carl Hector Wilhelm
                             Freiherr von Günderrode
                             gen. von Kellner (1st time)       (b. 1786 - d. 1862)
 1 Jan 1842 - 31 Dec 1842  Gottfried Scharff (2nd time)        (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1843 - 31 Dec 1843  Johann Friedrich von Meyer
                             (3rd time)                        (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1844 - 31 Dec 1844  Gottfried Scharff (3rd time)        (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1845 - 31 Dec 1845  Carl Heinrich Georg von Heyden
                             (1st time)                        (b. 1793 - d. 1866)
 1 Jan 1846 - 31 Dec 1846  Gottfried Scharff (4th time)        (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1847 - 31 Dec 1847  Friedrich Carl Hector Wilhelm
                             Freiherr von Günderrode
                             gen. von Kellner (2nd time)       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1848 - 31 Dec 1848  Carl Heinrich Georg von Heyden
                             (2nd time)                        (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1849 - 31 Dec 1849  Samuel Gottlieb Müller (1st time)   (b. 1802 - d. 1880)
 1 Jan 1850 - 31 Dec 1850  Carl Heinrich Georg von Heyden
                             (3rd time)                        (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1851 - 31 Dec 1851  Friedrich Carl Hector Wilhelm
                             Freiherr von Günderrode
                             gen. von Kellner (3rd time)       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1852 - 31 Dec 1852  Johann Georg Neuburg (1st time)     (b. 1795 - d. 1866)
 1 Jan 1853 - 31 Dec 1853  Carl Heinrich Georg von Heyden
                             (4th time)                        (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1854 - 31 Dec 1854  Johann Georg Neuburg (2nd time)     (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1855 - 31 Dec 1855  Eduard Ludwig von Harnier
                             (1st time)                        (b. 1800 - d. 1868)
 1 Jan 1856 - 31 Dec 1856  Johann Georg Neuburg (3rd time)     (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1857 - 31 Dec 1857  Eduard Ludwig von Harnier
                             (2nd time)                        (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1858 - 31 Dec 1858  Johann Georg Neuburg (4th time)     (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1859 - 31 Dec 1859  Eduard Ludwig von Harnier
                             (3rd time)                        (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1860 - 31 Dec 1860  Samuel Gottlieb Müller (2nd time)   (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1861 - 31 Dec 1861  Friedrich Carl Hector Wilhelm
                             Freiherr von Günderrode
                             gen. von Kellner (4th time)       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1862 - 31 Dec 1862  Johann Georg Neuburg (5th time)     (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1863 - 31 Dec 1863  Samuel Gottlieb Müller (3rd time)   (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1864 - 31 Dec 1864  Anton Heinrich Emil von Oven        (b. 1817 - d. 1903)
 1 Jan 1865 - 31 Dec 1865  Philipp Friedrich Gwinner           (b. 1796 - d. 1868)
 1 Jan 1866 - 18 Jul 1866  Carl Constanz Victor Fellner        (b. 1807 - d. 1866)
Prussian Military Governor
16 Jul 1866 -  8 Oct 1866  Ernst Friedrich Eduard Vogel von    (b. 1797 - d. 1885)
                             Falckenstein
Prussian Civil Commissioner (Zivilkommissar der Stadt und des Gebiets von Frankfurt am Main) 
21 Jul 1866 - 30 Sep 1867  Guido von Madai                     (b. 1810 - d. 1892)

Ministers of State of the Grand Duchy of Frankfort (Staats- und Finanzminister)
10 Oct 1806 - Dec 1810     Carl Leopold Reichsgraf von Beust   (b. 1740 - d. 1827)
Dec 1810 - 21 Dec 1813     Karl Christian Ernst Graf von       (b. 1767 - d. 1849)
                             Bentzel-Sternau

Départements of the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt 1811-1813

Aschaffenburg

Prefect of the Département Aschaffenbourg (Präfekt des Departement Aschaffenburg)
 1 Jan 1811 - Oct/Nov 1813 Carl Joseph Wilhelm Will            (b. 1754 - d. 1834)

Frankfurt

Prefect of the Département Francfort (Präfekt des Departement Frankfurt)
 1 Jan 1811 -  2 Nov 1813  Friedrich Maximilian Freiherr von   (b. 1753 - d. 1824)
                             Günderrode

Fulda

Prefect of the Département Fulde (Präfekt des Departement Fulda)
 1 Jan 1811 - Oct/Nov 1813 Lothar Herquet                      (b. 1767 - d. 1849)

Hanau

Prefects of the Département Hanau (Präfekten des Departement Hanau)
 1 Jan 1811 -  3 Mar 1813  Heinrich Friedrich Conrad           (b. 1784 - d. 1848)
                             Freiherr von und zu der Tann 
 3 Mar 1813 - Oct/Nov 1813 Carl Albrecht Wilhelm von Auer      (b. 1748 - d. 1830)

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Freiburg im Üechtland (Fribourg): see Fribourg under Swiss Cantons

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Friedberg Burggraviate (Friedberg in der Wetterau)

1217                       Friedberg in der Wetterau castle built (Burggraviate of Friedberg
                             [Burg Friedberg]).
1254 - 1257                Member of the Rhenish League of Cities (Rheinischen Städtebundes).
 8 Sep 1257                Imperial City of Friedberg in der Wetterau (Reichsstadt Friedberg
                             in der Wetterau) a separate entity.
1285 - 1364                The city joins the Wetterau League of Towns.
 1 May 1287                Burggraf granted imperial justice.     
26 May 1349                Burgfrieden (castle peace treaty) established, granting the
                             Burgmannschaft the right to appoint the Burgrave, a responsibility
                             previously held by the King (Emperor).
1381 - 1389                Member of the Second Rhenish League of Cities.
1431                       Friedberg Castle regarded as the sole reichsständische castle with
                             its inclusion in the Reichsmatrikel (imperial properties)
                             (Kayserliche und des heiligen Reichs-Burg Friedberg).
1475                       Free Court of Kaichen (Freigerichts Kaichen) becomes a possession
                             of the Burgraviate.
1482                       The Burgraviate had compelled the Friedberg town council to issue
                             the Verherrungsrevers, which prohibited the town from changing
                             lords without permission, effectively subjugating it to the castle
1483                       The Burgraviate also secured the signing of a homagesverschreibung,
                             which detailed the relationship between the town and the castle
                             as its lord.
1535                       The free city is pledged to the burggraviate (Stadt und
                             Burggrafschaft Friedberg in der Wetterau).
 2 Sep 1802                Hesse-Darmstadt occupied Friedberg Imperial City.
10 Dec 1803                Hesse-Darmstadt formally took possession of the burgraviate.
21 Jan 1804                Hesse-Darmstadt occupied the castle of Friedberg led by Karl
                             du Thil.
12 Jul 1806                Mediatized to Hesse-Darmstadt by the Rheinbundakte.
10 Mar 1817                Burggraf Klemens von Westphalen attempted to revive the burgraviate
                             at the Congress of Vienna, but was forced to accept a cession
                             agreement in 1817 to Hesse-Darmstadt (possessions of the former
                             Burgraviate were merged with the Hessian crown lands by
                             proclamation of 19 Mar 1817).
19 Jun 1866                Annexed to Prussia.

Burggraffen (title Burggraf zu Friedberg in der Wetterau)
1685 - 18 Jan 1699         Johann III Freiherr von Schlitz,  (b. 1644 - d. 1699)
                             gen. von Görtz 
1699 - 15 Dec 1705         Adolf Johann Karl Freiherr von    (b. 1640 - d. 1705)
                             Bettendorf
1706 - 28 Mar 1710         Johann IV Löw von und zu          (b. 1662 - d. 1710)
                             Steinfurth
1710 -  1 Mar 1727         Johann Erwein Freiherr von        (b. 1663 - d. 1727)
                             Greiffenclau zu Vollrads
1727 - 10 May 1745         Hermann XVIII Riedesel            (b. 1682 - d. 1745)
                             zu Eisenbach 
1745 - 20 Sep 1748         Johann Eitel II von Diede         (b. 1697 - d. 1748)
                             zum Fürstenstein
1749 - 22 Jan 1755         Ernst Ludwig von Breidenbach      (b. 1699 - d. 1755)
                             zu Breidenstein
1755 -  9 Dec 1776         Franz Heinrich Freiherr von       (b. 1716 - d. 1776)
                             Dalberg zu Herrnsheim
11 Jun 1777 - 15 Feb 1805  Johann Maria Rudolph Reichsgraf   (b. 1731 - d. 1805)
                             Waldbott von Bassenheim
1805 - 12 Jul 1806         Clemens August Wilhelm Reichsgraf (b. 1753 - d. 1818) 
                             von Westphalen zu Fürstenberg

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Freising

c.724                      Benedictine Abbey of Freising (Abbatia Frisingensis [Fruxinium]/
                             Stift Fresysing) founded by Saint Korbinian.
739                        Elevated to Bishopric (Episcopatus Frisingensis/Hochstift Freysing)
                             (subordinate to Mainz, from 748 to Salzburg).
783                        Innichen Abbey (Monasterium Candidianum/Stift Innichen) in San
                             Candido, Tyrol part of the lands of the Bishop of Freising.
973                        Lordship of Bischoflack (Dominium Lonka/Herrschaft Lack
                             [Bischoflack]) in Krain (Carniola) granted to Bishop of Freising
                             by Emperor Otto II.
 8 Oct 1284                Lordship of Burgrain (Herrschaft Burgrain) aquired by the Bishop.
1249                       County of Partenkirchen and Mittenwald (Grafschaft Partenkirchen
                             und Mittenwald (Werdenfels) sold to the Bishop of Freising,
                             thereby freed the bishopric from the bailiwick and the regional
                             court of the Bavarian dukes.
1294                       Bishop becomes a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire (Principes-Episcopi
                             Frisingenses/Fürstbischöfe von Freising).
1319                       Duke of Bavaria sells the villages of Ismaning, Unterföhring,
                             Englschalking, and Daglfing to the Bishop of Freising. This
                             created the County on the Yserrain (Grafschaft auf dem Yserrain)
                             part of the lands of the bishop.
May 1632                   Freising occupied by Sweden.
1646                       Freising occupied by Sweden.
Jun 1648 - 1648            Freising occupied by Swedish.
 4 May 1705 - 1715         Freising occupied by Imperial forces.
Dec 1800 - Apr 1801        Freising occupied by the French.
23 Aug 1802                Occupied by Bavaria.
27 Nov 1802                Dissolution of the Hochstift, the takeover of the goods and
                             dismissed the cathedral and collegates.
27 Apr 1803                Annexed by Bavaria (the Stadt und Burgfrieden Freising, Herrschaft
                             Burgrain, Grafschaft auf dem Yserrain, Kloster Isen, and
                             Grafschaft Werdenfels), its mediate domains in Lower Austria,
                             Styria, Krain, and Tyrol are annxed by Austria by the
                             Reichsdeputationshauptschluss.   

Prince-Bishops (title Fürstbischöfe von Freising)
29 Jan 1695 - 23 Feb 1727  Johann Franz Freiherr Eckher von          (b. 1649 - d. 1727)
                             Kapfing und Liechteneck
23 Feb 1727 - 27 Jan 1763  Johann Theodor von Bayern                 (b. 1703 - d. 1763)
                             (from 17 Jan 1746, Johann Theodor Kardinal von Bayern)
22 Aug 1763 - 20 Aug 1768  Clemens Wenzeslaus August Hubertus Franz  (b. 1739 - d. 1812)
                             Xaver Herzog von Sachsen
12 Jun 1769 - 15 Mar 1788  Ludwig Joseph Freiherr von Welden auf     (b. 1727 - d. 1788)
                             Laubheim und Hochaltingen
15 Sep 1788 - 30 Dec 1789  Maximilian Prokop Graf von Törring-       (b. 1739 - d. 1789)
                             Jettenbach
21 Jun 1790 - 27 Nov 1802  Joseph Konrad Freiherr von Schroffenberg- (b. 1743 - d. 1803)
                             Mös
Bavarian Civil Seizure Commissioner (Zivilbesitzergreifungskommissär)
27 Nov 1802 - 27 Apr 1803  Johann Adam Freiherr von Aretin           (b. 1769 - d. 1822)

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Fulda

12 Mar 744                 Benedictine Abbey of Fulda (Abbatia Fuldensis/Kloster Fulda)
                             founded by St. Boniface.
 4 Nov 751                 Monastery directly subordinated to the Holy See..
774                        Abbey granted the ecclesiastical immunity by Charlemagne.
968                        Imperial Abbot, abbot made primate of all German Benedictines.
1170                       Abbots also made Princes of the Empire.
26 Apr 1220                Abbey is elevated to a Princely Abbey (Fürstabtei) by Emperor
                             Frederick II.
1356                       Emperor Karl IV awarded the Prince-abbot the honorary title of
                             "Archchancellor of the Empress" (Erzkanzler der Kaiserin).
May 1576 -  7 Aug 1602     Occupied by the Prince-Bishop of Würzburg.    
1604                       Abbot obtained the iurisdictio quasi-episcopalis ("quasi-bishop's
                             jurisdiction") from Pope Pope Clement VIII, which was confirmed
                             in the Hammelburg Treaty of 1662 and Karlstadt Treaty of 1722.
Nov 1631                   Fulda occupied by the Landgraf of Hesse-Kassel.
25 Feb 1632 - 24 Aug 1634  Given to Landgraf Wilhelm V of Hesse-Kassel (b. 1602 - d. 1637)
                             as an imperial fief by Gustav II Adolf of Sweden.
27 Aug 1634                Fulda restored to the Abbot of Fulda.
 5 Oct 1752                Raised to Bishopric of Fulda (Hochstift Fulda) by Pope Benedict XIV.
22 Oct 1802                Occupied by Prussia, on behalf of the Prince of Orange-Nassau.
27 Apr 1803 - 27 Oct 1806  Mediatized and given to the Prince of Oranje-Nassau by the
                             Reichsdeputationshauptschluss as the Principality of Nassau-
                             Orange-Fulda (Fürstentum Nassau-Oranien-Fulda)(composed of
                             Prince-Bishopric of Fulda, City of Dortmund, Abbey of of Corvey,
                             and Abbey of Weingarten.
12 Jul 1806                Weingarten annexed by Württemberg and the Nassau core territories by
                             the Grand Duchy of Berg and by the Duchy of Nassau.
27 Oct 1806 - 16 May 1810  Fulda occupied by France (Province de Fulde).
16 May 1810                Fulda part of Grand Duchy of Frankfurt (as its Département de la
                             Fulde/Departement der Fulda).
 1 Nov 1813 - 14 Apr 1816  Portion under Austrian administration.
17 Jul 1815 -  5 Feb 1816  Portion under Prussian administration.
 5 Feb 1816                Part of Hesse-Cassel (as Grossherzogtum Fulda).
14 Apr 1816                Portion is incorporated into Bavaria.
 6 Jul 1866                Fulda occupied by Prussia.
 1 Oct 1867                Hesse part annexed to Prussia.

Prince-Abbots (title Fürstabt von Fulda)
18 Apr 1678 - 22 Jun 1700  Placidus von Droste zu Erwitte       (b. 1641 - d. 1700)
 3 Jan 1701 -  6 Oct 1714  Adalbert I von Schleifras            (b. 1650 - d. 1714)
19 Oct 1714 - 13 Mar 1726  Konstantin von Buttlar               (b. 1679 – d. 1726)
 8 Apr 1726 -  3 Nov 1737  Adolf Freiherr von Dalberg           (b. 1678 - d. 1737)
21 Dec 1737 -  5 Oct 1752  Amandus von Buseck                   (b. 1685 - d. 1756)
Prince-Bishops (title Fürstbischof zu Fulda)
 5 Oct 1752 -  4 Dec 1756  Amandus von Buseck                   (s.a.)
17 Jan 1757 - 17 Sep 1759  Adalbert II von Walderdorff          (b. 1697 - d. 1759)
24 Mar 1760 - 25 Sep 1788  Heinrich VIII von Bibra              (b. 1711 - d. 1788)
30 Mar 1789 - 22 Oct 1802  Adalbert III von Herstall            (b. 1737 - d. 1814)
Directing Commissioner (Direktor des Konsistoriums)
22 Oct 1802 - 23 Feb 1803  Ferdinand Carl Wilhelm Heinrich      (b. 1765 - d. 1842)
                             Freiherr Schenck zu Schweinsberg
Prince of Nassau-Orange-Fulda (title Fürst von Nassau-Oranien-Fulda und Fürst von Fulda,
Fürst von Corvey, Herr von Weingarten und Graf von Dortmund)
23 Feb 1803 - 27 Oct 1806  Wilhelm von Oranien-Nassau           (b. 1772 - d. 1843)
                            (= Willem Frederik, Prins van Orange-Nassau)
French Governors of Fulda (gouverneur du pays de Fulda)
27 Oct 1806 - Aug 1807     Paul Charles François Adrien Henri   (b. 1769 - d. 1846)
                             Dieudonné Thiébault
Aug 1807 - Dec 1808        Pierre Charles Éléonore Robquin      (b. 1763 - d. 1839)
                             (acting)
Dec 1808 - 19 May 1810     Georges Kister                       (b. 1755 - d. 1832)
                             (from 29 Jun 1808, Georges, baron Kister) 

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Fürstenberg

1250                       County of Fürstenberg (Comitatus Furstenbergensis/Grafschaft
                             Fürstenberg) split from the County of Urach.
1283                       Landgraviate of Baar acquired.
1284 -  9 Jul 1386         Partitioned into Fürstenberg-Fürstenberg and Fürstenberg-Haslach.
 9 Jul 1386                Re-united by Fürstenberg-Fürstenberg.
15 Aug 1408 - 30 Nov 1490  Partitioned into Fürstenberg-Fürstenberg and Fürstenberg-Wolfach.
30 Nov 1490                Re-united by Fürstenberg-Baar.
15 Dec 1535                County of Heiligenberg acquired.
12 May 1559 -  7 Sep 1744  Partitioned into Fürstenberg-Blumberg and Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg.
12 May 1664                Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg raised to an imperial principality
                             (Fürstentum Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg), which is inherited by
                             Fürstenberg-Donaueschingen in 1698. They were introduced into the
                             College of Imperial Princes on 6 Sep 1667.
 2 Dec 1716                Principality of Fürstenberg (Fürstentum Fürstenberg)(Fürstenberg-
                             -Heiligenberg become extinct and his inherited by the Fürstenberg-
                             Mösskirch [Messkirch] line).
 7 Sep 1744                Fürstenberg-Stühlingen unites all Fürstenberg lands in Swabia,
                             after the Fürstenberg-Mösskirch line becomes extinct.
17 May 1804                Fürstenberg-Stühlingen extinct the succession in the imperial
                             territories passed to the Bohemian collateral line of
                             Fürstenberg-Fürstenberg.
12 Jul 1806                Mediatised and most of its territory given to Baden, and smaller
                             parts to Württemberg, Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, and Bavaria. 

Princes and Princely Counts
(title Reichsfürst und gefürsteter Landgraf von Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg)
10 Sep 1674 - 10 Oct 1716  Anton Egon zu Fürstenberg-           (b. 1656 - d. 1716)
                             Heiligenberg 
10 Oct 1716 -  2 Dec 1716  Froben Ferdinand Dominik Christoph   (b. 1664 - d. 1741)
                             zu Fürstenberg-Mösskirch
Princes (title Fürst zu Fürstenberg)
 2 Dec 1716 -  4 Apr 1741  Froben Ferdinand Dominik Christoph   (s.a.)
                             zu Fürstenberg-Mösskirch
 4 Apr 1741 -  7 Sep 1744  Karl Friedrich zu Fürstenberg-       (b. 1714 - d. 1744)
                             Mösskirch
 7 Sep 1744 - 29 Apr 1762  Joseph Wilhelm Ernst zu Fürstenberg- (b. 1699 - d. 1762)
                             Stühlingen      
29 Apr 1762 -  2 Jun 1783  Joseph Wenzel von Fürstenberg-       (b. 1728 - d. 1783)
                             Stühlingen                  
 2 Jun 1783 - 24 Jun 1796  Joseph Maria Benedikt zu Fürstenberg (b. 1758 - d. 1796)
                             -Stühlingen
24 Jun 1796 - 17 May 1804  Karl Joachim Aloys Franz von Paula   (b. 1771 - d. 1804)
                             zu Fürstenberg-Stühlingen 
17 May 1804 -  6 Aug 1806  Karl Egon II von Fürstenberg         (b. 1796 - d. 1854)
17 May 1804 -  6 Aug 1806  Maria Elisabeth Alexandrina          (b. 1767 - d. 1822)
                             Prinzessin von Thurn und
                             Taxis (f) -Regent

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Gandersheim 

Princess-Abbesses (title Fürstäbtissin zu Gandersheim)
21 Dec 1693 - 29 Oct 1712  Henriette Christine Herzogin       (b. 1669 - d. 1753)
                             von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel
15 Dec 1712 - 27 Apr 1713  Marie Elisabeth Herzogin zu        (b. 1646 - d. 1713)
                             Mecklenburg-Schwerin
 2 Sep 1713 - 24 Dec 1766  Elisabeth IV Ernestine Antonie     (b. 1681 - d. 1766)
                             Herzogin von Sachsen-Meiningen 
 4 Jun 1767 - 26 Jun 1778  Therese Natalie Prinzessin zu      (b. 1728 - d. 1778)
                             Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern
 3 Aug 1778 - 23 Sep 1802  Auguste Dorothea Prinzessin zu     (b. 1749 - d. 1810)
                             Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel

c.1092                     Gemen (Gehmen) mentioned as an allod of the Edelherren of Jemen.
c.1250                     Gemen (Gehmen) a fief of the Counts of Cleves.
1531 - 1640                Inherited by the Counts of Schaumburg and Holstein-Pinneberg.
Aug 1568                   Gemen occupied and plundered by Spanish forces.
1619 - 1700                Under the feudal lordship of the Elector of Brandenburg.
 5 Nov 1635 - 1640         Possession disputed between the Holstein-Schaumburg and Limburg-
                             Styrum families.
1644                       Gemen passes to the Limburg-Styrum (Limburg-Stirum) dynasty.
26 Oct 1694                Imperial Court Chamber recognizes Imperial immediacy of the Castle
                             and Lordship of Gemen (Gehmen)(Burg und Herrschaft Gemen) under
                             the Counts of Limburg-Styrum.
12 May 1700                Imperial immediacy recognized by the Bishop of Münster and the
                             Count renounces the sovereign rights over his farms scattered
                             throughout the Münster diocese and the right to tax the people
                             of Vreden (recognized by Elector of Brandenburg 13 Oct 1700).
Nov 1733                   Lordship of Raesfeld inherited by the Count of Limburg-Styrum.
1776                       Gemen castle briefly occupied by Lippe.
26 Feb 1797                Line of Limburg-Styrum extinct, Gemen inherited the branch of
                             Limburg-Styrum zu Iller-Aichheim.
 5 Dec 1800                The Baron of Bömelberg (Boemelberg), Baron Alois Sebastian von
                             Bömelberg zu Erolzheim, inherits Gemen on death of Ferdinand
                             August Carl when his line became extinct.
12 Jul 1806                Gemen ceded to Salm-Kyrburg (Erolzheim annexed to Bavaria,
                             from 1810 Württemberg).
28 Feb 1811                Gemen annexed to France (part of département Yssel-Supérieur, 
                             then from 27 Apr 1811 the département de la Lippe).
1813 - 1815                Allied administration.
 9 Jun 1815                Annexed to Prussia (part of Westfalen province).

Counts and Lords (title Reichsgraf von Limburg-Styrum und Bronckhorst, Herr zu Gemen und Herr zu Raesfeld)
 3 Oct 1657 -  9 Jul 1704  Hermann Otto II                        (b. 1646 - d. 1704)
 9 Jul 1704 -  4 Mar 1754  Otto Ernst Leopold                     (b. 1684 - d. 1754)
 4 Mar 1754 - 31 Dec 1771  Friedrich Karl                         (b. 1710 - d. 1771)
31 Dec 1771 - 26 Feb 1797  Damian August Philipp Karl             (b. 1721 - d. 1797)
                             Fürstbischof von Speyer
26 Feb 1797 -  5 Dec 1800  Ferdinand August Carl                  (b. 1785 - d. 1800)
Baron and Lord (title Reichsfreiherr von Bömelberg, Herr zu Gemen und Raesfeld)
 5 Dec 1800 - 12 Jul 1806  Aloys                                  (b. 1756 - d. 1826)
                            (= Aloys Sebastian von Bömelberg zu Erolzheim)

1237                       Cistercian Abbey of Gutenzell (Abbatia Guetencellensis
                             [Bona Cella]/Stift Gutenzell).
1417                       Abbesses made Princesses of the Empire (Abbatia imperialis
                             Guetencellensis [Bona Cella]/Reichsabtei Gutenzell).
1525                       The abbey is looted by revolting farmers of the Baltringer Haufen
                             during the German Peasants' War.
1632 - Dec 1646            Occupied by Sweden.
1685                       Gutenzell Abbey received the privilege of high justice. 
 1 Dec 1802                Secularized.                        
25 Feb 1803                Dissolved by the Reichsdeputationhauptschluss.
 9 Mar 1803                Given to the Bavarian Count of Törring as an imperial county for
                             the loss of the immediate left-wing Rhine County of Gronsfeld.
12 Jul 1806                Annexed to Württemburg.

Princess-Abbesses (title Fürstäbtissin zu Gutenzell)
 2 Nov 1696 - 18 Nov 1718  Maria Viktoria Hochwind                (b. 16.. - d. 1718)
21 Dec 1719 -  6 May 1747  Maria Bernarda Freiin von Donnersberg  (d. 1747)
10 May 1747 - 23 Aug 1759  Maria Franziska Barbara Dominica       (b. 1707 - d. 1759)
                             von Gall
28 Aug 1759 - 20 Apr 1776  Maria Alexandra Francisca Zimmermann   (b. 1716 - d. 1776)
27 Apr 1776 -  1 Dec 1802  Maria Justina Freiin von Erolzheim     (b. 1746 - d. 1809)
Chief Administrator of the Monasteries Ochsenhausen, Heggbach, Gutenzell,
Schussenried and Rot an der Rot
 1 Dec 1802 -  9 Mar 1803  Joseph von Schott
Count
 9 Mar 1803 - 12 Jul 1806  Joseph August Graf von Törring         (b. 1753 - d. 1826)

834                        Bishopric of Hamburg; The name "Hammaburg" first mentioned
                             in writing.
845                        Town sacked by the Norsemen.
848 - 1072                 In personal union with Bishopric of Bremen.
880                        Hamburg is destroyed by Norman and Slavic raiders led by Eric
                             the Child.
915                        Hamburg is destroyed by Danes and Slavs.
1012                       Hamburg is destroyed by the Wendish.
1189                       Free City of Hamburg (Libera Urbs Hamburgensis/Freie Stadt Hamburg)
                             by imperial charter of Friedrich I "Barbarossa."
1214 - 22 Jul 1227         Occupied by Denmark.
1223                       Archbishopric relocated from Hamburg to Bremen.
1356 - 1669                Member of the Hanseatic League.
10 Aug 1410                First Constitution of Hamburg established.
23 Aug 1420 -  1 Jan 1868  Bergedorf joint condominium with Lübeck to 1868.
Mar 1510                   Imperial City of Hamburg (Reichsstadt Hamburg) declared by
                             Emperor Maximilian.
15 May 1529                The city embraces Lutheranism.
6/16 Jul 1618              The Bundeskammergericht confirms that Hamburg 
                             is reichsunmittelbar; the polity usually gives itself
                             the style Free Imperial City of Hamburg; four mayors to
                             1861, alternating with two of them worthaltend (in charge)
                             at any time; four "succession lines" can be distinguished
                             (Freie Reichsstadt Hamburg).
18 Jun 1762 - 1762         Occupied by Denmark.
27 May 1768                Treaty of Gottorp releases Hamburg from theoretical subjection to
                             the king of Denmark, as Duke of Holstein, and ceded to Hamburg
                             the islands and districts on the left-bank of the Elbe.
1770                       Hamburg admitted for the first time to representation in the
                             Diet of the Empire.
29 Mar 1801 - 20 May 1801  Occupied by Denmark.
13 Nov 1806                Free Hanseatic City of Hamburg (Freie Hansestadt Hamburg). 
19 Nov 1806 - 13 Dec 1810  Occupied by France (Hambourg).
13 Dec 1810 - 18 Mar 1813  Incorporated into France; from 1 Jan 1811 as arrondissement
                             de Hambourg within the département of Bouches-de-l'Elbe
                             (see under Germany).
18 Mar 1813                Free Hanseatic City of Hamburg (restored).
29 May 1813 - 31 May 1814  Re-incorporated into France.
31 May 1814                Free Hanseatic City of Hamburg (restored).
20 Dec 1819                Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg)
                             from 1918 see German states since 1918).
 1 Jan 1868                Bergedorf incorporated into Hamburg.

Mayors (Bürgermeister)
- Line 1 -
18 Nov 1697 - 17 Nov 1709  Peter von Lengerke                 (b. 1651 - d. 1709)
27 Nov 1709 - 15 Jul 1716  Lucas von Borstel                  (b. 1649 - d. 1716)
24 Jul 1716 - 30 Jul 1720  Bernhard Matfeld                   (b. 1661 - d. 1720)
 6 Aug 1720 -  1 Feb 1728  Hinrich Diedrich Wiese             (b. 1676 - d. 1728)
11 Feb 1728 - 22 Nov 1742  Rütger Rulant                      (b. 1665 - d. 1742)
 1 Dec 1742 - 19 Oct 1754  Conrad Widow                       (b. 1686 - d. 1754)
29 Oct 1754 - 28 Jul 1783  Nicolaus Schuback                  (b. 1700 - d. 1783)
 4 Aug 1783 - 12 Jan 1790  Johann Anderson II                 (b. 1717 - d. 1790)
22 Jan 1790 - 13 Nov 1801  Franz Anton Wagner                 (b. 1715 - d. 1801)
20 Nov 1801 - 13 Feb 1811  Friedrich von Graffen (1st time)   (b. 1745 - d. 1820)
18 Mar 1813 - 29 May 1813  Friedrich von Graffen (2nd time)   (s.a.)
31 May 1814 - 17 Mar 1820  Friedrich von Graffen (3rd time)   (s.a.)
25 Mar 1820 -  1 Feb 1850  Johann Heinrich Bartels            (b. 1761 - d. 1850)
- Line 2 -
22 Aug 1684 - 28 Mar 1704  Joachim Lemmermann                 (b. 1622 - d. 1704)
 4 Apr 1704 - 30 Jun 1712  Paul Paulsen                       (b. 1639 - d. 1712)
 7 Jul 1712 - 30 Jun 1722  Ludwig Becceler                    (b. 1644 - d. 1722)
 8 Jul 1722 - 15 Nov 1729  Hans Jacob Faber                   (b. 1665 - d. 1729)
23 Nov 1729 - 29 Jan 1739  Daniel Stockfleth                  (b. 1676 - d. 1739)
 7 Feb 1739 - 16 Sep 1741  Johann Hermann Luis                (b. 1683 - d. 1741)
26 Sep 1741 - 20 Nov 1759  Cornelius Poppe                    (b. 1691 - d. 1763)
23 Nov 1759 - 21 Apr 1780  Peter Greve                        (b. 1696 - d. 1780)
28 Apr 1780 - 22 Aug 1784  Frans Doormann                     (b. 1709 - d. 1784)
27 Aug 1784 - 31 Jan 1788  Johann Luis                        (b. 1722 - d. 1788)
 8 Feb 1788 - 12 Apr 1798  Martin Dorner                      (b. 1728 - d. 1798)
20 Apr 1798 - 31 Dec 1810  Daniel Lienau (1st time)           (b. 1739 - d. 1816)
18 Mar 1813 - 29 May 1813  Daniel Lienau (2nd time)           (s.a.)
31 May 1814 -  5 Jun 1816  Daniel Lienau (3rd time)           (s.a.)
12 Jun 1816 -  6 Jul 1821  Christian Matthias Schröder        (b. 1741 - d. 1821)
13 Jul 1821 - 26 Apr 1829  Johann Daniel Koch                 (b. 1742 - d. 1829)
 4 May 1829 - 24 Feb 1835  Martin Garlieb Sillem              (b. 1769 - d. 1835)
 2 Mar 1835 -  5 Mar 1851  Christian Daniel Benecke           (b. 1768 - d. 1851)
- Line 3 -
10 Mar 1697 -  6 Dec 1702  Hieronymus Hartwig Moller          (b. 1641 - d. 1702)
14 Dec 1702 - 28 Jul 1703  Julius Surland                     (b. 1658 - d. 1703)
 4 Aug 1703 - 28 Jan 1723  Gerhard Schröder                   (b. 1659 - d. 1723)
 5 Feb 1723 -  3 May 1743  Johann Anderson I                  (b. 1674 - d. 1743)
14 May 1743 - 23 May 1749  Nicolaus Stampeel                  (b. 1673 - d. 1749)
 3 Jun 1749 -  3 Dec 1750  Clemens Samuel Lipstorp            (b. 1696 - d. 1750)
17 Dec 1750 - 27 Jul 1751  Lucas von Spreckelsen              (b. 1691 - d. 1751)
 3 Aug 1751 -  9 Jan 1765  Lucas Corthum                      (b. 1688 - d. 1765)
17 Jan 1765 - 20 Mar 1781  Vincent Rumpff                     (b. 1701 - d. 1781)
28 Mar 1781 - 22 Aug 1800  Jacob Albrecht von Sienen          (b. 1768 - d. 1837)
29 Aug 1800 - 16 Oct 1802  Peter Hinrich Widow                (b. 1736 - d. 1802)
23 Oct 1802 - 31 Dec 1810  Wilhelm Amsinck (1st time)         (b. 1752 - d. 1831)
18 Mar 1813 - 29 May 1813  Wilhelm Amsinck (2nd time)         (s.a.)
31 May 1814 - 21 Jun 1831  Wilhelm Amsinck (3rd time)         (s.a.)
29 Jun 1831 - 14 Dec 1842  Amandus Augustin Abendroth         (b. 1767 - d. 1842)
23 Dec 1842 - 31 Dec 1860  Heinrich Kellinghusen              (b. 1796 - d. 1879)
- Line 4 -
 3 Nov 1687 - 28 Aug 1717  Peter Lütkens II                   (b. 1636 - d. 1717)
 7 Sep 1717 - 26 Dec 1732  Garlieb Sillem                     (b. 1676 - b. 1732)
 6 Jan 1733 - 11 Jan 1751  Martin Lucas Schele                (b. 1683 - d. 1751)
19 Jan 1751 - 20 Nov 1774  Martin Hieronymus Schele           (b. 1699 - d. 1774)
29 Nov 1774 -  5 Sep 1778  Johann Schlüter                    (b. 1715 - d. 1778)
11 Sep 1778 -  3 Jan 1786  Albert Schulte                     (b. 1716 - d. 1786)
11 Jan 1786 - 28 Aug 1807  Johann Adolf Poppe                 (b. 1727 - d. 1807)
 4 Sep 1807 - 31 Dec 1810  Johann Arnold Heise (1st time)     (b. 1747 - d. 1834)
18 Mar 1813 - 29 May 1813  Johann Arnold Heise (2nd time)     (s.a.)
31 May 1814 -  5 Mar 1834  Johann Arnold Heise (3rd time)     (s.a.)
12 Mar 1834 - 19 Aug 1835  Martin Hieronymus Schrötteringk    (b. 1768 - d. 1835)
26 Aug 1835 - 24 Nov 1843  David Schlüter                     (b. 1758 - d. 1844)
27 Nov 1843 - 25 Jan 1855  Johann Ludwig Dammert              (b. 1788 - d. 1855)
31 Jan 1855 - 31 Dec 1860  Nicolaus Binder                    (b. 1785 - d. 1863)
First mayors
 2 Jan 1861 - 31 Dec 1862  Friedrich Sieveking (1st time)     (b. 1798 - d. 1872)
 1 Jan 1863 - 31 Dec 1864  Nicolaus Ferdinand Haller
                             (1st time)                       (b. 1805 - d. 1876)
 1 Jan 1865 - 31 Dec 1865  Friedrich Sieveking (2nd time)     (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1866 - 31 Dec 1867  Nicolaus Ferdinand Haller
                             (2nd time)                       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1868 - 31 Dec 1868  Friedrich Sieveking (3rd time)     (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1869 - 31 Dec 1869  Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer
                             (1st time)                       (b. 1808 - d. 1887)
 1 Jan 1870 - 31 Dec 1870  Nicolaus Ferdinand Haller
                             (3rd time)                       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1871 - 31 Dec 1872  Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer
                             (2nd time)                       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1873 - 31 Dec 1873  Nicolaus Ferdinand Haller
                             (4th time)                       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1874 - 31 Dec 1874  Hermann Gossler                    (b. 1802 - d. 1877)
 1 Jan 1875 - 31 Dec 1875  Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer
                             (3rd time)                       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1876 - 31 Dec 1877  Carl Friedrich Petersen (1st time) (b. 1809 - d. 1892)
 1 Jan 1878 - 31 Dec 1878  Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer
                             (4th time)                       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1879 - 31 Dec 1879  Hermann Anthony Cornelius Weber
                             (1st time)                       (b. 1822 - d. 1886)
 1 Jan 1880 - 31 Dec 1880  Carl Friedrich Petersen (2nd time) (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1881 - 31 Dec 1881  Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer
                             (5th time)                       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1882 - 31 Dec 1882  Hermann Anthony Cornelius Weber
                             (2nd time)                       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1883 - 31 Dec 1883  Carl Friedrich Petersen (3rd time) (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1884 - 31 Dec 1884  Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer
                             (6th time)                       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1885 - 31 Dec 1885  Hermann Anthony Cornelius Weber
                             (3rd time)                       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1886 - 31 Dec 1886  Carl Friedrich Petersen (4th time) (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1887 -3/4 Mar 1887  Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer
                             (7th time)                       (s.a.)
14 Mar 1887 - 31 Dec 1888  Johannes Georg Andreas Versmann
                             (1st time)                       (b. 1820 - d. 1899)
 1 Jan 1889 - 31 Dec 1889  Carl Friedrich Petersen (5th time) (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1890 - 31 Dec 1890  Johannes Georg Mönckeberg
                             (1st time)                       (b. 1839 - d. 1908)
 1 Jan 1891 - 31 Dec 1891  Johannes Georg Andreas Versmann
                             (2nd time)                       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1892 - 14 Nov 1892  Carl Friedrich Petersen (6th time) (s.a.)
14 Nov 1892 - 31 Dec 1893  Johannes Georg Mönckeberg          (s.a.)
                             (acting to 31 Dec 1892)
                             (2nd time) 
 1 Jan 1894 - 31 Dec 1894  Johannes Georg Andreas Versmann
                             (3rd time)                       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1895 - 31 Dec 1895  Johannes Christian Eugen Lehmann
                             (1st time)                       (b. 1826 - d. 1901)
 1 Jan 1896 - 31 Dec 1896  Johannes Georg Mönckeberg
                             (3rd time)                       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1897 - 31 Dec 1897  Johannes Georg Andreas Versmann
                             (4th time)                       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1898 - 31 Dec 1898  Johannes Christian Eugen Lehmann
                             (2nd time)                       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1899 - 31 Dec 1899  Johannes Georg Mönckeberg
                             (4th time)                       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1900 - 15 Sep 1900  Johannes Christian Eugen Lehmann
                             (3rd time)                       (s.a.)
15 Sep 1900 - 31 Dec 1901  Georg Hachmann (1st time)          (b. 1838 - d. 1904)
                             (acting to 19 Nov 1900)
 1 Jan 1902 - 31 Dec 1902  Johannes Georg Mönckeberg
                             (5th time)                       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1903 - 31 Dec 1903  Johann Heinrich Burchard
                             (1st time)                       (b. 1852 - d. 1912)
 1 Jan 1904 -  5 Jul 1904  Georg Hachmann (2nd time)          (s.a.)
 5 Jul 1904 - 31 Dec 1905  Johannes Georg Mönckeberg          (s.a.)
                             (6th time)(acting to 11 Jul 1904)
 1 Jan 1906 - 31 Dec 1906  Johann Heinrich Burchard
                             (2nd time)                       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1907 - 31 Dec 1907  Johann Otto Stammann               (b. 1835 - d. 1909)
 1 Jan 1908 - 27 Mar 1908  Johannes Georg Mönckeberg
                             (7th time)                       (s.a.)
27 Mar 1908 - 31 Dec 1909  Johann Heinrich Burchard
                             (3rd time)(acting to 3 Apr 1908) (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1910 - 31 Dec 1911  Max Predöhl (1st time)             (b. 1854 - d. 1923)
 1 Jan 1912 -  6 Sep 1912  Johann Heinrich Burchard
                             (4th time)                       (s.a.)
 6 Sep 1912 - 31 Dec 1913  Carl August Schröder (1st time)    (b. 1855 - d. 1945)
                             (acting to 13 Sep 1912)
 1 Jan 1914 - 31 Dec 1914  Max Predöhl (2nd time)             (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1915 - 31 Dec 1915  Werner von Melle (1st time)        (b. 1853 - d. 1937)  Non-party
 1 Jan 1916 - 31 Dec 1916  Carl August Schröder (2nd time)    (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1917 - 31 Dec 1917  Max Predöhl (3rd time)             (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1918 - 12 Nov 1918  Werner von Melle (2nd time)        (s.a.)               Non-party

French Governors-general of the Hanseatic Cities
(Gouverneur général des villes hanséatiques)
15 Dec 1806 - 29 Apr 1807  Guillaume Marie Annne Brune        (b. 1763 - d. 1815)
14 Jul 1807 -  7 Mar 1809  Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte     (b. 1763 - d. 1844)
Feb 1810 - Jul 1810        Gabriel Jean-Joseph Molitor        (b. 1770 - d. 1849)
 1 Dec 1810 - 18 Mar 1813  Louis Davout, duc d'Auerstaedt,    (b. 1770 – d. 1823)
                             prince du Eckmühl 
13 Jul 1810 -  3 Mar 1812  Charles Antoine Morand             (b. 1771 - d. 1835)
                             (acting for Davout)
1812 - 13 Mar 1813         Claude Carra de Saint-Cyr          (b. 1760 - d. 1834)
                             (acting for Davout)
Military governor
29 May 1813 - 10 May 1814  Louis Davout, duc d'Auerstedt,     (s.a.)
                             prince d'Eckmühl 
 2 Jul 1813 - 1814         Louis Stanislas Xavier Soyez       (b. 1769 - d. 1839)
                             (acting for Davout)
Sous-préfet, arrondissement de Hambourg
(subordinated to the prefects of Bouches-de-l'Elbe)
1812 - 1813                Alfred Louis Jean Philippe de      (b. 1789 - d. 1856)
                             Chastellux
French Mayor of Hamburg (Maier d'Hambourg)
1811 - 29 May 1813         Amandus Augustus Abendroth         (b. 1767 - d. 1842)
                             (1st time)
29 May 1813 - 31 May 1814  Amandus Augustus Abendroth         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)

1143                       Hanau first mentioned Hagenowe.
13th cent.                 Lordship of Hanau (Dominium Hanauensis [Hanau]/Herrschaft Hanau).
11 Dec 1429                County of Hanau (Comitatus Hanauensis [Hanau]/Grafschaft Hanau)
                             elevated by Emperor Sigismund.
Jan 1458 - 21 Jan 1642     Partitioned between the family into (called from 1480) Hanau-
                             Lichtenberg and (called from 1496) Hanau-Münzenberg.
1631 - 13 Jun 1636         Hanau occupied by the Swedes.
21 Jan 1642                Reunited by Hanau-Lichtenberg.
1670 - 1685                Under Imperial curatorship.
30 Mar 1685 -  4 Oct 1712  Re-divided between Hanau-Lichtenberg and
                             Hanau-Münzenberg.
28 Mar 1736                County of Hanau-Lichtenberg inherited by Hesse-Darmstadt and
                             the County of Hanau-Münzenberg is inherited by Hesse-Kassel.
31 Oct 1785 -  4 Nov 1806  Under administration of Hesse-Kassel. 
 4 Nov 1806 - 16 May 1810  French occupation (Principauté de Hanau).
16 May 1810 - 31 Oct 1813  Part of Grand Duchy of Frankfurt (as département de Hanau).
29 Oct 1813 - 30 Oct 1813  Occupied by the Allies.
30 Oct 1813 - 31 Oct 1813  Briefly re-occupied by France.
31 Oct 1813 -  2 Dec 1813  Occupied by the Allies.
 2 Dec 1813                Incorporated into Hesse-Kassel (as Fürstentum Hanau).
 1 Oct 1867                Annexed to Prussia.

Hanau-Lichtenberg

Counts (title Graf zu Hanau)
19 Nov 1625 - 14 Feb 1641  Philipp Wolfgang              (b. 1595 - d. 1641)
14 Feb 1641 - 30 Mar 1685  Friedrich Casimir             (b. 1623 - d. 1685)
30 Mar 1685 - 28 Mar 1736  Johann Reinhard III           (b. 1665 - d. 1736)

Hanau-Münzenberg

Counts (title Graf zu Hanau)
 3 Aug 1638 - 12 Nov 1641  Philipp Ludwig III            (b. 1632 - d. 1641)
12 Nov 1641 - 12 Jan 1642  Johann Ernst                  (b. 1613 - d. 1642)
21 Jan 1642 - 30 Mar 1685  Friedrich Casimir             (s.a.)
30 Mar 1685 -  4 Oct 1712  Philipp Reinhard II           (b. 1664 - d. 1712)
 4 Oct 1712 - 28 Mar 1736  Johann Reinhard III           (s.a.)

Hesse-Kassel Governors of Hanau (Gouverneur von Hanau)
c.1780 - 25 Sep 1788       Wilhelm Maximilian August     (b. 1712 - d. 1788)
                             von Ditfurth (Ditfurt)
c.1790 - c.1796            Heinrich Julius Graf von      (b. 1724 - d. 1801)
                             Kopoth
c.1798 - 13 Mar 1806       Georg Christoph Wilhelm Adam  (b. 1738 - d. 1806)  
                             von Dalwigk
French Governor (gouverneur de la principauté de Hanau)
 4 Nov 1806 - 16 May 1810  François-Étienne-Christophe   (b. 1735 - d. 1820)
                             Kellermann (from 3 Jun 1808,
                             duc de Valmy)
Intendant (intendant de la principauté de Hanau)
 4 Nov 1806 - 16 May 1810  Julien Alexandre Marcotte de  (b. 1768 - d. 1837)
                             Forceville 
Prefects of département Hanau (of the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt)
 1 Jan 1811 -  3 Mar 1813  Heinrich Friedrich Conrad     (b. 1784 - d. 1848)
                             Freiherr von und zu der Tann 
 3 Mar 1813 - Oct/Nov 1813 Carl Albrecht Wilhelm von Auer(b. 1748 - d. 1830)

1286                       Fürstentum Göttingen detached from Brunswick.

23 Nov 1432                Fürstentum Calenberg detached from Brunswick.

 6 Feb 1463                Calenberg and Göttingen merged into Fürstentum

                             Calenberg-Göttingen.

19 Dec 1692                The ruler of Calenberg-Göttingen is made a prince-elector

                             of the Holy Roman Empire; the polity is styled

                             Kurfürstentum Braunschweig und Lüneburg; the abbreviation

                             Kurbraunschweig is also in official use, and the style

                             Kurfürstentum Hannover (from the name of the capital city)

                             come into gradual official use also; the change in Erzamt

                             ("arch-office") in the ruler's style in 1710 and the

                             technically incorrect retention of the new one in 1714 are

                             the indirect result of corresponding changes for the rulers

                             of Bavaria (Bayern) and the Palatinate (Pfalz).

 1 Aug 1714 - 20 Jun 1837  Personal union with Great Britain.

11 Aug 1757 - Mar 1758     Occupied by France (invasion begins Jul 1757).

 1 Apr 1801 -  6 Nov 1801  Occupied by Prussia.

 4 Jun 1803 - 26 Oct 1805  Occupied by France (Hanovre).

26 Oct 1805 - 14 Dec 1805  Occupied by Prussia.

14 Dec 1805 -  7 Feb 1806  Occupied by Britain.

 7 Feb 1806 -  1 Apr 1806  Occupied by Prussia.

 1 Apr 1806                Annexed to Prussia.

12 Nov 1806                Occupied by France (Hanovre).

 1 Mar 1810 - 29 Oct 1813  Incorporated into Kingdom of Westphalia.

29 Oct 1813 -  6 Nov 1813  Allied administration.

 6 Nov 1813                Electorate restored.

12 Oct 1814                Kingdom of Hanover (Königreich Hannover).

17 Jun 1866                Occupied by Prussia.

20 Sep 1866                Annexation by Prussia.

First ministers (Erster Minister)
1693 - 24 Jan 1709         Franz Ernst Reichsgraf von Platen- (b. 1631 - d. 1709)
                             Hallermund                
1709 - 1714                Andreas Gottlieb Freiherr von      (b. 1649 - d. 1726)
                             Bernstorff
1714 - 26 Sep 1728         Friedrich Wilhelm von Schlitz      (b. 1647 - d. 1728)
                             (from 1726, Friedrich Wilhelm
                             Reichsgraf von Schlitz gen. von Görtz)                    
1728 -  4 May 1731         Heinrich Albert von dem Bussche    (b. 1664 - d. 1731)
1731 -  6 May 1735         Christian Ulrich von Hardenberg    (b. 1663 - d. 1735)
1735 -  6 Jan 1753         Heinrich Reichsfreiherr von Grote  (b. 1675 - d. 1753)
                             zu Schauen
1753 -  7 Dec 1770         Gerlach Adolph Freiherr von        (b. 1688 - d. 1770)
                             Münchhausen
                             (officially prime minister from 1765)
 7 Dec 1770 - 25 Apr 1771  Levin Adolph Freiherr von Hake     (b. 1708 - d. 1771)
1771 - 26 Dec 1771         Burchard Christian von Behr        (b. 1714 - d. 1771)
1771 -  6 Oct 1779         Albrecht Friedrich von Lenthe      (b. 1707 - d. 1779)
1779 - 13 Feb 1792         Detlev Alexander von Wenckstern    (b. 1708 - d. 1792)
1792 - 1806                Carl Rudolph August Graf von       (b. 1731 - d. 1810)
                             Kielmansegge (Kielmannsegg)               
French Executive Commission
Jun 1803 - 26 Oct 1805     Christian Ludwig Albrecht Patje    (b. 1748 - d. 1816)
                           + Friedrich Franz Dieterich von    (b. 1759 - d. 1836)
                               Bremer
Governor-general (from 22 Feb 1831, Viceroy)
24 Oct 1816 - 20 Jun 1837  Prince Adolphus Frederick,         (s.a.)
                             Duke of Cambridge
Ministers of State and Cabinet (Staats- und Kabinettsminister)
1816 - 29 Mar 1823         Claus von der Decken               (b. 1742 - d. 1826)
1823 -  6 Aug 1832         Friedrich Franz Dietrich von Bremer(s.a.)
                             (from 6 Aug 1832, Friedrich Franz
                             Dietrich Graf von Bremer)
1832 - 28 Jun 1837         Carl August Graf von Alten         (b. 1764 - d. 1840)
                             (Sir Charles August von Alten)
28 Jun 1837 -  5 Sep 1844  Georg Victor Friedrich Diedrich    (b. 1771 - d. 1844)           
                             Freiherr von Schele zu Schelenburg
1844 - 20 Mar 1848         Georg Friedrich Freiherr von       (b. 1783 - d. 1850)
                             Falcke
20 Mar 1848 - 28 Mar 1848  Alexander Levin Graf Bennigsen     (b. 1809 - d. 1893)
Minister-presidents (Ministerpräsidenten)
28 Mar 1848 - 28 Oct 1850  Alexander Levin Graf Bennigsen     (s.a.)
28 Oct 1850 - 22 Nov 1851  Alexander Freiherr von Münchhausen (b. 1813 - d. 1886)
22 Nov 1851 - 21 Nov 1853  Eduard August Friedrich Freiherr   (b. 1805 - d. 1875)
                             von Schele zu Schelenburg
21 Nov 1853 - 29 Jul 1855  Eduard Christian von Lütcken       (b. 1800 - d. 1865)
29 Jul 1855 - 10 Dec 1862  Eduard Georg Ludwig William Howe   (b. 1804 - d. 1879)
                             Graf von Kielmansegg   
10 Dec 1862 - 21 Oct 1865  Wilhelm Karl Konrad Freiherr von   (b. 1808 - d. 1872)
                             Hammerstein-Loxten  
21 Oct 1865 - 28 Jun 1866  Georg Heinrich Julius Friedrich    (b. 1807 - d. 1890)
                             Karl Justus Bacmeister
Prussian Civil Commissioner
19 Jun 1866 - 17 Sep 1867  Hans Christoph Hildebrand Aloysius (b. 1824 - d. 1887)
                             von Hardenberg

Ministers of the German (or Hanoverian) Chancery (resident in London, U.K.)
(Minister bei der Deutsche Kanzlei)
1714 - 1720                Andreas Gottlieb Freiherr von      (s.a.)
                             Bernstorff
1720 - 1730                Johann Caspar Reichsgraf von       (b. 1656 - d. 1732)
                             Bothmer
1725 - 1727                Christian Ulrich von Hardenberg    (b. 1663 - d. 1735)
1728 -  3 Sep 1737         Johann Philipp von Hattorf         (b. 1682 - d. 1737)
1737 - 1748                Ernst Freiherr von Steinberg       (b. 1692 - d. 1759)
1748 - 11 Dec 1762         Philipp Adolph Freiherr von        (b. 1694 - d. 1762)
                             Münchhausen
1762 - 26 Dec 1771         Burchard Christian von Behr        (b. 1714 - d. 1771)
1771 - 16 May 1795         Johann Friedrich Karl von          (b. 1714 - d. 1795)
                             Alvensleben
1795                       Georg August von Steinberg         (b. 1739 - d. 1801)
1795 - 1805                Ernst Ludwig Julius von Lenthe     (b. 1744 - d. 1814)
May 1805 - 12 Feb 1831     Ernst Friedrich Herbert Graf zu    (b. 1766 - d. 1839)
                             Münster, Freiherr von Grothaus
13 Feb 1831 - 20 Jun 1837  Ludwig Karl Konrad Georg von       (b. 1767 - d. 1854)
                             Ompteda

Imperial Bailiffs (Reichsvogt)
1647 – 14 Nov 1673         Michael Krantz, Sr.                (d. 1673)
1694 - 21 Sep 1721         Michael Krantz, Jr.                (b. 1656 - d. 1721)
1721 - 1729                ....
1729 –  7 Nov 1776         Franz Harter                       (b. 1700 – d. 1776)
                             (suspended 1748 – 1758)
1748 - 1758                Council of Twelve
                             (acting for suspended Hartner)
13 Jan 1777 – 1803         Hans Georg Bruder                  (b. 1736 – d. 1817)

1143                       First mention of Heggbach (Hecchibach).
16 Apr 1231                Cistercian Monastery of Heggbach (Monasterium Hegbachensis/Kloster
                             Hecchibach).
12 Apr 1234                Pope Gregory takes the monastery under his personal protection.
1248                       Heggbach raised to an abbey (Abbatia Hegbachensis/Stift Heggbach
                             [Hecchibach]).
21 Apr 1429                Abbesses made Princesses of Empire, imperial immediacy
                             (Reichsabtei Heggbach).
 5 Jul 1481                Emperor Frederick III took the monastery of Heggbach under his
                             protection as supreme bailiff.
Aug 1546 - Dec 1546        Biberach city occupies the abbey.
1633 - 22 Apr 1634         Biberach city again occupies the abbey.
22 Apr 1634 - Sep 1634     Occuped by Sweden , given to Christoph Martin von Degenfeld.
1713                       Emperor Karl VI confirms the privileges of the chapter.
27 Apr 1803                Abbey secularized by Reichsdeputationshauptschluss and properties
                             given to Johann Maria Rudolf Reichsgraf Waldbott von Bassenheim
                             (b. 1731 - d. 1805) as Lordship of Heggbach (Herrschaft Heggbach)
                             in compensation for loss of Pyrmont.
12 Jul 1806                Annexed to Württemberg.

Princess-Abbesses (title Fürstäbtissin zu Heggbach)
1687 - 1700                Maria Barbara IV Hager              (b. 16.. - d. 1715)
1700 - 1712                Maria Magdalena Sohler  
1712 - 1742                Maria Cäcilia II Constantina Schmid (b. 1671 - d. 1742)
1742 - 29 Nov 1773         Maria Aleydis Zech                  (b. 1713 - d. 1773)
1773 - 1792                Maria Juliana Kurz                  (b. 1726 - d. 1792)
1792 - 27 Apr 1803         Maria Anne Vogel                    (b. 1752 - d. 1835)
Lords of Heggbach (title Herr der Herrschaften Bassenheim, Heggbach
und Reiffenberg und Kransberg)
27 Apr 1803 - 15 Feb 1805  Johann Maria Rudolf Reichsgraf      (b. 1731 - d. 1805)
                             Waldbott von Bassenheim
15 Feb 1805 - 12 Jul 1806  Friedrich Karl Franz Rudolf Graf    (b. 1779 - d. 1830)
                             Waldbott von Bassenheim    

Heilbronn

741                        Heilbronn is first mentioned in an official document of the Diocese
                             of Würzburg as villa Helibrunna.
1371                       Free Imperial City of Heilbronn (Reichsstadt Heilbronn [in Latin
                             Heilichprunne]), from 1552 three "succession lines" can be
                             distinguished.
1538 - 1554                Joined the Schmalkaldic League.
18 Apr 1552 - 12 May 1552  Heilbronn occupied by revoltiong peasants.
1631 - 1644                Swedish occupation.
1647 - 1648                French occupation.
 9 Sep 1802                Occupied by Württemberg.
27 Apr 1803                Abolished by the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss and ceded to the
                             Duke of Württemberg (as part of Neuwürttemberg).
 7 Jan 1806                Neuwürttemberg incorporated into Württemberg.  

Mayors (Bürgermeister)
- Line 1 -
1695 -  8 Jan 1698         Johann Georg Pfitzer               (b. 1629 - d. 1698)  
1698 - 29 Jul 1733         Georg Friedrich von Pancug         (b. 1653 - d. 1733)
1733 - 10 Oct 1734         Johann Bernhard Orth               (b. 1677 - d. 1734)  
1734 - 24 Jun 1757         Johannes Schübler                  (b. 1686 - d. 1757)
1758 - 22 Apr 1781         Georg Philipp Mylius               (b. 1696 - d. 1781)
1781 - 13 Mar 1783         Georg Heinrich von Pancug          (b. 1717 - d. 1783)
1784 - 23 Nov 1802         Georg Christoph Kornacher          (b. 1725 - d. 1803)
- Line 2 -
1683 -  6 Oct 1716         Johann David Feyerabend            (b. 1643 - d. 1716)  
1717 - 1731                Johann Heinrich Orth               (b. 1653 - d. 1733)
1732 - 22 Dec 1733         Johann Georg Becht                 (b. 1661 - d. 1733)
1734 -  3 Dec 1740         Wilhelm Ludwig Bardili             (b. 1698 - d. 1740)
1741 - 1765                Esaias Meyer                       (b. 1684 - d. 1771)
1766 - 15 Mar 1769         Franz Leonhard Roth                (b. 1706 - d. 1769)
1770 - 16 Jun 1794         Georg Heinrich von Rosskampff      (b. 1720 - d. 1794)
1795 - 21 Aug 1795         Heinrich Karl Philibert Orth       (b. 1733 - d. 1795)
1796 - 1801                Eberhard Ludwig Becht              (b. 1732 - d. 1803)
1802 - 1803                Christian Ludwig Schübler          (b. 1754 - d. 1820)
- Line 3 -
1695 - 23 Jun 1726         Johann Esaias von Rühle            (b. 1655 - d. 1726)
1727 - 23 Dec 1729         Johann Georg Geiling               (b. 1657 - d. 1729)
1730 - 17 Jun 1732         Adam Christian Wacks               (b. 1675 - d. 1732)
1732 -  7 Sep 1753         Johann Ludwig Kübel                (b. 1684 - d. 1753)
1754 -  2 Jan 1769         Georg Heinrich Orth                (b. 1698 - d. 1769)
1769 - 1803                Gottlob Moriz Christian von Wacks  (b. 1720 - d. 1807)

Grand Priors of Germany of the Order of St. John and Imperial Princes of Heitersheim
(title Grossprior von Deutschland des Johanniterordens und Reichsfürst von Heitersheim)
16 Jan 1683 - 16 Jun 1704  Hermann II Freiherr von            (b. 16.. - d. 1704)
                             Wachtendonk
 1 Aug 1704 - 21 Oct 1721  Bernhard Wilhelm Freiherr von      (b. 1658 - d. 1721)
                             Rheide (Rhede)
 6 Nov 1721 -  8 Nov 1727  Goswin Hermann Otto Freiherr von   (b. 1661 - d. 1727)
                             Merveldt
10 Jan 1728 - 16 Jan 1752  Philipp Wilhelm Reichsgraf von     (b. 1678 - d. 1752)
                             Nesselrode und Reichenstein
15 Feb 1752 - 10 Dec 1754  Philipp Joachim Freiherr von       (b. 1679 - d. 1754)
                             Prassberg
15 Feb 1755 -  6 Mar 1775  Johann Baptist Freiherr von        (b. 1701 - d. 1775)
                             Schauenburg zu Herlisheim
13 May 1775 - 18 Aug 1777  Franz Christoph Sebastian          (b. 1689 - d. 1777) 
                             Freiherr von Remchingen
25 Aug 1777 - 14 Oct 1796  Johann Josef Benedikt Graf von     (b. 1710 - d. 1796)
                             von Reinach zu Fuchsmänningen
                             (Foussemagne)
12 Dec 1796 - 22 Jul 1806  Ignaz Balthazar Willibald Freiherr (b. 1721 - d. 1807)
                             von Rink zu Baldenstein 

Chancellor of the Grand Priory of Germany of the Order of Malta in Heitersheim
(Kanzler des Grosspriorates von Deutschland des Malteserordens in Heitersheim)
1786 - 22 Jul 1806         Joseph Albrecht von Ittner         (b. 1754 - d. 1825)

789                        Monastery founded, originally at Müdehorst, by St. Waltger.
832                        Benedictine Abbey of Herford (Abbatia Herfordiensis/Stift Herford).
839                        Becomes an Imperial Abbey (Abbatia imperialis
                             Herfordiensis/Reichsabtei Herford).
919 - 924                  Hungarians destroyed Herford abbey.
1147                       Granted Reichsunmittelbarkeit (Reichsfrauenstift Herford).
1170/80                    Herford acquired municipal rights.
1523                       Abbesses also the Princesses of the Empire.
1533                       Herford Abbey becomes Protestant during the Reformation.
1631 - 1652                Herford city a free imperial city (Reichsstadt Herford)
                             (it is annexed to Brandenburg in 1652).
15 Aug 1802                Abbey is abolished and secularized by Prussia.
27 Apr 1803                Annexed to Prussia by the Reichsdeputationhauptschluss.
28 Aug 1807 - 1813         Part of the Kingdom of Westphalia.
1813 - 1815                Allied occupation.
 9 Jun 1815                Incorporated into Prussia.

Princess-Abbesses (title Fürstäbtissin zu Herford)
23 Jun 1688 -  1 Dec 1728  Charlotte Sophie Herzogin von       (b. 1651 - d. 1728)
                             Kurland 
 4 Feb 1729 - 31 Mar 1750  Johanna Charlotte Fürstin von       (b. 1682 - d. 1750)
                             Anhalt-Dessau
31 Mar 1750 - 13 Oct 1764  Hedwig Sophie Auguste Herzogin      (b. 1705 - d. 1764)
                             von Holstein-Gottorp
13 Oct 1764 - 15 Aug 1802  Friederike Charlotte Leopoldine
                             Luise Prinzessin von Brandenburg- (b. 1745 - d. 1808)
                             Schwedt

1791 - 9 Nov 1918 Civil Flag

16 Mar 1839 - 1903 State Flag

1903 - 9 Nov 1918 State Flag

1264                       Landgraviate of Hesse (Landgraviatus Hassiae/Landgrafschaft Hessen)
                             founded.
1308 - 1311                Partitioned into "Land an der Lahn" (Marburg) and Lower Hesse
                             (Kassel).
17 Jan 1458 - 17 Feb 1500  Partitioned into Upper Hesse (Oberhessen) and Lower Hesse
                             (Niederhessen).
18 Jun 1547 - Aug 1552     Imperial administration, Philipp I von Hessen an imperial prisoner.
31 Mar 1567                Division into four lines, conventionally styled Hesse-Cassel,
                             Hesse-Marburg (extinct 1604), Hesse-Rheinfels (extinct 1583),
                             and Hesse-Darmstadt.
13 Aug 1806                Grand Duchy of Hesse (informally, until 1866,
                             Hesse-Darmstadt)(Grossherzogtum Hessen).
 7 Jul 1816                Ruler styled Grossherzog von Hessen und bei Rhein.
 3 Sep 1866                Cedes Rheinhessen province (Mainz, Worms, Hesse-Homburg) to Prussia.
 9 Nov 1918                Republic of Hesse (Republik Hessen)
                             (see under German states since 1918).

Landgraves (title Landgraf zu Hessen)
31 Aug 1678 - 12 Sep 1739  Ernst Ludwig                       (b. 1667 - d. 1739)
31 Aug 1678 - 15 Feb 1688  Landgravin Elisabeth Dorothea von  (b. 1640 - d. 1709)
                             Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg (f) -Regent
12 Sep 1739 - 17 Oct 1768  Ludwig VIII                        (b. 1691 - d. 1768)
17 Oct 1768 -  6 Apr 1790  Ludwig IX                          (b. 1719 - d. 1790)
 6 Apr 1790 - 13 Aug 1806  Ludwig (Ludewig) X                 (b. 1753 - d. 1830)
Grand Dukes (title Grossherzog von Hessen [from 7 Jul 1816] und bei Rhein)
13 Aug 1806 -  6 Apr 1830  Ludwig I (= Ludwig X)              (s.a.)
 6 Apr 1830 - 16 Jun 1848  Ludwig II                          (b. 1777 - d. 1848)
16 Jun 1848 - 13 Jun 1877  Ludwig III                         (b. 1806 - d. 1877)
13 Jun 1877 - 13 Mar 1892  Ludwig IV                          (b. 1837 - d. 1892)
13 Mar 1892 -  9 Nov 1918  Ernst Ludwig                       (b. 1868 - d. 1937)

Chancellors (Kanzler)
1679 - 1692                Johann Philipp Schäfer             (b. 16.. - d. 1692)
1692 -  6 Sep 1704         Johann Conrad von Seres (Scheres)  (b. 16.. - d. 1704)
1704 - 1729                Jakob von Schrödern                (b. 16.. - d. 1729)
1720 - 19 Dec 1731         Wilhelm Ludwig von Maskowsky       (b. 1675 - d. 1731)
Leading Ministers
1678 -  2 Aug 1702         Weiprecht Freiherr von Gemmingen   (b. 1642 - d. 1702)
                             -Hornberg
c.1702 - c.1739            Dietrich von Miltitz (hofmeister)  (b. 1664 - d. 1747)
c.1741                     Hermann Riedesel Freiherr zu       (b. 1682 - d. 1745)
                             Eisenbach (erste staatsminister)
1741 - c.1754              Kilian Freiherr von Schwarzenau    (b. 1687 - d. 1764)
                             (erster minister, kanzler)
May 1745 - 17 Nov 1747     August Friedrich Freiherr von      (b. 1687 - d. 1747)
                             Minnigerode (erster minister)
1747? - 11 Mar 1762        Johann Jakob von Wieger            (b. 1683 - d. 1762)
                             (staatsminister)
c.1767                     Franz Friedrich von Wieger         (b. 1708 - d. 1770)
                             (staatssekretär geheime kanzlei)
11 Apr 1772 - Apr 1780     Friedrich Karl von Moser           (b. 1723 - d. 1798)
                             (präsidenten und kanzler)
1780 - 1782                Wilhelm Adolph von Miltenberg      (b. 1714 - d. 1784)
22 Feb 1782 -  8 May 1799  Christian Hartmann Samuel Freiherr (b. 1739 - d. 1807)
                             (from 17 Jul 1790, Reichsfreiherr)
                             von Gatzert  
Ministers of State (Staatsminister)
10 Aug 1798 -  6 Feb 1805  Karl Ludwig Freiherr Barckhaus     (b. 1761 - d. 1823)
                             gen. von Wiesenhütten
1805 - 31 Jul 1819         Friedrich August von Lichtenberg   (b. 1755 - d. 1819)
                             (from 16 May 1809, Friedrich August
                             Freiherr von Lichtenberg)
                             (from 1813, staatsminister)
31 Jul 1819 - 28 May 1821  Karl Ludwig Wilhelm von Grolman    (b. 1775 - d. 1829)
Chairmen of the General Ministry (Vorsitzender des Gesamtministeriums)
28 May 1821 - 14 Feb 1829  Karl Ludwig Wilhelm von Grolman    (s.a.)
Feb 1829 -  5 Mar 1848     Karl Wilhelm Heinrich Freiherr     (b. 1777 - d. 1859)
                             du Bos du Thil
                             (dirigierenden staatsministers)            
 5 Mar 1848 -  2 Jun 1848  Heinrich Wilhelm August Freiherr   (b. 1799 - d. 1880)
                             von Gagern (ministerpräsident)
 2 Jun 1848 - 16 Jul 1848  Carl Wilhelm Zimmermann            (b. 1781 - d. 1856)
16 Jul 1848 -  1 Jun 1850  Heinrich Karl Jaup                 (b. 1781 - d. 1860)
 1 Jun 1850 -  6 Apr 1871  Reinhard Carl Friedrich Freiherr   (b. 1802 - d. 1880)
                             von Dalwigk zu Lichtenfels
 6 Apr 1871 - 13 Sep 1872  Friedrich Levin Freiherr von       (b. 1794 - d. 1882)
                             Lindelof
13 Sep 1872 - 18 May 1876  Karl Wilhelm Hofmann               (b. 1827 - d. 1910)
18 May 1876 -  6 Jun 1880  Philip Gustav August Julius Rinck  (b. 1825 - d. 1910)
                             Freiherr von Starck 
Chairmen of the Council of State (Vorsitzender des Staatsrates)
 6 Jun 1880 -  4 May 1884  Philip Gustav August Julius Rinck  (s.a.)
                             Freiherr von Starck 
 4 May 1884 -  2 Jul 1898  Jakob Finger                       (b. 1825 - d. 1904)
 2 Jul 1898 - 29 Jan 1906  Carl Friedrich Bernhard Rothe      (b. 1840 - d. 1906)
 4 Feb 1906 - 11 Nov 1918  Christian Wilhelm Carl Ewald       (b. 1852 - d. 1932)
                             (from 23 Dec 1912, Christian Wilhelm Carl von Ewald)

 7 Feb 1596                Landgraviate of Hesse (Landgraviatus Hassiae/Landgrafschaft Hessen)
                             (informally Hesse-Homburg) established under the suzerainty of
                             Hesse-Darmstadt.
23 Jul 1622                Friedrich I receives Homburg, after his brother, future Ludwig V
                             Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, had fallen significantly behind
                             with his appanage payments (by agreement of 6 Mar 1622).
1669                       Landgraf Wilhelm Christoph sells Homburg for 120,000 guilders to
                             his younger brother Georg Christian. Wilhelm Christoph movies to
                             Bingenheim and continues as Landgraf of Hesse-Homburg-Bingenheim
                             until his death in 1681.
1671 - 11 Jan 1673         Hesse-Homburg pledged by Landgraf Georg Christian to creditors
                             Johann Christian Freiherr von Boyneburg and Johann Ochs in
                             Frankfurt am Main for 46,000 Reichstaler.
11 Jan 1673 - 1680         Hesse-Homburg redeemed in pledge to Hesse-Darmstadt by the above
                             creditors.
1680                       Hesse-Homburg re-established under the suzerainty of Hesse-
                             Darmstadt (Bingenheim is restored to Hesse-Darmstadt in 1681).
1746 - 1756                Occupied by Hesse-Darmstadt.
12 Jul 1806                Hesse-Homburg under suzerainty of Hesse-Darmstadt.
15 Jul 1816                Sovereign Landgraviate of Hesse (Souveräne Landgrafen zu Hessen)
                             (including oberamts Meisenheim).
24 Mar 1866                Inherited by Hesse-Darmstadt.
 4 Aug 1866                Occupied by Prussia.
 3 Sep 1866                Ceded to Prussia.
 1 Oct 1866                Incorporated into Prussia (part of province Hessen-Nassau).

Landgraves (title Landgraf zu Hessen; from 1816 Souveräner Landgraf zu Hessen)
23 Jul 1622 -  9 May 1639  Friedrich I                        (b. 1585 - d. 1638)
 9 May 1638 -  9 Mar 1669  Wilhelm Christoph (1st time)       (b. 1625 - d. 1681)
                             (landgraf zu Hesse-Homburg-Bingenheim 1669-27 Aug 1681)
 9 May 1638 - 18 May 1648  Margarete Elisabeth Gräfin von     (b. 1604 - d. 1667)
                             Leiningen-Westerburg (f) -Regent
 9 Mar 1669 - 1671         Georg Christian                    (b. 1626 - d. 1677)
1671 - 11 Jan 1673         pledged to creditors
11 Jan 1673 - 1680         pledged to Hesse-Darmstadt
1680 - 27 Aug 1681         Wilhelm Christoph (2nd time)       (s.a.)
27 Aug 1681 - 24 Jan 1708  Friedrich II "mit dem silbernen    (b. 1633 - d. 1708)
                             Bein" 
24 Jan 1708 -  8 Jun 1746  Friedrich III                      (b. 1673 - d. 1746)
 8 Jun 1746 -  7 Feb 1751  Friedrich IV                       (b. 1724 - d. 1751)
 7 Feb 1751 - 20 Jan 1820  Friedrich V                        (b. 1748 - d. 1820)
 7 Feb 1751 - 22 Mar 1766  Landgräfin Ulrike Luise zu Solms-  (b. 1731 - d. 1792)
                             Braunfels (f) -Regent
20 Jan 1820 -  2 Apr 1829  Friedrich VI                       (b. 1769 - d. 1829)
 2 Apr 1829 - 19 Jan 1839  Ludwig                             (b. 1770 - d. 1839)
19 Jan 1839 - 15 Dec 1846  Philipp                            (b. 1779 - d. 1846)
15 Dec 1846 -  8 Sep 1848  Gustav                             (b. 1781 - d. 1848)
 8 Sep 1848 - 24 Mar 1866  Ferdinand                          (b. 1783 - d. 1866)
Prussian Civil Commissioner (Zivilkommissarischen für die Landgrafschaft Hessen-Homburg)
 4 Aug 1866 - 30 Sep 1866  Constantin Karl Alexander Wilhelm  (b. 1821 - d. 1877) 
                             von Briesen

Directors of the Privy Council and President (Dirigierender Geheimer Rat; later
Dirigierender Wirklicher Geheimer Rat und Staatsminister)
12 May 1817 - 1818         Karl Philipp August Otto           (b. 1779 - d. 1828) 
                             Ludwig Freiherr von Zyllnhardt
18 Feb 1818 - 1820         Carl Philipp Reinhard Freiherr von (b. 1762 - d. 1825)
                             Kayser (regierungsdirektor)
1820 - 12 Nov 1827         Johann Philipp von Hert            (b. 1772 - d. 1827)
1828 -  6 Oct 1834         Karl Friedrich Julius Emil Ibell   (b. 1780 - d. 1834)
                             (from 23 Mar 1830, Karl Friedrich Julius Emil von Ibell)
                             (regierungsdirektor)
1834 - 1841                Ludwig Karl Wilhelm Heinrich       (d. 1851)
                             (1st time)(regierungsdirektor)
1841 - 15 Apr 1847         Karl Friedrich Bernhard von Ibell  (b. 1780 - d. 1847)
1847 - Mar 1848            Ludwig Karl Wilhelm Heinrich       (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(provisional)
Mar 1848 - 11 Feb 1862     Christian Bansa                    (b. 1791 - d. 1862)
1862 -  3 Sep 1866         Georg Ferdinand Fenner             (b. 1811 - d. 1867)

Map of Hesse-Kassel and Hesse Electorate 1789	State Anthem "Gott segne unsern Kurfürsten" (God bless our Elector)	Text of State Anthem	Constitution (5 Jan 1831, 13 Apr 1852, 30 May 1860)
Capital: Kassel (Cassel)	Currency: German Convention Thaler (XDCT) (1754-1838); North German Thaler (XDET)(1838-1857); German Vereinsthaler (XDNT) (1857-1866)	State Holiday: Birthday of the Elector (unofficial)	Population: 745,063 (1864) 450,000 (1802)
Military: 12,800 (1860)	Exports: see Prussia Imports: see Prussia	Religions: Protestant 83%, Roman Catholic 15%, Jewish 2% (1860)
International Organizations: German Customs Union (1836-1866)

913                        Kassel (Cassel) is first mentioned in a document. King Konrad I,
                             who is in the fortified royal court "Chassella."
31 Mar 1567                Landgraviate of Hesse (informally Hesse-Cassel) separated.
23 Mar 1730 -  5 Apr 1751  Personal union with Sweden.
Aug 1757 - Oct 1762        Occupuied by France.
15 May 1803                Landgrave Wilhelm IX acquires the dignity of prince-
                             elector, approved 27 Apr 1803, and the polity is styled
                             Electorate of Hesse (Kurfürstentum Hessen).
 6 Aug 1806                At the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire the ruler clings
                             tenaciously to the now empty style of elector; the polity
                             continues to be styled Kurfürstentum Hessen.
 1 Nov 1806 - 28 Aug 1807  French occupation, Electorate declared abolished on 4 Nov 1806.
28 Aug 1807 - 29 Sep 1813  The Electorate of Hesse is incorporated into the Kingdom
                             of Westphalia (Königreich Westphalen) established by French
                             Emperor Napoléon I for his brother Jérôme.
30 Sep 1813 -  7 Oct 1813  Allied occupation of Kassel (Cassel).
30 Oct 1813                Kingdom of Westphalia is dissolved, Electorate of Hesse restored.
19 Jun 1866 - 20 Sep 1866  Occupied by Prussia.
20 Sep 1866                Incorporated into Prussia (part of the province Hessen-Nassau).
13 Sep 1926                Cassel official spelling changed to Kassel (spelling already
                             in use from c.1300 and from 1873)(effective 4 Dec 1926).

Landgraves (title Landgraf zu Hessen)
 1 Dec 1670 - 23 Mar 1730  Karl                               (b. 1654 - d. 1730)
 1 Dec 1670 -  8 Aug 1677  Hedwig Sophie Prinzessin von       (b. 1623 - d. 1683)
                             Brandenburg (f) -Regent
23 Mar 1730 -  5 Apr 1751  Friedrich I                        (b. 1676 - d. 1751)
 5 Apr 1751 -  1 Feb 1760  Wilhelm VIII                       (b. 1682 - d. 1760)
                            (regent for Friedrich I 23 Mar 1730 - 5 Apr 1751)
 1 Feb 1760 - 31 Oct 1785  Friedrich II                       (b. 1720 - d. 1785)
31 Oct 1785 - 15 May 1803  Wilhelm IX                         (b. 1743 - d. 1821)
Landgrave and Elector (title Landgraf zu Hessen, Kurfürst des Heiligen Römischen Reiches);
then Elector and Sovereign Landgrave (title Kurfürst und souveräner Landgraf zu Hessen)
15 May 1803 - 28 Aug 1807  Wilhelm I (1st time) (= Wilhelm IX)(s.a.)
                             (from 1 Nov 1806 in Holstein, later Prague exile)
French Governor-general of Hesse (gouverneur de la Hesse)
 1 Nov 1806 - 28 Aug 1807  Joseph Louis Lagrange              (b. 1763 - d. 1836)
28 Aug 1807 - 29 Oct 1813  part of the Kingdom of Westphalia
Electors and Sovereign Landgraves (title Kurfürst und souveräner Landgraf zu Hessen)
30 Oct 1813 - 27 Feb 1821  Wilhelm I (2nd time)               (s.a.)
                             (returns 21 Nov 1813)
27 Feb 1821 - 20 Nov 1847  Wilhelm II                         (b. 1777 - d. 1847)
20 Nov 1847 - 20 Sep 1866  Friedrich Wilhelm I                (b. 1802 - d. 1875)
                             (regent for Wilhelm II 30 Sep 1831 - 20 Nov 1847)
                             (Prussian prisoner from 23 Jun 1866)
Prussian Military governors (of 1st Armeecorps)
19 Jun 1866 - 28 Jun 1866  Gustav Friedrich von Beyer         (b. 1812 - d. 1889)
28 Jun 1866 - 20 Sep 1866  Karl Wilhelm Friedrich August      (b. 1808 - d. 1887)
                             Leopold Graf von Werder

Leading Ministers (Leitender Minister)
1702 - 1711                Jakob Friedrich Freiherr von       (b. 1655 - d. 1735)
                             Kettler  
1711 - 29 Apr 1737         Johann Reinhart von Dalwigk        (b. 1667 - d. 1737)
                             zu Lichtenfels (staatsminister)
1731 – 27 Feb 1735         Johann Friedrich von Stein         (b. 1681 - d. 1735)
                             (leitender minister)
1743 - 1757                August Moritz Abel Plato von Donop (b. 1694 - d. 1763)
                             (staatsminister)
 4 Jul 1757 - 1772         Jakob Sigismund Waitz von Eschen   (b. 1698 - d. 1776)
1772 - 1789                Martin Ernst Freiherr von          (b. 1732 - d. 1825)
                             Schlieffen (staatsminister)
1774 -  9 Oct 1802         Julius Jürgen Freiherr von Wittorf (b. 1714 - d. 1802)
                             (Geheime Staatsminister)
25 Jun 1796 – 28 Aug 1807  Friedrich Sigismund Freiherr von   (b. 1745 – d. 1808)
                             Waitz von Eschen gen. Hilchen
                             (leitender minister)
French Intendant (Intendant de la Hesse-Cassel)
 5 Nov 1806 - Jun 1808     Justin Laurent Marchand-           (b. 1766 - d. 1826)
                             Martellière
28 Aug 1807 - 29 Oct 1813  part of the Kingdom of Westphalia
Chief minister (Geheime Staatsminister)
1813 - 1821                Georg August Schmerfeld            (b. 1759 - d. 1823)
                             (from 1817, Georg August von Schmerfeld)
Chairmen of the General Ministry (Vorsitzender des Gesamtstaatsministeriums)
1821 - 21 Dec 1823         Georg August von Schmerfeld        (s.a.)
1823 - 16 Mar 1830         Friedrich Ludwig Freiherr von      (b. 1755 – d. 1830)
                             Witzleben 
1830 - 20 Jul 1830         Johann Friedrich Christoph von     (b. 1775 - d. 1845)
                             Schmincke
 3 Dec 1830 - 16 Oct 1831  Ferdinand Carl Wilhelm Heinrich    (b. 1765 - d. 1842)
                             Freiherr von Schenck zu
                             Schweinsberg
16 Oct 1831 - 10 Feb 1832  Johann Christian Wiederhold        (b. 1775 - d. 1832)
Feb 1832 - 10 Mar 1848     Gerhard Heinrich von Motz          (b. 1776 - d. 1868)
                             (provisional to Feb 1834)
11 Mar 1848 - 22 Feb 1850  Moritz Ernst von Baumbach          (b. 1789 - d. 1871)
22 Feb 1850 - 16 Oct 1855  Hans Daniel Ludwig Friedrich       (b. 1794 - d. 1862)
                             Hassenpflug
Feb 1856 - May 1859        Friedrich Heinrich Ernst Leopold   (b. 1800 - d. 1879)
                             Scheffer
 5 May 1859 - 21 Jun 1862  Conrad Abée (1st time)             (b. 1806 - d. 1873)
1862 - 1863                Jacob Arnold Carl von Dehn-        (b. 1808 - d. 1881)
                             Rotfelser
11 Feb 1863 - 20 Jun 1866  Conrad Abée (2nd time)             (s.a.)
Prussian Civil Administrator (Ziviladministrator für Kurhessen)
21 Jun 1866 - 22 Feb 1867  Eduard von Möller                  (b. 1814 - d. 1880)